1. As European History – Course Outline
AS Unit One Option E: The Expansion and challenge of Nationalism.
Introduction to the course
What is unity?
What is nationalism?
How did Italy unify?
How did Germany unify?
Review of course & exam preparation

2. Dear Santa, Can I have….

3. What does it mean to be united?
Objectives
To investigate the concept of unity
To agree definition of unity
To share and give reasoned arguments

4. To what extent is this school united?

5. What is Nationalism? Objectives To agree a definition of Nationalism
To research present and past examples of Nationalism
To give short presentation on findings

6. What makes a nation? In pairs –
List 5 things we would mention when describing Britain to other people
List 5 things that makes Britain different to other countries

7. The Unification of Italy
Topic Outline
Italy Pre 1848
The impact of the 1848 Revolutions
The role of Piedmont & Cavour
The role of Louis-Napoleon
The role of Garibaldi
Unification completed & the role of foreign intervention
Italy post 1870
Review of topic
Areas of Debate
What were the obstacles to unification & how were they overcome
Why did Italy unite in 1870 & not 1848?
Did Italy unite herself?
Importance of the role of individuals

8. The Unification of Italy
Italy Pre 1848
Topic Outline
What was the make up of Italy in 1815
What were the main obstacles to unification
Why did the Revolutions of 1820 & 30 fail
Where did the growth of opposition come from
What was the influence of Mazzini before 1848 (Ideas)
Assessment
‘Mazzini was only a dreamer and propagandist. He failed to contribute anything of substance to the Risorgimento’
How far do you agree with this judgment?

11. What were the obstacles to unification?
Objectives
To understand the make up of the geographical area of ‘Italy’
To investigate obstacles to unification
To evaluate the found obstacles
To come to a judgement on the possible way forward for ‘Italy’

12. What obstacles have we found to unifying Italy so far
Complete this single bubble
What obstacles have we found to unifying Italy so far

13. Baseline Assessment
To what extent was Austria the biggest obstacle to unification in 1815?
Structure
1)Introduction
Introduce the debate in the question, include one specific example
2) Explain why Austria was such a big obstacle
3) Explain what other obstacles there were
4) Conclusion – make sure you answer the question
Word limit 500
Complete a pre-submission sheet

14. Why did the Revolutions of 1820 & 1830 fail?
Objectives
To investigate reasons for the failure of the early revolutions
To look for similarities and differences in the failures
To come to a judgement on the possible way forward for ‘Italy’

15. Why did the 1820 & 1830 Revolutions fail?
Complete this single bubble
Why did the 1820 & 1830 Revolutions fail?

16. Which way forward – The Risorgimento
Objectives
To recap on the reasons for the failure of the early Revolutions
To investigate options for Italy to move forward
To start to see the role of the papacy in Italian affairs.
Vincenzo Gioberti

17. Essay Writing

18. What is the exam question?
From 1789 to 1815 Italy was governed by Napoleon until he was finally defeated and exiled to St Helena. During his reign he separated Italy into first four states thin in 1810 he made Italy into three states. After Napoleon’s defeat the Congress of Vienna met to discuss who would now govern Italy which would be Austria.
The Risorgimento, despite the failures of the revolutions of 1820 and 1830, was what the Italians believed led to the formation of a united Italy. They thought of unification as the final stage of their gradual evolution as a nation.
Giuseppe Mazzini was born in 1805 in Genoa in Italy. In 1815, French rule in Italy ended and was replaced by that of Austria. Austria had a much stronger empire compared to the separate Italian states and this became an important factor in later years when several attempts to revolt against Austria by separate Italian states failed.

19. What was the contribution made by Mazzini pre 1848? (Ideas)
Objectives
To understand the role played by Mazzini pre 1848
To evaluate the role played by Mazzini in order to come to a judgement’
Mazzini

20. What was the contribution made by Mazzini pre 1848? (Ideas)
‘Mazzini was only a dreamer and propagandist. He failed to contribute anything of substance to the Risorgimento’
How far do you agree with this judgment?
In your groups find evidence to plan your essay, you need three pieces of evidence for each side of the debate.
Evidence ‘failed to contribute anything of substance’
Evidence contributed some thing of
substance

21. List the obstacles to Italian Unification
Quick Review
List the obstacles to Italian Unification

22. The Unification of Italy The Impact of the 1848 Revolutions
Topic Outline
Why were Italian nationalists optimistic in 1848
The importance of the Rome Republic
Why did the revolutions fail?
Which way forward now?
Assessment
‘The failures of the revolutions in Italy were the result of political and social conflict amongst the revolutionaries themselves rather than international hostility’
Assess the validity of this view

23. Why were Italian Nationalists optimistic in 1848?
Objectives
To investigate reasons for optimism in 1848
To find examples of forward looking from Piedmont and the Pope
To place the Revolutions into the back drop of economic hardship

24. Where and with what aim were there revolts in Italy in 1848?
Objectives
To investigate which states rose in revolt in 1848
To investigate aims of these revolts
To look for ‘common cause’ in the revolts
To compare with 1820/30 Revolts

25. Where and with what aim were there revolts in Italy in 1848?
In common with
Failed?
(leave for now)

26. What was the importance of the Rome Republic?
Objectives
To investigate the workings of the Rome Republic
To add to the role of Mazzini
To reflect on obstacles the Rome republic has started to remove

27. What was the importance of the Rome Republic?
As a table decide –
Did the actions surrounding the Rome Republic mean that unification was closer or further away
Prepare to feedback to the class

28. Why did the 1848 Revolutions fail?
Objectives
To investigate the reasons for failure of the 1848 Revolutions,
To understand the progress made in removing the obstacles to unification
To predict the next move necessary for unification

29. Compare and contrast the failures in 1820/30 and the failures in 1848
Failure in 1820/30
Failure in 1848

30. 1848 Revolutions- A Review? Objectives To review the failures of 1848
Assessment
‘The failures of the revolutions in Italy were the result of political and social conflict amongst the revolutionaries themselves rather than international hostility’
Assess the validity of this view
Objectives
To review the failures of 1848
To review the obstacles to unification
To prepare assessment

31. Multi-Flow Map! Effect Causes Major Event
Root Causes
Causes
Effect
Multi-Flow Map!
The Failure of the 1848 Revolutions
Cause and Effect: The major function is to show causes- which can be sorted by root , immediate, proximal or long term causes- and their effects in relation to a major event; can be indefinitely expanded to include multiple cases.

33. 1848 Revolutions- A Review? Reflecting on the 1848 revolutions
What three pieces of advice would you give Italian nationalists to help them take the next step towards a unified Italy?

34. The Unification of Italy The role of Piedmont & Cavour 1848-61
Topic Outline
Why did Piedmont get involved in the Crimea?
How successful was the War of 1859?
Review the role of Cavour
Assessment
‘Cavour should be regarded as the architect of Italian Unification’ How far do you agree with this judgement?

35. Why did Italian Nationalists look to Piedmont?
Objectives
To understand reasons why Piedmont became the focus for unification at this point
To begin to find evidence of the role of Cavour’s diplomacy
To understand how Piedmont manoeuvred themselves into a position to take on Austria
Cavour

36. The Unification of Italy The role of Piedmont & Cavour 1848-61
Why did Piedmont get involved in the Crimean War?
What was the aim behind Cavour’s involvement in the War?
Answer question 2
Cavour was successful in this aim. Do you agree?
find evidence for and against
In pairs decide if you agree?

37. Feature of a focused essay
1848 Revolutions
Assessment
‘The failures of the revolutions in Italy were the result of political and social conflict amongst the revolutionaries themselves rather than international hostility’
Assess the validity of this view
Feature of a focused essay
Done
Highlight Key words in the question
Key words appear in every paragraph
Each paragraph has a clear signpost linking it explicitly to the question
Introduction has one specific example
Conclusion starts with In conclusion
Conclusion has clear judgement related to specific focus see below, e.g. I agree/disagree…
To large/small extent…
Used the exact words in the question
The question has not been changed in anyway
Essay has been read through and checked for
Accuracy
Spelling
Grammar

38. The Unification of Italy The role of Piedmont & Cavour 1848-61
If you wanted to have a fight with someone!
What factors would you want to choose or be able to manipulate to give yourself the best chance of winning a fight before it starts?
As a table come up with three

39. How was Piedmont able to launch a war against Austria?
The Unification of Italy
The role of Piedmont & Cavour
How was Piedmont able to launch a war against Austria?
What factors can you find that mean Piedmont thinks it may be more successful this time
How much of this is down to the work of Cavour?
Reflect - In what ways would a war against Austria bring unification closer?

40. How did the War of 1859 bring unification closer?
Objectives
To investigate the gains made in the 1859 war
To judge these gains against the move to unification
To evaluate the ongoing obstacles to unification
Piedmonts' Soldiers

41. How did the War of 1859 bring unification closer?
Evaluate the level of effort of Piedmont in the war
What does this tell us about the nationalist cause in Italy at the time?
Evaluate the level of success in the war
Answer question at the top of the slide
Complete prep sheet for next lesson
Examples of success
Examples of failure

42. Italy in 1859 Piedmont -Sardinia Parma Modena Tuscany
Lombardy & Venetia
Piedmont -Sardinia
The Papal States
Parma
Modena
Tuscany
Kingdom of Naples and Sicily

43. Kingdom of Northern Italy
Italy in 1860
Kingdom of Northern Italy
Venetia, still Austrian
The Papal States
Kingdom of Naples and Sicily

44. Multi-Flow Map! The1859 War Effect Causes Major Event
Root Causes
Causes
Effect
Multi-Flow Map!
The1859 War
Cause and Effect: The major function is to show causes- which can be sorted by root , immediate, proximal or long term causes- and their effects in relation to a major event; can be indefinitely expanded to include multiple cases.

46. Was Cavour the champion of Unification? (Diplomacy)
Objectives
To understand the role played by Cavour in the unification of Italy
To evaluate the importance of Cavour’s contribution
To answer the above question
Cavour

47. Complete the following sentence
Italy could not unite itself because……..
Complete the following sentence
Louis-Napoleon was vital to unification because……

48. Who is more important? Or
The man who calls the firemen Or
The firemen who put
out the fire

49. The Unification of Italy The role of Louis-Napoleon
Topic Outline
Why did France intervene in Italy?
How did France aid the unification of Italy?
How did France hinder the unification of Italy?
Review the role played by Louis-Napoleon in the unification of Italy?
How united was Italy in 1861?
Assessment
‘Louis-Napoleon was vital to unification’ How far do you agree with this judgement?

50. How vital was the role played by Louis-Napoleon in the unification of Italy? (Force)
Objectives
To understand why Louis-Napoleon got involved in the unification of Italy
To understand the ways Louis-Napoleon aided unification in 1859
Louis-Napoleon

51. Did Louis-Napoleon help or hinder the unification of Italy? (Force)
Objectives
To investigate the ways Louis-Napoleon hindered unification
To come to a conclusion on the role of Louis-Napoleon in the unification of Italy
To compare the importance of Cavour and Louis-Napoleon in 1859
Louis-Napoleon

52. Using your notes fill in the blank map – How united is Italy in 1861?

53. How far was Italy united by 1861?
Objectives
To understand the progress made towards unification
To review the obstacles still outstanding
To suggest the next step
Italian flag

54. Multi-Flow Map! Effect Causes Major Event The 1859 war with Austria
Root Causes
Causes
Effect
Multi-Flow Map!
The 1859 war with Austria
Cause and Effect: The major function is to show causes- which can be sorted by root , immediate, proximal or long term causes- and their effects in relation to a major event; can be indefinitely expanded to include multiple cases.

55. The Unification of Italy
The role of Garibaldi
Topic Outline
Garibaldi – the early years
Garibaldi’s role in the Rome Republic
Garibaldi & The Thousand
Attempts on Rome
Review the role of Garibaldi
Assessment
‘An effective leader of the Italian Unification’ or ‘a reckless man of action’
Which is the more valid judgement on Garibaldi’s role in the diplomatic and political developments in Italy in the years 1848 to 187o?

56. How vital was the role played by Garibaldi in the unification of Italy
How vital was the role played by Garibaldi in the unification of Italy? (Romantic hero)
Objectives
To gain an understanding of the character of Garibaldi
To investigate his contribution pre 1860 (Romantic hero)
To investigate his contribution post 1860 (unites the south)
To answer the above question

57. How vital was the role played by Garibaldi in the unification of Italy
How vital was the role played by Garibaldi in the unification of Italy? (Romantic hero)
Objectives
To prepare short presentation
To prepare short hand out
To make a judgement on the role of Garibaldi
Pear
Apple
orange
Banana
Andrew
Darina
Reece
Leigh
James G
Matthew G
Shannah
Dillon
Matthew F
Adam
Mark
James S

58. How vital was the role played by Garibaldi in the unification of Italy
How vital was the role played by Garibaldi in the unification of Italy? (Romantic hero)
Objectives
To give presentations
To come to a judgement on the role of Garibaldi
To plan assessment
Assessment
‘An effective leader of the Italian Unification’ or ‘a reckless man of action’
Which is the more valid judgement on Garibaldi’s role in the diplomatic and political developments in Italy in the years 1848 to 187o?

59. Who played the most vital role
Who played the most vital role ?Cavour (the north) or Garibaldi (the south)
Objectives
To compare the roles played by Cavour & Garibaldi
To evaluate these roles
To come to a judgement on the above question
Assessment
How far do you agree with the judgement that it was Cavour’s diplomacy rather than Garibaldi’s ideas and actions which made the greater contribution to Italian Unification V

60. Double Bubble! To look for similarities and differences
Garibaldi
Hungry
Cavour

61. The Unification of Italy
The Unification completed & the role of foreign intervention
Topic Outline
The role of Prussia
Unification completed
The role of other powers, eg Britain
Review of foreign intervention
Assessment
‘Foreign intervention hindered rather than helped the cause of Italian unification in the years 1848 to 1870’
How far do you agree with this judgement?

62. Unification completed
Role of Prussia
Objectives
To understand what is left to unite (Papal States)
To understand the role of Prussia
To review the removal of France as an ‘obstacle’
The Vatican

64. Unification completed The role of the Great Powers
Objectives
To review the roles played in unification by France, Austria & Prussia
To investigate the roles played by Britain & Russia
To plan and answer assessment
‘Foreign intervention hindered rather than helped the cause of Italian unification in the years 1848 to 1870’
How far do you agree with this judgement?

65. How did Victor Emmanuel contribute to the Unification of Italy?
The Role of Victor Emmanuel

66. The Unification of Italy
Italy Post 1870
Topic Outline
To investigate the Idea that Italy was just expanded Piedmont
Divisions within Italy
To evaluate the extent at which Italy is united in 1871
Assessment
To what extent were the weaknesses of Italy in 1871 the result of economic and cultural divisions rather than opposition to Piedmont’s dominant position?

67. Review How United was Italy in 1870? Objectives
To investigate the level of unity in 1870
To find examples for and against the argument Italy was unified
To come to a judgement on the level of unity

68. Review Who united Italy? Objectives
To review the roles played by different people in the unification of Italy
To come to a judgement on the relative importance of these roles
To agree this as a class

69. Brace Map The Unification of Italy
Feed into the Vital Factors
Vital Factors
The Unification of Italy

70. You have forty minutes – chose wisely
Review
Who united Italy?
Objectives
To experience exam times
To complete answer in time allowed
To evaluate experience
You have forty minutes – chose wisely

71. Review - Revision How United was Italy in 1870? Areas of Debate
To review all areas of debate
Complete timed past exam questions
Areas of Debate
What were the obstacles to unification & how were they overcome
Why did Italy unite in 1870 & not 1848?
Did Italy unite herself?
Importance of individuals

72. Review
Who stays – You Decide