1. Big Idea 16: Heredity and Reproduction
Description   A. Reproduction is characteristic of living things and is essential for the survival of species.
B. Genetic information is passed from generation to generation by DNA; DNA controls the traits of an organism.
C. Changes in the DNA of an organism can cause changes in traits, and manipulation of DNA in organisms has led to genetically modified organisms.

2. Benchmark Number & Descriptor
SC.7.L.16.1
Understand and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits, that this hereditary information (DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell, and that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another.
SC.7.L.16.2
Determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations using Punnett Squares and pedigrees.
SC.7.L.16.3
Compare and contrast the general processes of sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and asexual reproduction requiring mitosis.
SC.7.L.16.4
Recognize and explore the impact of biotechnology (cloning, genetic engineering, artificial selection) on the individual, society and the environment.

3. WHO ARE YOU?

4. DNA DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Traits which are passed from parents to offspring are carried in DNA.
DNA is a blueprint for the cells in an organism.
Without DNA, an organisms traits would never form.

5. DIRECTIONS GENES CHROMOSOMES Pieces of DNA Carry traits
Characteristics
Help pass traits from parent to offspring
You inherit your genes.
Offspring receive only some genes from parents.
Genes combine differently, so you look different.
Genes are located on chromosomes.
Thousands of genes can be found on a single chromosome.
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of the cells.
Each type of organism contains a set number of chromosomes.
Humans = 23 Pairs

6. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

7. KNOWLEDGE CHECK What does DNA stand for? Where is DNA located?
Why is DNA important?

8. KNOWLEDGE CHECK What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Where is DNA located? DNA is located on genes which are carried by chromosomes.
Why is DNA important? It’s the blueprint for how organisms are made.

9. WHY DON’T WE LOOK ALIKE?

10. What is Heredity?
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring.
Genetics is the study of heredity.

11. Gregor Mendel WHO: WHAT: WHEN: Austrian monk
Worked with pea plants and discovered how traits get passed from generation to generation
WHEN:
Around 1856

12. PASSING OF TRAITS Each gene contains 2 ALLELES
1 allele from mom
1 allele from dad
Individual alleles are represented by an upper or lowercase letter.
Some alleles are dominant, and others are recessive.
BLUE = allele
RED = allele
together = gene

13. TRAITS TYPES OF TRAITS LETTER COMBINATIONS
The trait that is observed in the offspring is the
DOMINANT TRAIT
(uppercase).
It only takes one dominant allele for that trait to be shown.
The trait that disappears in the offspring is the
RECESSIVE TRAIT
(lowercase).
It takes 2 recessive alleles for that trait to be shown.
Heterozygous - if the two alleles for a trait are different (Aa)
Also referred to as a hybrid combination
Homozygous - if the two alleles for a trait are the same (AA or aa)
Also referred to as a purebred combination

14. TRAITS GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
Refers to the letter (allele) combination
TT, Tt. tt
If a capital letter is present in the letter pair, the dominant trait will be expressed in that organism.
If 2 lower case letters are paired, the recessive trait will be expressed in that organism.
Refers to the physical characteristic being expressed
Uses words/phrases to describe not letters
Examples:
tall, short
white, black

15. PUNNETT SQUARES  T t Tt
Tool used to determine characteristics of offspring
Each box represents the probability of an offspring receiving a trait.
Example:
Top outside (Tt) is a gene passed on by the father
Left outside (tt) is a gene passed on by the mother.
4 middle boxes are possible gene combinations an offspring may receive.
T = Tall
t = Short
All offsprings will be tall (all boxes contain the dominant trait for tallness).

16. PUNNETT SQUARES
Short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l) in mice. What is the genotype and phenotype ratio of a heterozygous short-haired mouse crossed with a long-haired mouse?
Punnett Square:
L l l
Genotype ratio: ½ Ll: ½ ll
Phenotype ratio: ½ short hair: ½ long hair Ll ll

17. PEDIGREE A chart used to trace traits throughout a family
Parts of the chart
Circle = females
Squares = males
Half-filled in/Dotted = carrier
Have the gene but do not show signs of it
Filled-in = affected
Have both the gene and symptoms of that trait

18. KNOWLEDGE CHECK ____ What do we call the trait that is observed?
What case (upper or lower) is it written in?
What about the one that disappears?
What case is it written in?
Trait Tall = Aa
Trait short = aa
Aa x aa
5. Complete the Punnett
Square.
____

19. KNOWLEDGE CHECK __A_ __a_ _a__ Aa aa
What do we call the trait that is observed? Dominant
What case (upper or lower) is it written in? Upper
What about the one that disappears? Recessive
What case is it written in? Lower
Trait Tall = Aa
Trait short = aa
Aa x aa
5. Complete the Punnett Square.
__A_
__a_
_a__ Aa aa

20. HOW DO WE GET ALL THIS STUFF?

21. REPRODUCTION SEXUAL ASEXUAL
Primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of visible organisms, including almost all animals and plants
Characterized by two processes:
meiosis, halving of the number of chromosomes
fertilization, combination of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes
Results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring.
A form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis or fertilization
Asexual reproduction = one parent.
The primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea, bacteria, and protists
Mitosis is the main way of reproduction.

22. REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL MITOSIS
All forms of asexual reproduction utilize the process of mitosis.
Begins with one replication (copying of the chromosome material) and one division of the chromosome material  
This results is 2 daughter cells being produced with the same number of and identical chromosomes as in the parent cell.
Asexual reproduction in liverworts: a caducuous phylloid germinating

23. Mitosis sdst.org/shs/apbio/... /mitosis powerpoint.ppt Interphase
Normal functions
Upon trigger, chromosomes & centrioles duplicate.
Prophase
Early: nuclear envelope degrades; chromosomes start to condense.
Late: chromosomes thicken; spindle forms between centrioles
Metaphase
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
Chromosomes line up at cell equator.
sdst.org/shs/apbio/... /mitosis powerpoint.ppt

24. Mitosis sdst.org/shs/apbio/... /mitosis powerpoint.ppt Anaphase
Chromatids separate at centromeres
Chromosomes move to poles.
Telophase
Nuclear envelope reforms in each of two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis separates two new cells.
Interphase
Daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell but smaller.
sdst.org/shs/apbio/... /mitosis powerpoint.ppt

25. REPRODUCTION SEXUAL MEIOSIS Hoverflies mating in midair flight.
Process produces the sex cells
Contain ½ the chromosomes as the parent
Since ½ male chromosomes and ½ female chromosomes combine = genetic variety
Hoverflies mating in midair flight.

26. MEIOSIS
Prophase I: the chromosomes condense and homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads.
Metaphase I: the tetrads are all arranged at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase I: the homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled toward opposite poles.
Telophase I: movement of homologous chromosomes continues until there is a haploid set at each pole.
Cytokinesis : by the same mechanisms as mitosis usually occurs simultaneously
Prophase 2: spindle reforms and chromosomes move toward the metaphase plate.
Metaphase 2: sister chromatids lined up on the
metaphase plate.
Anaphase 2: sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis: nuclei form at
either pole, and each cell is finally divided into two identical daughter cells.

27. MEIOSIS

28. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

29. REPRODUCTION SEXUAL ASEXUAL EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: Sexual Reproduction
DNA from 2 individuals merge to form one.
Animals, plants
Fertilization
Pollen is delivered to female part of plant.
Flowering plants
EXAMPLES:
Fragmentation/Regeneration
Body of parent breaks and produces offspring.
Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarian
Budding
Offspring grows out of parent.
Yeast, hydras

30. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
Label each of the following as either Asexual or Sexual reproduction:
Spores budding
Nearly all organisms reproduce this way
Mitosis
Meiosis
Starfish is cut in half; both halves grow into a whole starfish.
One parent needed
Not identical to parents
Two parents needed
Identical to parent
Sperm and eggs

31. KNOWLEDGE CHECK ASEXUAL SEXUAL Spores budding Mitosis
Starfish is cut in half; both halves grow into a whole starfish.
Identical to parent
One parent needed
Not identical to parents
Two parents needed
Sperm and eggs
Meiosis
Nearly all organisms reproduce this way.

32. SHOULD WE MESS WITH MOTHER NATURE?

33. MAKING IT JUST RIGHT SELECTIVE BREEDING HYBRIDIZATION
The process of using specific plants or animals with specific traits to reproduce offspring with those traits
These breeded plants/animals can be:
Larger in size
Provide more food
Resistant to disease
The process of crossing to plants/animals with different variations of the same trait
The resulting offspring is created to have the best traits of the parents.
Examples:
Corn: farmers each year try to grow corn that are disease free and higher quality.
Animals: if 2 different species are bred, a stronger but sterile species may be produced

34. MAKING IT JUST RIGHT INBREEDING
Involves using two plants/animals that have the same or similar genes.
The offspring produced will be purebred.
If purebreds are created, specific genes can be passed along.
Inbreeding, though, can cause a population to die.
Since they are genetically similar, if one animal/plant comes down with a disease, the entire population may have it.

35. BREEDING EXAMPLES Disease resistance, greater nutritional value
Miniature Horse was specifically bred small to work in mines.
Due to inbreeding, all cheetahs are closely related.
Mule combines the best traits of a horse and a donkey.

36. GENETIC ENGINEERING
Processes in which genes with specific DNA strands are removed and transferred into another organism.
This process is much faster then altering organisms through breeding techniques.
Genetic engineering is used in biotechnology, medicine, and cloning.

37. GENETIC ENGINEERING BIOTECHNOLOGY GENETIC MODIFICATION
Involves growing cells for industrial purposes
Agriculture:
Many plants and crops are susceptible to disease.
Scientists have been able to isolate fighting genes and insert them into plants/crops for better survival rates.
Genetic engineering produces a lot of strong feelings among people.
PROS:
Crops and farm animals may be produced to better tolerate drought, disease, and infestations, therefore increasing the food production around the world.
CONS:
Many people are concerned about mixing genetic material with different species.
Once in the wild, the effects of changes are out of the scientists hands.

38. GENETIC ENGINEERING MEDICINES CLONING
Insulin has been able to be created through Genetic engineering.
Insulin was once made from animals, but people were allergic to it. Now it is created from bacteria with no allergies and is less expensive.
Vaccines have been able to be produced through Genetic engineering.
Vaccines such as Hepatitis B are now less expensive to produce and can be made in mass production.
Clones are living things that have exactly the same genes.
Agriculture has done this forever:
Taking clippings of plants and replanting them
The cuttings grow into new and identical plants.
Humans and animals, however, become more controversial:
Is it ok to clone spare body parts?

39. GENETIC ENGINEERING GENE THERAPY WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Faulty genes inside a human bodies can be replaced with normal, healthy ones
Unfortunately, most cells in our body only live for a short period of time.
The new cells with the new genes can function for a short period of time.
The more we know about DNA and genes, the more we may be able to predict our future.
People today can be screened for certain genetic conditions.
For example
If a person is found to be a carrier of a specific gene defect, he/she will need to make a choice if he/she are to have kids.
Perhaps you carry a gene for cancer which may or may not turn on. What would you do?

40. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
Name three types of breeding and a reason why they are used.
What is Genetic engineering?
Why is Genetic engineering supported by some yet forbidden by others?

41. KNOWLEDGE CHECK
Name three types of breeding and a reason why they are used. Selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding. All 3 can be used to make specific higher yielding crops. Crops less vulnerable to disease and animals for specified jobs
What is Genetic engineering? Processes in which genes with specific DNA strands are removed and transferred into another organism.
Why is Genetic engineering supported by some yet forbidden by others? Supported = create medicines and cells for people to survive
Forbidden = Messing with mother nature. Do not have control if changes were to get into the wild