1. Biotechnology

3. What Is Biotechnology? GMO- genetically modified organisms.
GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
With both, the natural genetic material of the organism has been altered.
Roots in bread making, wine brewing, cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding

4. What Is Biotechnology?
Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology
Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either
Transferring them to another organism
Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations

5. What is the career outlook in biotechnology?
Biotech in 1998
1,300 companies in the US
2/3 have less than 135 employees
140,000 jobs
Jobs will continue to increase exponentially
Jobs are available to high school graduates through PhD’s

6. What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?
Multidisciplinary- involving a number of disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome
Science
Life sciences
Physical sciences
Social sciences

7. What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?
Mathematics
Applied sciences
Computer applications
Engineering
Agriculture

8. What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development
Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication
Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine
Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering

9. What Are the Areas of Biotechnology?
Organismic biotechnology- uses intact organisms; Does not alter genetic material
Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic makeup to achieve specific goals
Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered genetic material

10. What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology?
Medicine
Human
Veterinary
Biopharming
Environment
Agriculture
Food products
Industry and manufacturing

11. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Discovered cells
Bacteria
Protists
Red blood

12. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Gregor Johan Mendel
Discovered genetics

13. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Walter Sutton
Discovered Chromosomes

14. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Discovered how genes are transmitted through chromosomes

15. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Ernst Ruska
Invented the electron microscope

16. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin

17. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Rosalind Elsie Franklin
Research led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA

18. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Discovered DNA

19. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Mary-Claire King
Mapped human genes for research of cancer treatments

20. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Ian Wilmut
Created the first true clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly

21. What Is Molecular Biology?
Molecular biology- study of molecules in cells
Metabolism- processes by which organisms use nutrients
Anabolism- building tissues from smaller materials
Catabolism- breaking down materials into smaller components

22. What Is a Cell? Cell- a discrete unit of life
Unicellular organism- organism of one cell
Multicellular organism- organism of many cells
Prokaryote- cells that lack specific nucleus
Eukaryote- cells with well-defined nucleus

23. What Is a Cell? Cells are building blocks:
Tissue- collection of cells with specific functions
Organs- collections of tissues with specific functions
Organ systems- collections of organs with specific functions

24. What Are the Structures in Molecular Genetics?
Molecular genetics- study of genes and how they are expressed
Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that contains heredity information and promotes protein synthesis
Gene- basic unit of heredity on a chromosome
DNA- molecule in a chromosome that codes genetic information

25. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

26. What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?
Transcription- process of RNA production by DNA
DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes DNA information

27. What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?
Kinds of RNA:
mRNA- RNA molecules that carry information that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein molecule during translation
rRNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal subunits; Mediate the translation of mRNA into proteins
tRNA- molecules that decode sequence information in and mRNA
snRNA- very short RNA that interconnects with to promote formation of mRNA

28. What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms?
Genetic engineering- artificially changing the genetic information in the cells of organisms
Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified
GMO- a genetically modified organism
GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

29. How Can Genetically Engineered Plants Be Used?
Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Environment
Food Quality

30. How Do We Create Transgenic Organisms?
Donor cell- cell that provides DNA
Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA
Protocol- procedure for a scientific process
Three methods used in gene transfer
Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid
Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun
Direct gene transfer- enzymes

31. How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work?
Extract DNA from donor
Cut DNA into fragments
Sort DNA fragments
Recombine DNA fragments
Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA
Grow transformed (recipient) cells

32. What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected individuals to achieve desired goals
Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety

33. What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding methods;
Line breeding- breeding successive generations of plants among themselves
Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different varieties or species
Hybridization- breeding individuals from two distinctly different varieties
Selection

34. Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered?
Resist pests
Resist herbicides
Improved product quality
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial products

35. What Is AI?
Artificial insemination- the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female
Semen is collected from males of desired quality
Semen is graded and stored

36. What Is AI? Female must be in estrus for conception
Hormone injections may be used to synchronize estrus
Semen is placed in the cervix near the horns of the uterus

37. What Is a Test Tube Baby?
In vitro fertilization- fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube
Semen is collected from males of desired quality
Ova are removed from females
Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish or test tube

38. What Is Gender Reversal?
Gender reversal- changing the sex of an animal
Very young animals receive hormone treatments
Most common among selected fish species

39. What Is Gender Preselection?
Gender preselection- choosing the sex of offspring
Sperm sorted before conception
Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome differences
X chromosomes produce female offspring
Y chromosomes produce male offspring

40. What Is Embryo Transfer?
Embryo transfer- removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient
Surgical and nonsurgical methods are used to remove and implant
A quality donor female can produce more offspring

41. What Is Multiple Ovulation?
Multiple ovulation- promoting increased release of ova during estrus
Hormone injections administered prior to estrus
Used with embryo transfer
AI may be used to fertilize ova
After fertilization, embryos are removed and placed in recipients

42. What Is Cloning?
Clone- new organism that has been produced asexually from a single parent
Genotype is identical to parent
Cells or tissues are cultured

43. How Are Hormones Used in Animal Production?
Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a response in another part of the body
Released by endocrine glands into blood system
Hormones are identified, functions determined, and isolated
Used to increase growth and production rates
bST- promotes milk production in cows
pST- promotes lean meat production in swine

44. What Is Bioremediation?
Bioremediation- using biological processes to solve environmental problems
Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials
Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes

45. How Can Bioremediation Be Used?
Oil spills
Wastewater treatment
Heavy metal removal
Chemical degradation

46. What Is Phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation- process of plants being used to solve pollution problems
Plants absorb and break down pollutants
Used with heavy metals, pesticides, explosives, and leachate

47. What Is Composting?
Composting- a process that promotes biological decomposition of organic matter
Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting
In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting

48. What Are Bioethics?
Ethics- knowing right from wrong, and then doing the right idea
Bio- living organisms
Bioethics- knowing right from wrong with living organisms, and then doing the right idea

49. Creating Bioethics Arguments
Read this article from the school website
After you read this article prepare ethical arguments with at least 5 Scientific and Factual claims to support your Premise and Conclusion

50. Ethical Arguments
Create an ethical argument for or against the following topics
Human Cloning
Gender Reversal on Livestock
Gender Reversal on Humans
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Genetic Engineering of Humans

51. Creating a Premise “Human cloning is immoral.”
Now you must find Scientific and Factual Claims to support your Premise
After you have at least 5 Claims, you may conclude, “Therefore, human cloning is immoral.”
You do not have to be for or against any of the topics, it’s your choice!