1. Developing Aircraft

2. Overview Key individuals involved in early aircraft development
The names and anatomy of period aircraft
The significance of other American pioneers in aviation following the Wright brothers
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

3. Warm Up Questions CPS Questions (1-2)
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
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4. (Note to Instructor: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Quick Write
Both the Wright Brothers and Glenn Curtiss were heavily involved with bicycles before taking up flight.
What similarities do you see between bicycles, early motorcycles, and early airplanes?
(Note to Instructor: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

5. Key Individuals Involved in Early Aircraft Development
In the first decade of the 1900s the Wright brothers were making aviation history
But other people were also becoming aviation pioneers
Calbraith Perry Rodgers
Louis Blériot
Alberto Santos-Dumont
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institute(Dumont)
Taken from wikipedia.com (Bierot and Rogers)

6. Glenn Curtiss
Thomas Baldwin was looking for a lightweight engine for his dirigible
He saw how well Curtiss’s bike engine performed and asked if he could buy one
Curtiss agreed and tweaked one of his engines for use in an aircraft
Baldwin’s aircraft, with a Curtiss engine, was the first powered dirigible in America
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of Underwood & Underwood/Corbis

7. The Aerial Experiment Association
Curtiss joined the Aerial Experiment Association
Alexander Graham Bell—best known as inventor of the telephone—formed this group
The group made some important design breakthroughs
First, they built the first American plane equipped with ailerons
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

8. The Aerial Experiment Association
Glen H. Curtiss (left), director of experriments; John A.D. McCurdy, treasurer; Alexander Graham Bell, chairman;
Frederick W. Baldwin, chief engineer; and Thomas Selfridge, secretary of the Aerial Experiment Associatioin
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of the Library of Congress

9. Ailerons An aileron is a small flap on the wing for controlling turns
Ailerons replaced the Wright brothers’ wing-warping technique
The aileron was a more effective means to move an aircraft left or right
It also provided lateral balance
The association introduced ailerons to America but the idea originated in England
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

10. First Seaplane
Members of the group also built and flew the country’s first seaplane
Curtiss would later win the first government contract with the US Navy for seaplanes
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of the US Navy

11. Curtiss’s Fame Grows
He won awards for distance and speed (the Scientific American trophy and an award at the Rheims Air Meet in France)
Curtiss opened a flight school in 1910, the same year the Wright brothers opened their school
Curtiss’s effect on aviation can still be felt today
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of Bettman/Corbis

12. Louis Blériot
French pilot Louis Blériot was the first man to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft
Although Blériot encountered problems—he got lost and his engine overheated—he managed to land safely
The flight took 37 minutes
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

13. Blériot XI Blériot built and flew the first powered monoplane
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of the Library of Congress

14. Learning Check #1 CPS Questions (3-4)
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
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15. Names and Anatomy of Period Aircraft
Frenchman Robert Esnault-Pelterie was the first to fully enclose the fuselage and use ailerons
A fuselage is the body of an airplane containing the crew and passengers (or cargo)
Enclosed cabins protected pilots and passengers from the wind and rain
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

16. Multiengine Planes
English brothers Eustace, Howard, and Oswald Short experimented with adding engines to their aircraft
A multiengine plane is a plane with more than one engine
Two (or more) engines upped an aircraft’s power, reliability, and safety
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

17. The Triple Twin
The Short brothers built the Triple Twin, a two-engine, three-propeller aircraft, in 1911
They placed one engine in front of the cockpit—a space inside the fuselage where the crew sits
They mounted the second engine behind the cockpit
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

18. Le Grand
Russian pilot Igor Sikorsky designed a four-engine aircraft called Le Grand
He flew it on 13 May 1913
He used four 100-horsepower engines to lift the 92-foot-wingspan airplane
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institute

19. Rotary Engines
The earliest engines were relatively heavy and inefficient
One reason was that these early engines used water as a coolant
Brothers Laurent and Gustav Seguin of France set out to reduce the motor weight
Their solution? Rotary engines
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

20. Rotary Engines
Rotary engines used circulating air, rather than water, as a coolant
The Seguins placed the engine’s cylinders in a radial, or round, pattern
They fitted each cylinder with a fin to draw out the heat as the plane flew
With these changes, engines became more efficient and their weight dropped
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

21. Helicopters
Helicopters are different from other aircraft in two important ways:
First, they don’t have fixed wings—they have rotating wings
Second, they take off and land vertically
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of Branger/Getty Images

22. Helicopters
The wings of helicopters, like those of other aircraft, must be in constant motion
Helicopters have rotors—another name for propellers
Rotors are made up of blades, each of which acts as a wing, and as the blades rotate, they lift the helicopter
Helicopters are also known as rotary-wing aircraft
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

23. Manned Helicopters
In 1842 W. H. Phillips got a model helicopter with a steam engine into the air
In 1907 Frenchman Louis Bréguet flew one, as did his countryman Paul Cornu
In 1909 Americans Emile and Henry Berliner also built and piloted a helicopter
All these men faced one common problem: helicopters are difficult to balance
No one would find a solution for 30 years
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

24. Learning Check #2 CPS Questions (5-6)
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
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25. American Aviation Pioneers
While some aircraft pioneers were achieving fame as inventors, others were breaking barriers as pilots
Those barriers ranged from distance to altitude to gender and race
The early 20th century was a time when all kinds of records could be broken
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

26. The Vin Fiz Flyer
Could Calbraith Perry Rodgers fly across the United States in 30 days? That was his goal in 1911
Newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst was offering a $50,000 prize
Rodgers asked soft drink manufacturer Vin Fiz if it would provide financial support for his flight in exchange for nationwide publicity
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

27. The Vin Fiz Flyer
Rodgers took off on 17 September 1911 from Sheepshead Bay on New York’s Long Island
The plane needed countless repairs and made many stops along the way
It took 49 days—Rodgers didn’t win the award because the flight took too long—but he made history
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

28. The Vin Fiz Flyer
Rodgers had earned a place in aviation history—he made the first airplane crossing of the US from coast to coast
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Taken from centennialofflight.gov

29. First Enlisted Pilot Gets His Wings
PFC Vernon Burge was the first enlisted man to become a pilot
The US Army Signal Corps’ Aeronautical Division had a general rule that only officers could be pilots
Enlisted men trained as mechanics
Burge was one of eight enlisted men who joined the division in 1907
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

30. First Enlisted Pilot Gets His Wings
Burge helped build a landing system for 1st Lt Benjamin Foulois’ airplane
During this time, Burge learned as much as he could about airplanes
He became a pilot in 1912
It wasn’t until 18 July 1914 that the US House of Representatives passed a bill that authorized enlisted men to fly
It also gave official status to the Army’s aviation arm
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

31. Bessie Coleman
Bessie Coleman faced two obstacles to becoming a pilot—her race and her gender; she overcame both
In 1921 Coleman became the first black woman to get a pilot’s license
She had to go to France for training because no flight school in the United States would accept her
She died in an airplane crash only four years after getting her license
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

32. Blanche Stuart Scott
Scott was Glenn Curtiss’s only female student in 1910
Curtiss worried about this—if Scott crashed, he feared he’d be blamed for putting a woman in harm’s way
So Curtiss did what he could to keep Scott from being able to take off
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

33. Blanche Stuart Scott
Nonetheless, Scott managed to fly one of Curtiss’s planes one day
Scott had become the first American woman to solo in a fixed-wing airplane
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of Hill Air Force Museum

34. Bessica Medlar Raiche
Some aviation historians think Bessica Medlar Raiche was really the first woman to go solo
She made that flight on 13 October 1910
Raiche never got a license, but flying excited her
She and her husband, François, formed a lightweight airplane company called the French-American Aeroplane Company
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

35. Harriet Quimby
In 1911, Quimby became the first American woman to earn her pilot’s license
She was also the first woman to fly at night (1911) and to pilot across the English Channel (1912)
She broke a fashion barrier, too, by designing and wearing a jumpsuit
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of the Library of Congress

36. Harriet Quimby Quimby entered the Boston Air Meet in 1912
She and her passenger took off over Boston Harbor in hopes of making a record 58 mph flight over a body of water
At 5,000 feet, the plane flipped and nosed downward
Quimby and Willard fell from the plane and plunged into the waters—both perished
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

37. Matilde Moisant
On 13 April 1911, Moisant became the second woman in America to get a pilot’s license
She won the Rodman Wanamaker Trophy for flying at an attitude of 2,500 feet
She also a court to acknowledge it was legal to fly on Sundays
Her brother John Moisant, also a pilot, had died in a crash in 1910
His death deeply affected her and on 13 April 1912, she said she’d make her last flight the next day
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

38. Julia Clark
On 19 May 1912, Julia Clark was the third American woman to gain her pilot’s license
Sadly, she was also the first woman pilot to die in a crash
She learned to fly at the Curtiss Flying School at North Island in San Diego
After soloing in a Curtiss plane, she joined an exhibition group
She took a text flight on 17 June 1912; she hit a tree limb, crashed, and died
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

39. Katherine and Marjorie Stinson
Katherine Stinson earned her pilot’s license on 24 July 1912
She was the fourth American woman to do so, and at age 16, she was also the youngest
She would eventually become one of the most successful women in aviation
Her younger sister, Marjorie, graduated from the Wright Flying School in August 1914
When WWI began, the sisters opened a school to train Americans and Canadians as pilots for the war
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

40. Review
The first powered dirigible in America was equipped with a Glenn Curtiss engine
Louis Blériot was the first man to build and fly a powered monoplane
A multiengine plane had greater power, reliability, and safety than a single-engine plane
Laurent and Gustav Seguin of France invented rotary engines that used circulating air rather than water
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

41. Learning Check #3 CPS Questions (7-8)
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
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42. Review
Calbraith Perry Rodgers made the first airplane crossing of the United States from coast to coast
PFC Vernon Burge was the first enlisted man to become a pilot
Bessie Coleman became the first black woman to get a pilot’s license
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

43. Review
Blanche Stuart Scott was the first American woman to solo in a fixed-wing airplane
Harriet Quimby was the first American woman to earn her pilot’s license
Bessica Medlar Raiche, Matilde Moisant, Julia Clark, and Katherine and Marjorie Stinson were also famous female aviators of the period
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

44. Review Questions CPS Questions (9-10)
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
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45. Summary Key individuals involved in early aircraft development
The names and anatomy of period aircraft
The significance of other American pioneers in aviation following the Wright brothers
Chapter 2, Lesson 2

46. Next…. Done—developing aircraft Next—air power in World War I
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Courtesy of the EAA/Jim Koepnick