2. Table of Contents – pages iii
Unit 1: What is Biology?
Unit 2: Ecology
Unit 3: The Life of a Cell
Unit 4: Genetics
Unit 5: Change Through Time
Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Unit 7: Plants
Unit 8: Invertebrates
Unit 9: Vertebrates
Unit 10: The Human Body
Table of Contents – pages iii

3. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii
Unit 1: What is Biology?
Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life
Unit 2: Ecology
Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology
Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes
Chapter 4: Population Biology
Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation
Unit 3: The Life of a Cell
Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7: A View of the Cell
Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell
Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

4. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii
Unit 4: Genetics
Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis
Chapter 11: DNA and Genes
Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics
Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Unit 5: Change Through Time
Chapter 14: The History of Life
Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution
Chapter 16: Primate Evolution
Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity
Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

5. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii
Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 19: Protists
Chapter 20: Fungi
Unit 7: Plants
Chapter 21: What Is a Plant?
Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants
Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function
Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants
Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

6. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii
Unit 8: Invertebrates
Chapter 25: What Is an Animal?
Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms
Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms
Chapter 28: Arthropods
Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate
Chordates
Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

7. Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii
Unit 9: Vertebrates
Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians
Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds
Chapter 32: Mammals
Chapter 33: Animal Behavior
Unit 10: The Human Body
Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion
Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter 36: The Nervous System
Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion
Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development
Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease
Table of Contents – pages vii-xiii

8. Ecology Principles of Ecology Communities and Biomes
Population Biology
Biological Diversity and Conservation
Unit Overview – pages 32-33

9. Chapter Contents – page vii
Chapter 5 Biological Diversity and Conservation
5.1: Vanishing Species
5.1: Section Check
5.2: Conservation of Biodiversity
5.2: Section Check
Chapter 5 Summary
Chapter 5 Assessment
Chapter Contents – page vii

10. You will explain the importance of biological diversity.
What You’ll Learn
You will explain the importance of biological diversity.
You will distinguish environmental changes that may result in the loss of species.
You will describe the work of conservation biologists.
Chapter Intro-page 110

11. 5.1 Section Objectives – page 111
Explain biodiversity and its importance.
Relate various threats to the loss of biodiversity.
5.1 Section Objectives – page 111

12. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Biological Diversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of species in a specific area.
The simplest and most common measure of biodiversity is the number of different species that live in a certain area.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

13. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Where is biodiversity found?
Areas around the world differ in biodiversity.
Biodiversity increases as you move toward the equator.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

14. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Where is biodiversity found?
Tropical regions contain two-thirds of all land species on Earth.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

15. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Where is biodiversity found?
The richest environments for biodiversity all seem to be warm places: tropical rain forests, coral reefs, and large tropical lakes.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

16. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Studying biodiversity
How do ecologists perform experiments related to biodiversity?
Today you can read about projects in rain forests that require scientists to live 150 meters up in the canopy for weeks while they collect species that live only at that level.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

17. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Studying biodiversity
Other researchers catalogue the organisms that live in coral reefs and others attach radio collars to sea turtles.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

18. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Studying biodiversity
Still others work in laboratories comparing the DNA of members of isolated populations to see how or if these populations might be changing.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

19. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Importance to nature
Living things are interdependent.
Living things can be niches for other living things.
Populations are adapted to live together in communities.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

20. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Importance to nature
Scientists do know that if a species is lost from an ecosystem, the loss may have consequences for other living things in the area.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

21. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Biodiversity brings stability
Biodiversity can bring stability to an ecosystem.
A pest could easily destroy all the corn in a farmer’s field, but it would be far more difficult for a single type of insect or disease to destroy all individuals of a plant species in a rain forest.
Ecosystems are stable if their biodiversity is maintained.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

22. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Importance to people
Humans depend on other organisms for their needs.
Yet only a few species of plants and animals supply the major portion of the food eaten by the human population.
Biodiversity could help breeders produce additional food crops.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

23. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Importance to people
Another important reason for maintaining biodiversity is that it can be used to improve people’s health.
Living things supply the world pharmacy.
Penicillium
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

24. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Importance to people
Preserving biodiversity ensures there will be a supply of living things, some of which may provide future drugs.
Penicillium
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

25. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Loss of Biodiversity
Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies.
Extinction is a natural process and Earth has experienced several mass extinctions during its history.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

26. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Loss of Biodiversity
There is also a certain level of natural extinction, called background extinction, that goes on.
Scientists estimate that background extinction accounts for the loss of one to ten species per year.
However, the current rate of extinction exceeds that by many times.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

27. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Loss of Biodiversity
A species is considered to be an endangered species when its numbers become so low that extinction is possible.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

28. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Loss of Biodiversity
When the population of a species is likely to become endangered, it is said to be a threatened species.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

29. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Threats to Biodiversity
Complex interactions among species make each ecosystem unique.
Changes to habitats can therefore threaten organisms with extinction.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

30. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat loss
One of the biggest reasons for decline in biodiversity is habitat loss.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

31. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation is the separation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

32. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation has been found to contribute to:
increased extinction of local species.
changes in overall biodiversity.
disruption of ecological processes.
new opportunities for invasions by unwanted or exotic species.
increased risk of fire.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

33. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat fragmentation
The smaller the fragment, the less biodiversity the area can support.
Geographic isolation can lead to genetic isolation.
Habitat fragmentation also makes it difficult for species to reestablish themselves in an area.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

34. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Edge and size
The edge of a habitat or ecosystem is where one habitat or ecosystem meets another.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

35. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Edge and size
The different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem are called edge effects.
Different organisms might live along the edge of a forest instead of in the interior of the forest.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

36. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Edge and size
If a road is cut through a wooded area, the shape of the wooded area changes and the edge is changed.
Now there is less distance between the edge and the interior. Some plants might die out.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

37. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Edge and size
When an edge changes, animals might migrate because there isn’t enough space from which to gather food.
As a result, biodiversity of that area changes.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

38. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat degradation
Another threat to biodiversity is habitat degradation, the damage to a habitat by pollution.
Three types of pollution are air, water, and land pollution.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

39. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat degradation
Pollutants enter the atmosphere in many ways—including volcanic eruptions and forest fires.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

40. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat degradation
Burning fossil fuels is also a major source of air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide.
Acid precipitation—rain, snow, sleet, and fog with low pH values—has been linked to the deterioration of some forests and lakes.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

41. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat degradation
Ultraviolet waves emitted by the Sun also can cause damage to living organisms.
Ozone, a compound consisting of three oxygen atoms, is found mainly in a region of Earth’s atmosphere between about 15 km and 35 km altitude.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

42. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Habitat degradation
The ozone in this region—known as the ozone layer—absorbs some of the ultraviolet waves striking the atmosphere, reducing the ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth’s surface.
Click image to view movie.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

43. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Water pollution
Water pollution degrades aquatic habitats in streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans.
A variety of pollutants can affect aquatic life.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

44. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Water pollution
Excess fertilizers and animal wastes are often carried by rain into streams and lakes.
The sudden availability of nutrients causes algal blooms, the excessive growth of algae.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

45. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Water pollution
Detergents, heavy metals, and industrial chemicals in runoff can cause death in aquatic organisms.
Abandoned drift nets in oceans have been known to entangle and kill dolphins, whales, and other sea life.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

46. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Land pollution
Trash, or solid waste, is made up of the cans, bottles, paper, plastic, metals, dirt, and spoiled food that people throw away every day.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

47. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Land pollution
Recycling
Click image to view movie.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

48. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Land pollution
The average American produces about 1.8 kg of solid waste daily.
That’s a total of about 657 kg of waste per person per year.
Although some of it might decompose quickly, most trash becomes part of the billions of tons of solid waste that are buried in landfills.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

49. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Land pollution
The use of pesticides and other chemicals can also lead to habitat degradation.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

50. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Exotic species
People sometimes introduce a new species into an ecosystem, either intentionally or unintentionally.
These species can cause problems for the native species.
Kudzu
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

51. Section 5.1 Summary – pages 111-120
Exotic species
When exotic species are introduced, these species can grow at an exponential rate due to the fact that they are not immediately as vulnerable to local competitors or predators as are the established native species.
Section 5.1 Summary – pages

52. Question 1
The term that refers to the variety of species in a specific area is _________.
A. ecology
B. conservation biology
C. biodiversity
D. endangered species
Section 1 Check

53. The answer is C. The simplest measure of biodiversity is the number of different species that live in a certain area.
Section 1 Check

54. Question 2
Describe the possible effect on a biological community of removing one species.
Section 1 Check

55. Because living things are interdependent, removing a single species from a community can remove a food source or otherwise break symbiotic relationships causing remaining organisms to suffer. This decreases the stability of the ecosystem.
Section 1 Check

56. Question 3
When the population of a species begins to significantly decline in numbers, it is __________.
A. threatened
B. extinct
C. fragmented
D. diverse
Section 1 Check

57. The answer is A. When the population of a species is declining and likely to become endangered, it is said to be a threatened species.
Results of Species Search*
Scientific Name
Common Name
Group
Listing status
Current Range
Loxodonta africana
African elephant
Mammals T
Africa
*U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS)
Through the Fish and Wildlife Service, information is available to the public on all species threatened or endangered T, under Listing Status, refers to threatened. An E would indicate endangered.
Section 1 Check

58. 5.2 Section Objectives – page 121
Describe strategies used in conservation biology.
Relate success in protecting an endangered species to the methods used to protect it.
5.2 Section Objectives – page 121

59. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Conservation Biology
Conservation biology is the study and implementation of methods to protect biodiversity.
Effective conservation strategies are based on principles of ecology.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

60. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Conservation Biology
Natural resources are those parts of the environment that are useful or necessary for living organisms.
Natural resources include sunlight, water, air, and plant and animal resources.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

61. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Legal protections of species
In response to concern about species extinction, the U.S. Endangered Species Act became law in 1973.
This law made it illegal to harm any species on the endangered or threatened species lists.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

62. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Preserving habitats
A habitat is the physical location where an organism lives and interacts with its environment.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

63. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Preserving habitats
One way that habitats have been protected is through the creation of natural preserves and parks.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

64. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Preserving habitats
Establishing parks and other protected regions has been an effective way to preserve ecosystems and the communities of species that live in them.
Saguaro National Park, Arizona
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

65. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Habitat corridors
A general strategy for protecting the biodiversity of an area probably is to protect the largest area possible.
However, research is showing that keeping wildlife populations completely separate from one another may be resulting in inbreeding within populations.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

66. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Habitat corridors
Therefore, another strategy for preserving biodiversity is to connect protected areas with habitat corridors.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

67. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Habitat corridors
Habitat corridors are protected strips of land that allow the migration of organisms from one wilderness area to another.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

68. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Working with people
Parks and protected areas usually hire people, such as rangers, to manage the parks and ensure the protection of organisms.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

69. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Working with people
The philosophy of sustainable use strives to enable people to use natural resources in ways that will benefit them and maintain the ecosystem.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

70. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Reintroduction and species
preservation programs
Reintroduction programs release organisms into an area where the species once lived.
The most successful reintroductions occur when organisms are taken from an area in the wild and transported to a new suitable habitat.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

71. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Captivity
Some species no longer exist in the wild, but a small number of individual organisms is maintained by humans.
An organism that is held by people is said to be in captivity.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

72. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Protecting plant species
The ideal way to protect a plant species is to allow it to exist in a natural ecosystem.
But seeds can be cooled and stored for long periods of time.
By establishing seed banks for threatened and endangered plants, the species can be reintroduced if they become extinct.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

73. Section 5.2 Summary – pages 121-125
Protecting plant species
Reintroductions of captive animals are more difficult than for plants.
Animals kept in captivity may lose the necessary behaviors to survive and reproduce in the wild.
Section 5.2 Summary – pages

74. Question 1 Which of the following is a natural resource?
A. habitat fencing
B. air
C. acid precipitation
D. species reintroduction
Section 2 Check

75. The answer is B. Natural resources are parts of the environment that are useful to living organisms. Human activities and consumption of natural resources can have a negative effect on Earth's ecosystem.
Section 2 Check

76. Question 2 Which of the following is a habitat corridor?
A. squirrel nest left untouched by a tree trimmer
B. chipmunk tunnel in a homeowner's yard
C. fenced off panther crossing near a highway
D. walking trail leading from a nature
center to a parking lot
Section 2 Check

77. The answer is C. Habitat corridors are protected and allow movement from one wilderness area to another.
Section 2 Check

78. Question 3
Why are reintroduction programs more difficult to complete for animals than for plants?
Section 2 Check

79. Keeping animals in captivity before reintroduction is expensive
Keeping animals in captivity before reintroduction is expensive. They require space, care, and proper food. The animals may lose those behaviors needed for survival and reproduction in the wild.
Section 2 Check

80. Vanishing Species
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area.
The most common measure of biodiversity is the number of species in an area.
Maintaining biodiversity is important because if a species is lost from an ecosystem, the loss may have consequences for other species in the same area, including humans.
Chapter Summary – 5.1

81. Vanishing Species
Extinctions occur when the last members of species die.
Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation have accelerated the rate of extinctions.
Exotic species, introduced on purpose or by accident, upset the normal ecological balance in a given area because there are no natural competitors or predators in that area to keep their growth in check.
Chapter Summary – 5.1

82. Conservation of Biodiversity
Conservation biology is the study and implementation of methods to preserve Earth’s biodiversity.
In 1973, the Endangered Species Act was signed into law in response to concerns about species extinction. The law protects species on the endangered and threatened species lists in an effort to prevent their extinction.
Chapter Summary – 5.2

83. Conservation of Biodiversity
Larger protected areas generally have greater biodiversity than smaller protected areas.
Animal reintroduction programs have been more successful when the reintroduced organisms come from the wild rather than from captivity.
Chapter Summary – 5.2

84. Question 1
Sustainable use benefits __________ in a particular ecosystem.
A. people who reside
B. threatened species
C. habitats
D. all of the above
Chapter Assessment

85. The answer is D. The philosophy of sustainable use enables people to use natural resources in ways that will benefit them and yet maintain the ecosystem.
Chapter Assessment

86. Question 2
Separation of wilderness into smaller parts is habitat __________.
A. diversity
B. fragmentation
C. corridor
D. degradation
Chapter Assessment

87. The answer is B. Habitat fragmentation occurs when wilderness areas are separated from other wilderness areas. It has been found to contribute to changes in overall biodiversity and disruption of ecological processes.
Chapter Assessment

88. Question 3
Which of the following is an example of habitat fragmentation?
A. a new road constructed through a forest
to connect its edges
B. acid precipitation causing tree damage
C. fertilizer in runoff polluting streams
D. unintentional introduction of Zebra
mussels into the Great Lakes
Chapter Assessment

89. The answer is A. Habitat fragmentation results in areas of wilderness being separated from other wilderness areas. Pollution causes habitat degradation.
Chapter Assessment

90. Question 4
Describe the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species.
Chapter Assessment

91. An endangered species is one whose numbers are so low extinction is possible. A threatened species is one that is likely to become endangered.
Endangered
Extinct
Chapter Assessment

92. Question 5
The release of captive organisms into areas where they once lived is species __________.
A. fragmentation
B. degradation
C. reintroduction
D. conservation
Chapter Assessment

93. The answer is C. Reintroduction
Chapter Assessment

94. Question 6
What do acid precipitation and excess fertilizer in runoff have in common?
Chapter Assessment

95. Both can cause habitat degradation
Both can cause habitat degradation. Acid precipitation resulting from air pollution can leach nutrients from soil as well as damage plant tissues. Excess fertilizer in runoff is water pollution and can cause death in aquatic organisms.
Chapter Assessment

96. Question 7
A study of the biodiversity of a group of islands is conducted in which all existing species except for trees are removed. Which island is most likely to be recolonized first?
A. the island that is 100 m from the mainland
B. the island that is 1000 m from the mainland
C. the island that is 2 km from the mainland
D. the island that is 10 km from the mainland
Chapter Assessment

97. The answer is A. In a similar experiment conducted in the 1960s, scientists observed that the farther away the island was from the mainland, the longer it took for the island to be recolonized.
Chapter Assessment

98. Ohio Department of Natural Resources PhotoDisc Pfizer Inc. Alton Biggs
Photo Credits
Columbus Zoo
Corbis 
Digital Stock
National Park Service
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
PhotoDisc
Pfizer Inc.
Alton Biggs
Photo Credits

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