1. Photosynthesis Review and Cellular Respiration Overview

2. Energy and Life
Plants and some other organisms are able to use the light energy from the sun to produce food.
The basic energy source for all cells is ATP, but it is not a good energy storage molecule.
Glucose can hold 90 times more energy than ATP.

3. Photosynthesis: An Overview
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars (glucose) and oxygen.
Photosynthesis requires water, carbon dioxide, light and the pigment chlorophyll to make glucose and oxygen.

4. Photosynthesis: Equation
6CO H2O  C6H12O O2
glucose
SUN
photons

5. Reactions of Photosynthesis
2 Reactions: Light-dependent and Calvin Cycle (light-independent)
Light-dependent: produce oxygen, convert ADP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH, occur in the thylakoid membrane
Calvin Cycle: uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose

6. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration: releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

7. Glycolysis
Glycolysis: breaks one molecule of glucose in half to make 2 pyruvic acid molecules
Captures two pairs of high-energy electrons with the carrier NAD+
Does not require energy, supplies chemical energy to cells when oxygen is not available

8. Chemical Energy and Food
Food = ENERGY!
Energy in food is measured in Calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calories
1 calorie = energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water by 1⁰ Celsius
One molecule of glucose = calories

9. Overview of Cellular Respiration
EQUATION:
C6H12O6 + 6O > 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP & Heat
Controlled release of energy
The energy in one glucose molecule may be used to produce 36 ATP
Involves a series of 3 reactions --- Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, & Electron Transport Chain

10. Glycolysis Reactions Occurs in the cytoplasm
Summary of the steps of Glycolysis:
a. 2 ATP added to glucose (6C) to energize it.
b. Glucose split to 2 PGAL (3C). (PGAL = phosphoglyceraldehyde)
c. H+ and e- taken from each PGAL & given to make 2 NADH.
d. NADH is energy and e- carrier.
e. Each PGAL rearranged into pyruvate (3C), with energy transferred to make 4 ATP

11. Glycolysis Reactions
Although glycolysis makes 4 ATP, the net ATP production by this step is 2 ATP (because 2 ATP were used to start glycolysis).

12. What happens next?
If oxygen is available to the cell, the pyruvate will move into the mitochondria & aerobic respiration will begin.
Aerobic = with oxygen (true cell respiration)
If no oxygen is available to the cell (anaerobic), the pyruvate will be fermented
Anaerobic = no oxygen (called fermentation)

13. Aerobic Respiration Occurs in the mitochondria
Includes the Krebs Cycle & the Electron Transport Chain
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis diffuses into matrix of mitochondria & reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA (2-carbon compound)
CO2 and NADH are also produced

14. Mitochondria Has smooth outer membrane & folded inner membrane
Folds are called cristae
Space inside cristae is called the matrix & contains DNA & ribosomes
Site of aerobic respiration
Krebs cycle takes place in matrix
Electron Transport Chain takes place in cristae 

15. Mitochondria Structure

16. Kreb’s Cycle Named for biochemist Hans Krebs
Also known as the Citric acid Cycle
Requires 2 cycles to metabolize glucose
Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy extracting reactions

17. Kreb’s Cycle Steps of Kreb’s Cycle
Pyruvic acid (3C) enters mitochondria
One carbon is removed, forming CO2 and e- are removed, changing NAD+ into NADH.
Coenzyme-A joins the 2C molecule, forming acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound, forming citric acid.

18. Kreb’s Cycle TOTAL: 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP
Citric acid is broken down into a 5-C compound, then into a 4-C compound
2 more CO2 get released, and electrons join NAD+ and FAD, forming NADH and FADH2.
One molecule of ATP is made
TOTAL: 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP

19. Electron Transport Chain
Follows Krebs Cycle in aerobic respiration
Uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP

20. Electron Transport Chain
Steps of Electron Transport Chain:
High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along the electron transport chain
Electrons join with H+ and oxygen at the end to form water
As electrons move through chain, H+ are pumped across the membrane creating a gradient
H+ move through ATP synthase which combines an ADP and a P to make ATP
Each pair of electrons provides enough energy to make 3 ATP

21. The Totals How much do we get from one glucose? Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Krebs cycle and Electron Transport = 34 ATP
For a total of 36 ATP

22. Anaerobic Respiration
Also known as fermentation
Releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
NADH converts back to NAD+ by passing electrons back to pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

23. Fermentation 2 main types
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
In the absence of oxygen, yeast and few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes
Animals cannot perform alcoholic fermentation, but some cells, such as human muscle cells, can convert glucose into lactic acid

24. Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Produces CO2 and alcohol
Used to make bread, wine, beer, root beer, etc…

25. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+
Produced in muscle cells during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues
Buildup of lactic acid causes a painful, burning sensation
Used to make a variety of foods and beverages: cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, sauerkraut, etc…

26. Overall
The products of photosynthesis are similar to the reactants of cellular respiration.
The products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis.