1. TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING
SECOND EDITION
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2. TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING
SECOND EDITION
TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING
John Langan
© Townsend Press

3. Chapter 7
PURPOSE AND TONE

4. News photos often have a purpose and tone.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
See page 265 in textbook
News photos often have a purpose and tone.

5. Here, the purpose is to inform us of the return of American
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
See page 265 in textbook
Here, the purpose is to inform us of the return of American
soldiers killed in the service of their country.
The tone is one of solemnity, reverence, and respect.

6. the purpose of a selection
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
The author’s
reason for writing
is called
the purpose of a selection
See page 266 in textbook

7. Here are three common purposes in writing:
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
Here are three common purposes in writing:
To inform
—to give information about a subject. l
To persuade
—to convince the reader to agree with the author’s point of view on a subject. l
See page 266 in textbook
To entertain
—to amuse and delight; to appeal to the reader’s senses and imagination. l

8. Often, the cover and the title of a book or article
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
Often, the cover and the title of a book or article
will suggest the author’s main purpose.
See page 266 in textbook

9. What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
See page 267 in textbook
ANSWERS: Public Speaking-A; I Feel Great-B; Gulliver’s Travels-C
The next three slides show the answers.
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose:
A. to inform
A. to inform
A. to inform
B. to persuade
B. to persuade
B. to persuade
C. to entertain
C. to entertain
C. to entertain

10. What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
See page 267 in textbook
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose: 3
A. to inform
A. to inform
A. to inform
B. to persuade
B. to persuade
B. to persuade
C. to entertain
C. to entertain
C. to entertain

11. What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
See page 267 in textbook
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose: 3
A. to inform
A. to inform
A. to inform
B. to persuade 3
B. to persuade
B. to persuade
C. to entertain
C. to entertain
C. to entertain

12. What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books?
See page 267 in textbook
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose:
Primary purpose: 3
A. to inform
A. to inform
A. to inform
B. to persuade 3
B. to persuade
B. to persuade
C. to entertain
C. to entertain 3
C. to entertain

13. Read this paragraph and decide what the author’s purpose is.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
Read this paragraph and decide what the author’s purpose is.
The typical American gobbles three burgers and four orders of fries every week. Toss in the pizzas, the popcorn, the sugary breakfast cereals, the sodas, the snack cakes, candy bars, ice cream and everything else we eat in lieu of real food in this society, and your body is like an eighteen-wheeler roaring down a high-fat highway straight to obesity and an early grave. Fast food is bad food. It’s loaded with bad stuff like fat and sugar and sodium. It’s packed with chemicals that are in there to make it taste and smell and feel like it’s real food. What it lacks is vitamins, minerals, fiber, all the stuff you really need.
Primary purpose:
See pages 267 and 268 in textbook
ANSWER: B
The next slide shows and explains the answer.
A. to inform
B. to persuade
C. to entertain

14. Primary purpose: A. to inform 3 B. to persuade C. to entertain
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
The typical American gobbles three burgers and four orders of fries every week. Toss in the pizzas, the popcorn, the sugary breakfast cereals, the sodas, the snack cakes, candy bars, ice cream and everything else we eat in lieu of real food in this society, and your body is like an eighteen-wheeler roaring down a high-fat highway straight to obesity and an early grave. Fast food is bad food. It’s loaded with bad stuff like fat and sugar and sodium. It’s packed with chemicals that are in there to make it taste and smell and feel like it’s real food. What it lacks is vitamins, minerals, fiber, all the stuff you really need.
Primary purpose:
See pages 267 and 268 in textbook
A. to inform 3
B. to persuade
C. to entertain
The writer tells us the things that are wrong with fast food in order to persuade us that we shouldn’t eat it.

15. Now try this paragraph. Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
Now try this paragraph.
I don’t know which is harder, taking my body to the doctor or my car to the garage. Both worry me. I’m always afraid they’ll find something I didn’t know about. The only advantage of taking my body to the doctor over taking my car to the garage is that the doctor never asks me to leave it overnight.
Primary purpose:
See pages 267 and 268 in textbook
ANSWER: C
The next slide shows and explains the answer.
A. to inform
B. to persuade
C. to entertain

16. Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade 3 C. to entertain
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
I don’t know which is harder, taking my body to the doctor or my car to the garage. Both worry me. I’m always afraid they’ll find something I didn’t know about. The only advantage of taking my body to the doctor over taking my car to the garage is that the doctor never asks me to leave it overnight.
Primary purpose:
See pages 267 and 268 in textbook
A. to inform
B. to persuade 3
C. to entertain
The writer uses playful and exaggerated details to entertain the reader. Clearly, the doctor is not going to ask the writer to leave his body overnight.

17. What is the author’s purpose in this paragraph?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
What is the author’s purpose in this paragraph?
Personal contact is necessary for common cold viruses to spread. The viruses must get into the nose, where they can infect the nasal membranes. Inhaling contaminated droplets produced when someone else coughs or sneezes may be one way to catch a cold. Cold viruses can remain infective even if they are outside the body for a few hours. Therefore, you can also catch a cold if you handle something that is contaminated with a cold virus—for example, the doorknob of a classroom or a restroom door—and then scratch your nose or rub your eyes with your contaminated fingers. The cold viruses can reach your nose when you rub your eyes because the virus can be passed down the tear ducts that go from the eyes into the nasal cavities.
Primary purpose:
See pages 267 and 268 in textbook
ANSWER: A
The next slide shows and explains the answer.
A. to inform
B. to persuade
C. to entertain

18. Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
Personal contact is necessary for common cold viruses to spread. The viruses must get into the nose, where they can infect the nasal membranes. Inhaling contaminated droplets produced when someone else coughs or sneezes may be one way to catch a cold. Cold viruses can remain infective even if they are outside the body for a few hours. Therefore, you can also catch a cold if you handle something that is contaminated with a cold virus—for example, the doorknob of a classroom or a restroom door—and then scratch your nose or rub your eyes with your contaminated fingers. The cold viruses can reach your nose when you rub your eyes because the virus can be passed down the tear ducts that go from the eyes into the nasal cavities. 1 2
Primary purpose:
See pages 267 and 268 in textbook 3
A. to inform
B. to persuade
C. to entertain
The purpose is to inform us about how cold viruses spread. To do this, the author describes two specific ways they spread.

19. Sometimes, writing may blend two or even three purposes.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
More than one purpose
Sometimes, writing may blend two or even three purposes.
See page 268 in textbook

20. Inform Persuade Entertain More than one purpose
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Purpose
More than one purpose
For example, a persuasive article on the importance of avoiding junk food
Inform
might include a number of facts
Persuade
See page 268 in textbook
Entertain
and even some comic touches.
But remember to focus on the author’s primary purpose.

21. a writer’s attitude toward his or her subject
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
Tone is
See page 270 in textbook
a writer’s attitude toward his or her subject

22. Tone is expressed through the words and details the writer selects.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
Tone is expressed through the words and details the writer selects.
A writer’s voice can project one or more tones, or feelings, such as
See page 270 in textbook

23. Anger Anger Respect Cheerfulness Tone CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
See page 270 in textbook

24. (Tone: Fair, objective)
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
Three examples of tone: Statements made by students of a demanding teacher.
She hates students, that’s all there is to it. I can’t wait until I’m out of her class. l
(Tone: Bitter, angry)
She’s tough, but she’s also really good. I’ve learned more from her than I’ve learned from any other teacher. l
(Tone: Fair, objective)
See page 271 in textbook
I might as well just stop going to class now. I’m never going to understand the material. It’s hopeless. l
(Tone: Pessimistic)

25. For a list of more than eighty tone words
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
ashamed
doubtful
praising
worried
playful
disapproving
respectful
accepting
conceited
forgiving
fearful
cheerful
loving
joyous
affectionate
scornful
ambivalent
ironic
instructive
lighthearted
objective
informal
scheming
bewildered
forgiving
indignant
arrogant
impassioned
bitter
caring
serious
alarmed
curious
regretful
sympathetic
critical
grateful
encouraging
threatening
warm
insulting
humorous
calming
concerned
amused
compassionate
sarcastic
superior
matter-of-fact
reverent
tolerant
straightforward
prideful
despairing
optimistic
solemn
hypocritical
disbelieving
sentimental
appreciative
admiring
self-critical
excited
defensive
tragic
apologetic
frightened
approving
self-pitying
sorrowful
alarmed
cruel
determined
nostalgic
suggestive
For a list of more than eighty tone words
see pages 271–273 in the textbook.
See pages 271 through 273 in textbook

26. What is tone in this statement?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
What is tone in this statement?
Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l
A. encouraging
B. worried
C. determined
See page 273 in textbook
ANSWER: B
The next slide shows and explains the answer.

27. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l
A. encouraging 3
B. worried
C. determined
The writer suggests that Wal-Mart’s low wages and benefits may have a negative economic effect on the town. This reveals a worried tone.
See pages 273 and 274 in textbook

28. What is tone in this statement?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
What is tone in this statement?
Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l
A. encouraging 3
B. worried
C. determined
Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l
A. accepting
B. regretful
C. cynical
See page 273 in textbook
ANSWER: A
The next slide shows and explains the answer.

29. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l
A. encouraging 3
B. worried
C. determined
Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l 3
A. accepting
B. regretful
C. cynical
See pages 273 and 274 in textbook
The statement “Wal-Mart is a fact of life” indicates the writer’s acceptance, as does her effort to balance the negative aspects of Wal-Mart with the benefit of lower prices.

30. What is tone in this statement?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
What is tone in this statement?
Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l
A. encouraging 3
B. worried
C. determined
Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l 3
A. accepting
B. regretful
C. cynical
Our local government says Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. That’s a joke. Wal-Mart is mainly going to benefit itself and our local politicians. l
See page 273 in textbook
ANSWER: B
The next slide shows and explains the answer.
A. cheerful
B. cynical
C. threatening

31. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l
A. encouraging 3
B. worried
C. determined
Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l 3
A. accepting
B. regretful
C. cynical l
See pages 273 and 274 in textbook
Our local government says Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. That’s a joke. Wal-Mart is mainly going to benefit itself and our local politicians.
A. cheerful 3
B. cynical
C. threatening
This writer clearly does not believe claim that Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. Her comment “That’s a joke” gives the item a cynical tone.

32. One commonly used tone is irony.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
A Note on Irony
One commonly used tone is irony.
See page 274 in textbook

33. » « Irony involves a contrast between expectations and reality.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Irony involves a contrast
between expectations and reality.
Reality
Expectations
See page 274 in textbook

34. Both language and situations can be ironic.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Both language and situations can be ironic.
Verbal Irony
Irony of Situation
See page 274 in textbook

35. What is said contrasts with what is meant.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Verbal Irony
What is said contrasts with what is meant.
See page 274 in textbook
What is
meant
What is said

36. you are using verbal irony.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Verbal Irony
For example, if a telemarketer calls you in the middle of dinner and you say:
“I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate
eating dinner while it’s still hot.”
See page 274 in textbook
you are using verbal irony.

37. » « What is meant Verbal Irony The words you have said
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Verbal Irony
The words you have said
are the opposite
of what you really mean.
“I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate
eating dinner while it’s still hot.”
“I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate
eating dinner while it’s still hot.”
What is said
See page 274 in textbook
What is
meant
“I’m very annoyed you’ve called. I enjoy eating dinner while it’s still hot.”

38. What is expected or intended contrasts with what actually happens.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Irony of Situation
Verbal Irony
What is expected or intended contrasts with what actually happens.
See page 274 in textbook
What
actually
happens
What is expected

39. » « What actually happens Irony of Situation Example:
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Irony of Situation
Example:
A city fire fighter
turns out to be
an arsonist responsible for a string of fires.
See page 274 in textbook
What
actually
happens
What is expected

40. Can you explain the irony in this cartoon?
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
Can you explain the irony in this cartoon?
See page 275 in textbook
ANSWER: the sign advertising the communication workshop communicates very poorly
The next slide shows and explains the answer.

41. It fails to communicate just when and where the workshop will be.
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
Tone
/ A Note on Irony
See page 275 in textbook
The irony is that the sign advertising the communication workshop communicates very poorly.
It fails to communicate just when and where the workshop will be.

42. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone
See page 279 in textbook