1. Kingdom Plantae

2. All plants are eukaryotic autotrophs making food from sunlight through photosynthesis.
There are, however, a few species that are both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Plants have cell walls made of cellulose.
Primary consumers eat only plants.

3. Land plants evolved from green algae
Researchers have identified green algae called charophyceans as the closest relatives of land plants

8. Cuticle – a protective waxy coating that prevents H2O in plant tissues from evaporating into the atmosphere.

9. Within the cuticle are stomata that allow exchange of gases.
Guard cells open and close pores in the stomata to release O2 into the atmosphere and take in CO2.

10. A leaf is a broad flat organ that traps light energy for photosynthesis and exchanges gases through stomata.

11. Root – a plant organ that anchors the plant in soil and absorbs H2O and minerals from soil transporting them to the stem.

13. A root cell’s job is to take water and nutrients from the soil and send them up to the part of the plant above the ground.

14. The stem is the plant’s structural support for upright growth containing tissues to transport H2O, minerals, and nutrients from one part of the plant to another.
Stems may also store food.
Green stems carry on photosynthesis.

15. AP Biology April 30
Plants PP continued
Private Life of Plants
Animal practical
Coming up…………….
- Plant Test May 4
Chapter 47 objectives
Animal systems and structure
Abstract ?

16. Growing root includes 3 regions:
- root tip
- elongation region
- maturation region
Root tip and elongation region are sites of primary growth through apical meristem tissue
Maturation zone, vascular tissue forms primary xylem and phloem which forms
stele (the inner concentric cylinder)

17. Plant Vascular Tissues
Xylem – made up of a series of dead tubular cells that transport H2O and dissolved minerals upward from roots to leaves.
Phloem – made up of a series of living tubular cells that transport sugars from leaves to all parts of the plant.

18. Two types of xylem cells:
- tracheids which are are long and thin
- vessel elements which are short and thick
Phloem cells are made up of
- sieve tube elements (carry nutrients)
- companion cells (support sieve tube
elements)

22. When there is no water in the soil for the plant, it looses turgor pressure (wilts).

23. Leaf cell

24. Animal Cell

25. Grana are stacks light trapping chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and passes that energy into the stroma.
Stroma contain enzymes that turn light energy into sugar and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide.
SUNLIGHT + 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Grana are stacks light trapping chlorophyll.

26. When we burn wood, basically the photosynthesis formula is reversed. 
We're breaking down the carbohydrate and producing carbon dioxide gas and water, plus energy, which, like sunlight, feels hot and looks bright.

27. Alternation of Generations
Sexual reproduction involves the two alternating processes of meiosis and fertilization.
In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid number.
In fertilization, the nuclei of two gametes fuse, raising the chromosome number from haploid to diploid.

28. In most plants meiosis and fertilization divide the life of the organism into two distinct phases or "generations".
The gametophyte generation begins with a spore produced by meiosis. The spore is haploid, and all the cells derived from it (by mitosis) are also haploid. In due course, this multicellular structure produces gametes — by mitosis — and sexual reproduction then produces the diploid sporophyte generation.

29. In fact, the gametophyte generation is the major stage in the life of mosses and an independent plant in ferns.
However, the gametophyte is only an inconspicuous structure in angiosperms and other "higher" plants.

31. The sporophyte generation produces spores (diploid) which develop into the gametophyte generation.
The gametophyte generation produces gametes (haploid).
In vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant.
In non-vascular plants, the gametophyte is larger and more conspicuous than the sporophyte.

32. Plant Tropisms
Phototrophism - growth toward light

33. Plant Tropisms
Gravitropism – downward growth of roots

34. Plant Tropisms - Thigmotropism
– plants response when it comes into contact with a solid object.

36. Vegetative Reproduction……………….
……………is asexual

37. Plant Growth
Meristematic tissue is made up of actively
dividing cells
Primary growth occurs via apical
meristems in the tips of roots and stems
Secondary growth is carried out by lateral
meristems increasing the girth of the plant
- two types of cells: vascular cambium
cork cambium

38. Vascular cambium
produces secondary xylem and
phloem secondary which replaces
primary xylem and primary phloem
Cork cambium produces the tissues of the
outer bark
Plants also have lenticels which allow for gas
exchange through bark

40. Bryophytes vs Tracheophytes
what’s the difference?

41. Division Bryophyta – mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Division Bryophyta – mosses, liverworts, hornworts. All are non-vascular and non-seed.

42. Bryophyte gametophytes
Produce flagellated sperm in antheridia
Produce ova in archegonia
Generally form ground-hugging carpets and are at most only a few cells thick
Some mosses
Have conducting tissues in the center of their “stems” and may grow vertically

45. Division Lycophyta -Club Mosses – vascular and non-seed.

46. Division Pterophyta whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns vascular and non-seed.

47. Seed Bearing Plants

48. Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds on scales of woody strobili called cones.

49. In other words, they have naked seeds - seeds not enclosed in a fruit.

50. Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
The four divisions of Gymnosperms are:
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

51. Cycads have a terminal rosette of leaves and bear seeds in cones.
All cycads have separate male and female plants.

52. Division Ginkgophyta has only on living species – Ginkgo biloba.
The leaves are lobed.
Like Cycads, Ginkgos have separate male and female trees.

54. Division Gnetophyta has 3 genera:
Gnetum
Ephedra
Welwitschia

56. Coniferophyta is the largest and most diverse division of the gymnosperms.
Most are evergreen – keeping their leaves year-round.
A very few are deciduous – dropping all of their leaves at
the same time

58. Angiosperms include one division - Anthophyta

59. Anthophytes can be annuals, biennials, or perennials.
Though there is only one division of angiosperms, Anthophyta ….
It is the largest and most diverse group of seed plants on Earth.
Anthophytes produce flowers, then seeds enclosed in a fruit.
Anthophytes can be annuals, biennials, or perennials.

60. What is an annual?
What is a biennial?
What is a perennial?

62. AP Biology: May 2
Kingdom Plantae continued
Kingdom Practical
Presentations ? Private Life of Plants ?
Coming up:
Parade of Kingdoms Test corrections due 5/4
Kingdom Plantae test ?
- Continue reading – chapter 47 due May 4
- 6th Abstract due May 8 – plants or systems

63. Male Gametophyte

64. Female Gametophyte

65. What is the purpose of fruit?

67. Seeds can be dispersed in a variety of ways:
Wind
Passing through an animals digestive system
Catching on fur or skin
Floating on water

68. Division Anthophyta has two classes of angiosperms …
Division Anthophyta has two classes of angiosperms …. Monocots and Dicots

69. Possible Advantages to Alternation of Generations
Amplification of the sexual product
because it produces many spores.
Possibly useful in an environment
where limited water availability for
successful fertilization limits the
number of successful zygotes.

71. Adaptations to Survival in the Terrestrial Environment
Separation of absorbtive organs (roots) and photosynthetic organs (leaves)
Waterproof cuticle
Stomata
Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
Structural support tissues (cellulose and lignin)
Species dispersal (spores and seeds)

72. Adaptations to Survival in the Terrestrial Environment
Protection of gametes in gametangia
Fertilization in the absence of free water (pollen tubes instead of swimming sperm)
Zygote and sporophyte embryo protected and nurtured by gametophyte

73. Fungi
Coniferophyta
Anthophyta
Bryophyta
Lichen
Ginkgophyta
Primative seedless vascular plants
Algae

74. Early chordates
Recent chordates
Mollusca
Annelida
Cnidaria
Arthropoda – Insecta
Porifera
Platyhelmenthes and Nematoda
Arthropoda – Arachnida, Mesostomata,
Crustacea, Myriapoda
Echinodermata

75. 1. Why were adaptations necessary for plants to become terrestrial ?
2 What were the adaptations?
3. What is the general term for growth
tissue of plants?
4. Describe the difference(s) between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
5. Describe the two patterns of growth in seed plants?

76. 1. Plants were no longer surrounded by water when
they became terrestrial. They needed to get
water, stay upright, reproduce without
surrounding water.
2. Specialized root tissue, waterproof cuticle,
specialized stem tissue with vascular tissue,
leaf tissue, spores, seeds.
3. Meristematic tissue.
4. Gymnosperms are either Cycadophyta,
Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, or Coniferophyta.

77. 4. Cont. They reproduce using strobilli – naked cones
4. Cont. They reproduce using strobilli – naked cones. Angiosperms belong to phylum Anthophyta and include all flowering plants. The flower is a specialized reproductive structure that produces seeds (zygote) covered by fruit.
5. The two patterns of growth in angiosperms are monocots and dicots.

78. Division Anthophyta has two classes of angiosperms …
Division Anthophyta has two classes of angiosperms …. Monocots and Dicots

79. 1. Describe the two types of vascular tissue and the cells that make them?