1. WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH (1914 - 1918)
CHAPTER 16
WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH
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2. THINGS TO CONSIDER… What is the 1 thing you should know about the war?
Casualties
World War 1 Firsts
Interesting Facts
What is the legacy of the war?

3. An average of 6,000 soldiers died per day during the war
An average of 6,000 soldiers died per day during the war. The average soldier during the war was in their twenties. How would the deaths of 6,000 soldiers between per day affect American society in 2014? -- be specific and think of things like education, economics, women, minorities….

4. 16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR Emergence of Germany in the late 1800s
1871 – Prussia proclaimed the birth of the German Empire
Germany defeated France and forced it to give Alsace-Lorraine
Alliances were signed as nations sought to protect themselves
- Germany, Italy, and Austria- Hungary formed the Triple Alliance
- This scared France & Russia so they signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894

5. 16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR cont.
Emergence of militarism – aggressive build up of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations (domino effect)
Arms race between Germany and GB by the early 1900s, leads GB to join the Triple Entente with Russia and France
Emergence of nationalism – intense pride in one’s homeland
- leads to strong sense of self-determination (right to have your own gov’t)

6. Archduke Franz Ferdinand
16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR cont.
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
June, 1914 – heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire killed by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip)
a result of Imperialism – many groups in Southeastern Europe wanted independence from empires such as the Ottoman or Austria-Hungary
This triggers the alliances to take effect (Austria-Hungary asked Germany to back it up if it attacked Serbia, Serbia looked to Russia for help…..)
July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia mobilized its troops to support Serbia
August 1 – Germany declared war on Russia
August 3 – Germany declared war on France
August 4 - Germany invaded neutral Belgium so GB entered the war
Archduke Franz Ferdinand

7. M.A.I.N. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1
Militarism – nations built up their militaries to ensure their own security/power
Alliances – agreements between countries meant that one event could pull many countries into a conflict
Imperialism – European nations competed to create empires, increasing tension between them but also creating resentment from those being ruled in those areas (ex. Slavs in Austria-Hungary)
Nationalism – as countries competed they became more and more intense in their pride

8. M.A.I.N. POSTER Title – Causes of World War I
Militarism – define it, give one specific example, an image to represent it
Alliances – define it, describe the triple alliance and triple entente, an image to represent them
Imperialism/Nationalism – define both, describe the situation in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia, AH, Ferdinand’s assassination…), an image to represent it

9. 16.1 – THE COMBATANTS CENTRAL POWERS ALLIED POWERS Germany
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
France
Great Britain
Russia
Italy (joins in 1915)

10. EARLY FIGHTING
Germany attacked France but went through neutral Belgium to do it
Russia invaded Germany from the east, forcing Germany to send some troops east
Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) – halts the German advance in France
A stalemate ensued as both sides settled into hundreds of miles of trenches
Russia had 2 million casualties in 1915 alone (what were they fighting for reading? - Strachan)

12. AMERICA DECLARES WAR
President Wilson kept the U.S. out of the war and argued for neutrality
Different groups emerged on either side of the neutrality debate

13. NEUTRALITY DEBATE PREPAREDNESS PEACE PRO-WAR
Wanted to stay out of the war but also wanted the U.S. to prepare just in case
Wanted to stay out of the war and keep the U.S. from building up its military
- Jane Addams
Were very pro-British and thought the U.S. needed to help in order to maintain an int’l balance of power
most of Wilson’s cabinet
Business leaders (a lot of loans to the British)

14. MOVING TOWARDS WAR
To combat the British blockade the Germans began unrestricted submarine warfare
U-boats
May 17, 1915 – Germans sank the Lusitania, a British passenger ship with Americans
To keep the U.S. out of the war Germany developed the Sussex Pledge

15. MOVING TOWARDS WAR
Zimmerman Telegram – In 1917 the Germans sent a memo to Mexico
If Mexico became Germany’s ally, Germany would help Mexico regain lands lost to the U.S. (NM ,AZ, TX)
The British intercepted it and gave it to American newspapers
Americans were furious with Germany

16. U.S. DECLARES WAR
Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917
(why did they do this? – Kennedy p.5)
April 2, 1917 – Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany
(Senator punches protestor – Kennedy p.15)
This was a complete reversal of Wilson’s campaign to win the election of 1916 (do you have a problem with that? Why or why not?)
“The world must be made safe for democracy” - W.W. on April 2, 1917

17. 16. 2 – THE HOMEFRONT (see powerpoint on Mr
16.2 – THE HOMEFRONT (see powerpoint on Mr. Oswald’s website for the rest of the notes for 16.2)
When the U.S. entered the war in April of 1917 Progressives were running the gov’t
Ps applied ideas of planning and scientific management to organize the war effort

18. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES War Industries Board (WIB)
Coordinated the production of wartime materials
Determined what was to be made, gave out resources, ordered building of new factories…
Bernard Baruch

19. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES FOOD ADMINISTRATION
Responsible for increasing food production and decreasing civilian consumption
Encouraged people to grow “victory gardens”, Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays…
Herbert Hoover

20. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES FUEL ADMINISTRATION
Managed use of coal and oil
Shortened work week for some factories, introduced daylight savings time, Heatless Mondays
Harry Garfield

21. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD (NWLB)
Sought to prevent strikes by mediating labor disputes
Encouraged businesses to increase wages, improve working conditions, adopt 8 hour work day, allow unions to organize….
In return labor leaders agreed to avoid disrupting production (union membership increased greatly from )
Taft

22. 16.2 – PAYING FOR THE WAR U.S. spent about $32 billion by war’s end
To fund:
Raised income tax rates
Imposed new taxes
Borrowed money through the sale of Liberty and Victory Bonds

28. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY
Selective Service Act of 1917
All men registered for the draft
Lotteries determined order in which they were called
About 2.8 million were drafted

29. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY
Volunteers
About 2 million volunteered
Why?
Despised Germany
Duty to their nation (calling)
c. Fight for democracy
d. Great adventure

30. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY
African Americans
42,000 served as troops overseas
Faced discrimination
Segregated units
Fought with distinction
Hypocritical treatment?

31. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY
We must not eat with them, must not shake hands with them, seek to talk to them or to meet with them outside the requirements of military service. We must not commend too highly these troops, especially in front of white Americans” —General John J. Pershing, in a secret communiqué concerning African-American troops sent to the French military stationed
“I cannot commend too highly the spirit shown among the colored combat troops, who exhibit fine capacity for quick training and eagerness for the most dangerous work.” —General - John J. Pershing

32. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY
Women
First war in which woman formally served in the armed forces
Noncombatant positions
Met clerical needs
Army Nursing Corps – 20,000
Electricians, pharmacists, chemists, photographers…

33. 16.3 – A BLOODY CONFLICT
New technology and strategies led to massive casualties
First “modern” war

34. 16.3 – TRENCH WARFARE
Dug trenches to protect themselves from artillery
Machine gun was used to ward off attacking soldiers
No-Man’s Land – space between; obstacles to prevent crossing
Results of TW were horrific, massive casualties on both sides
Video
Video 2
Trench art

35. 16.3 – NEW TECHNOLOGY
Soldiers needed new technology/weapons to break through the lines
New weapons led to brutal warfare and more casualties
New weapons/technologies included:
Gas, gas masks, armored tank, airplanes (life expectancy of 2 weeks!), machine guns

36. 16.3 – CASUALTIES

37. 16.3 – AMERICA ARRIVES American troops were nicknamed “doughboys”
Entry of American troops boosted the morale of the Allied forces and demoralized the Germans
John Pershing

38. 16.3 – AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR
America used convoys to get ships across the Atlantic
Greatly reduced the loss of ships and lives

40. 16.3 – AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) arrived in Paris on July 4, 1917
Refused to be integrated and fight under British and/or French command
93rd Infantry – first to enter combat (African Americans); transferred to French control (why???)

41. 16.3 – RUSSIA LEAVES THE WAR
March of 1917 – Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne
Beginning of the Russian Revolution
Bolshevik party eventually gained control, established a communist gov’t
Led by Vladimir Lenin
Lenin pulled Russia out of the war
Effect for Germany?

42. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR
By November of 1918 the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires surrendered
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia declared independence in October
Nov. 11, 1918 – Germany signed an armistice (truce) and fighting ended

43. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR
Jan – countries meet in France to discuss a treaty that would officially end the war; meeting lasts months
14 Points – Wilson’s plan for peace (he brings this to the meeting in Versailles)
Focused on eliminating causes for future war and supported self-determination
Called for the creation of the League of Nations (see page 571)
Wilson was popular with many in Europe, but Allied leaders were not in full agreement with his plan; they wanted to punish Germany

44. 16.3 – TREATY OF VERSAILLES (p.571)
Signed on June 28, 1919 (Big 4 – U.S., France, GB, Italy; why no Russia?)
Germany military was reduced
No German troops west of the Rhine River
Blamed Germany for the cause of the war
Germany paid reparations
Some German land returned to other nations (ex. France, Belgium)

45. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR WHAT WILSON GOT WHAT HE DIDN’T GET
Self-determination in Europe
Creation of the League of Nations
Did not address freedom of the seas or free trade
No independence for colonies in Africa and Asia
Freedom of the seas (which European country was REALLY opposed to this and why?)
DID THE HARSH APSECTS OF THE TREATY SET THE STAGE FOR A FUTURE WAR?
WHY DID THE U.S. CONGRESS REFUSE TO RATIFY/APPROVE THE TREATY?

46. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR END OF EMPIRES NEW COUNTRIES Russian German
Ottoman
Austro-Hungarian
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Estonia
Finland
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Yugoslavia

49. HOW DO YOU THINK THE WAR IMPACTED AMERICA….
During the War?
After the War?

50. 16.4– THE WAR’S IMPACT
Soldiers returned home to parades and celebrations, but they needed jobs
People raced to buy rationed goods, led to increases in the cost of living
Economy slowed as wartime production of goods decreased
Wages were increased during the war, companies resisted that after the war
Unions had increased in power during the war, this scared business leaders

51. 16.4 – STRIKES Seattle General Strike (1919) General strike???
Involved more than 60,000 workers for 5 days
Demanded higher wages, shorter hours
Union didn’t get them, but it scared business leaders around the country

52. 16.4 – STRIKES Boston Police Strike(1919)
75% of police walked off the job
Calvin Coolidge (gov.) had to call in the National Guard to deal with riots
Police Commissioner fired the strikers and hired a new police force
Coolidge supported the Commissioner (why?); helped him become Rep. presidential candidate in 1920

53. 16.4 – RACIAL UNREST
Some blamed African Americans for their own inability to find work
25 race riots in the summer of 1919
Chicago- Nat’l guard brought in, riots killed 38, over 500 injured
NAACP gained many new members; created momentum for equality, federal laws against things like lynching….

54. 16.4 – RED SCARE
By 1919 there was a growing concern about the spread of communism:
Communist takeover of Russia
Separate peace treaty with Germany
Immigration
Increase in strikes; are the “reds” responsible?; trying to start a revolution in the U.S.?
Creation of the Communist International

55. 16.4 – PALMER RAIDS
Several bomb explosions in 1919 within minutes of each other, one at A. Mitchell Palmer’s house
U.S. Attorney General
Mitchell created an agency, led by J. Edgar Hoover, to pursue communists responsible for the explosions
Raids were carried out against suspected communists
Deportations, arrests, new laws passed
Violations of civil rights? (searches without warrants, indefinite jailings…)
A. Mitchell Palmer

56. 16.4 – ELECTION OF 1920 DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS P – James M. Cox
VP – Franklin Roosevelt
Ignored Wilson’s advice to focus on the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations
P – Warren Harding
VP – Calvin Coolidge
“Return to normalcy”- simpler days prior to the Progressive Movement
Won in a landslide
People wanted an end to labor unrest, violence, economic problems, racial tension…..thought Harding could provide these things

57. Warren G. Harding