1. Motion in Sport, Projectiles, Friction, COR
Lecture Week 5
Motion in Sport, Projectiles, Friction, COR
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

2. Motion Linear Motion . (Translatory motion)
The sprinter runs from A to B.
Curvilinear Motion
Most jumps are along a curved line.
The pathway of the runner is a straight line BUT it happens because of angular motion of the joints of the limbs.
Linear motion can be considered in terms of quantities of:
Distance – displacement – velocity – acceleration and therefore force.
REMEMBER
A body’s inertia is it’s resistance to change in motion.
With linear movement, mass is the only measure of that inertia.
IN OTHER WORDS
The greater the mass, the greater the resistance to change, and therefore the greater the inertia.
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

3. Projectile Motion
The thrown object is called the projectile. Its path is called the trajectory. We will not consider air resistance. Without air resistance, the projectile will follow a parabolic trajectory.
This is a two dimensional problem. Therefore, we will consider x and y directed displacements, velocities, and accelerations.
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

4. There are many examples of projectile motion is sport.
Golf ball
Basketballs
Javelin
Ski jumping
Diving
Trampoline
Archery
Soccer
Football
Cricket
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

5. The following factors influence the projectiles trajectory
Angle of release
Speed of release
Height of release
Gravity
Spin
Air resistance
See java demo
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6. EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

7. Throughout the path of the projectile,
change occurs only in the vertical direction due to the influence of gravity,
while the horizontal component of the velocity will not change.
(This is not quite true, there will be a very small slowdown in the horizontal direction due to air resistance).
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

8. Original or initial conditions
The original conditions are the size of the velocity and the angle above the horizontal with which the projectile is thrown.
Velocity = 40 m/s
35 degrees
Velocity = 40 m/s
Angle = 35 degrees
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

9. Calculate the components of the original velocity
Horizontal component
Vertical component
V (vert)
V (horiz)
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

10. What are the horizontal and vertical components of acceleration
a (horiz) = 0
There is no force acting in the horizontal direction once the projectile has been launched.
a (vert) = g or 9.8 m/s2
Gravity is a force acting on the projectile.
The projectile will accelerate under the influence of gravity, so its vertical (x) acceleration will be downward, or negative, and will be equal in size to the acceleration due to gravity on Earth. There will be no acceleration in the horizontal (x) direction since the force of gravity does not act along this axis.
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

11. A: What is the time to the top of the trajectory
At the top of the trajectory the y, or upward, velocity of the projectile will be 0 m/s. The object is still moving at this moment, but its velocity is purely horizontal. At the top it is not moving up or down, only across.
velocity (final) = velocity (initial) + at
In the vertical direction.
velocity(final) = 0
velocity(initial) = 22.9
a = -9.8
t = ?
velocity (final) = velocity (initial) + at
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

12. D = vt + ½ a t2 B: How high does the projectile rise. D = vt + ½ a t2
Here you need to find the displacement (D) in the y direction at the time when the projectile is at the top of its flight.
D = vt + ½ a t2
V = 22.9 m/s
T = 2.33 sec
A = -9.8 m/s2
D = vt + ½ a t2
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13. C: How far away does the projectile land from its starting point
D = vt + ½ a t2
This time we are working in the horizontal direction
V = 32.8 m/s
a = 0 m/s2
t = sec (X 2 for total journey)
D = vt + ½ a t2
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

14. Friction
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

15. Friction In field hockey, a sport which is played on
grass, moving the ball from one side of the field is much harder than moving an ice hockey puck across an ice rink due to a force called friction
There is more friction on a coarse, grassy surface than on the slick surface of an ice rink due to the amount of resistance.
Field hockey player, therefore, must hit the ball with a great amount of force to send it across the field, whereas ice hockey players can easily send a puck gliding across the rink.
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

16. Newton's first law states that an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted on by an outside force; an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an outside force. What does bowling have to do with Newton's 1st law?
If you have ever bowled, you know that after rolling the ball it continues to move across the alley until it comes into contact with the pins. After being put into motion, the bowling ball will remain in motion until friction eventually slows it down. If the bowling alley never ended would the ball keep rolling forever?
No! As a result of friction (an outside force) the ball will eventually stop.
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

17. Drag Force Drag force is a resistance force -
Sportsmen reduce drag by using specialised techniques, equipment or clothing.
Streamlining reduces form drag.
Form drag results from the suction-like force created between the positive pressure zone on the leading edge and the negative pressure on the trailing edge when turbulence is created by moving through the air or water.
The effect of streamlining is a reduction in the turbulence created at the trailing edge of a body in a fluid.
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

18. Direction of fluid flow
Lift Force
Direction of fluid flow
Although LIFT implies that the force is directed upwards – it may assume any direction as determined by the direction of the fluid flow and the orientation of the body.
The angle of attack is the angle formed between the primary axis of a body and the direction of the fluid flow.
Spin also generates lift force e.g. magnus effect on a backspinning dimpled golf ball.
Lift force
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19. COR Coefficient of Restitution
To find the coefficient of restitution in the case of a falling object bouncing off the floor, or off a racquet on the floor, use the following formula:
c = coefficient of restitution (dimensionless)
h = bounce height
H = drop height
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20. The coefficient of restitution merely tells you how much of the original kinetic energy remains after a collision .
It can also be calculated this way using kinetic energy if we know the velocities before and after collision.
M = mass
V = velocity
V = 4 m/s
M = 0.3 kg
KE = _____________
V = 5 m/s
M = 0.3 kg
KE = _____________
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics

21. The coefficient of restitution merely tells you how much of the original kinetic energy remains after a collision of the clubhead with the golf ball.   The higher the coefficient of restitution, the faster the ball will be propelled by the clubhead for a given impact speed.   So why all the fuss over this figure?   It's because the USGA is trying its best to limit the influence of technology in golf.
  The USGA has adopted limits of on the coefficient of restitution a given clubface may have as part of its effort to define the boundaries of technology in the game.
EDU4SBM Sports Biomechanics