1. گهوڙي سواري ، پڙهڻ، ترڻ ۽ وڙهڻ
جنهن نه سکيو ننڊپڻ ۾ يار
جواني ۾ ٿيو خوار

2. سائين الانا (اڳوڻو چيئرپرسن سنڌي ٻولي جو بااختيار ادارو)چيو
هاڻي ڪمپيوٽر به انهي ۾ شامل ڪريو

3. Explore Windows With Kirshan
Windows XP
Explore Windows With Kirshan

4. Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of software operating systems by Microsoft.
Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

5. Windows
At the 2004 IDC (CONSTRUCTION industrial development ) Directions conference IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that
Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market

6. Market share Source http://en.wikipedia.org
Windows Version Market share
All versions %
Windows XP %
Windows Vista %
Windows %
Windows %
Windows NT %
Windows ME %
Windows CE %
Windows %

7. HISTORY
In 1983 Microsoft announced its development of Windows, a graphical user interface (GUI) for its own operating system (MS-DOS) that had shipped for IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981.
It was originally going to be called Interface Manager, but Rowland Hanson, the head of marketing at Microsoft, convinced the company that the name Windows would be more appealing to consumers

8. HISTORY
The first version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 20, 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple's own operating system.
Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS

9. HISTORY
Microsoft Windows version 3.0, released in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months

10. HISTORY

11. HISTORY Date 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit November 20, 1985 Windows 1.0
December 9, 1987
Windows 2.0
May 22, 1990
Windows 3.0
April 6, 1992
Windows 3.1
October 27, 1992
Windows for Workgroups 3.1
July 27, 1993
Windows NT 3.1
November 8, 1993
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
September 21, 1994
Windows NT 3.5
May 30, 1995
Windows NT 3.51
August 24, 1995
Windows 95
August 24, 1996
Windows NT 4.0

12. HISTORY Date 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit June 25, 1998 Windows 98 May 9, 1999
Windows 98 SE
February 17, 2000
Windows 2000
September 14, 2000
Windows Me
October 25, 2001
Windows XP
April 25, 2003
Windows Server 2003
December 18, 2003
Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003
October 12, 2004
Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005

13. HISTORY Date 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit April 25, 2005
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
June 8, 2006
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
November 30, 2006
Windows Vista for Business use
January 30, 2007
Windows Vista for Home use; released in fifty countries
Q4 2007
Windows Home Server
February 27, 2008
Windows Server 2008
2010
Windows 7

14. MS-DOS product progression
MS-DOS and PC-DOS
Windows 95 (MS-DOS 7.0)
Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2.x, Windows 98 (MS-DOS 7.1)
Windows Millennium Edition (MS-DOS 8.0)

15. Windows 1.0 product progression
Windows 2.1 (aka Windows/286 and Windows/386)
Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 3.1 for Workgroups, Windows 3.11, Windows 3.11 for Workgroups (WfW)
Windows 95 (Windows 4.0)
Windows 98 (Windows 4.1)
Windows Millennium Edition (Windows 4.9)

16. Current NT line product progression
Windows NT 3.1, 3.5
Windows NT 4.0
Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0)
Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1)
Windows Server 2003, Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003 (Windows NT 5.2)
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition (Windows NT 5.2)
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (Windows NT 5.1)
Windows Vista (Windows NT 6.0)

18. Windows XP
Windows XP is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on general-purpose computer systems, including home and business desktops, notebook computers.
The letters "XP" stand for eXPerience
Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 Professional and Windows Me

19. Windows XP
Development of Windows XP started in 1999 in the form of Windows Neptune. Windows XP was developed for 18 months, from December 1999 to August 2001, and was released on October 25, 2001.

20. Features New user interface
Ability for two users to be logged on simultaneously
Windows Media Player for Windows XP
Windows Messenger
Expanded Help feature
Advanced security features
Integrates features of Windows 9x and 2000
Provides added support for multimedia and networking technologies
Slightly different look and feel from its predecessors
Plug-in Play Support with new Driver database bank

21. Criticism Require High space about 1 GB of Harddisk
Require large memory
Some time miss match drivers not valid by microsoft

22. Windows XP System Requirements

23. Before Explore
????
Can you tell what is
Windows XP

24. Lets learn Windows XP Recognizing an Windows and Application Window

25. Mouse Pointer Pointing to the position you want. "(POINT)"
1 – click is "(CLICK)"
2 – click continuously is " (DOUBLE CLICK)
Hold the mouse pressing and move the pointer to another position, then release the button "(DRAG & DROP)"

26. Cursors and Pointer
There are many types of arrows, pointers, cursors, and other items, that can be used to navigate around in Windows.
To modify mouse pointers, go to My Computer > Control Panel > Mouse > Pointer.

27. The Desktop
The main display screen in Windows is known as the desktop.
Also called windows shell
The Windows desktop has remained consistent for most versions of Windows including 95, 98, 98 SE, Millennium (ME), NT, and 2000.

28. Let’s talk about the windows components
Desktop (workspace)
Icon 1.
Let’s talk about the windows components 2.
3. Start Button
4. Task Bar

29. Windows

30. The Desktop
Located at the bottom of the desktop is the taskbar.
The taskbar contains the Start button, quick launch buttons, and the clock.
The Start button displays the Start menu. This menu allows access to virtually every program and function on the PC.
Quick launch buttons are similar to desktop icons as they are also shortcuts to applications.

31. Commands How can we work on Windows? It is easy... take a look!
1. Start Button
2. Icons on Desktop
3. Right click – get shortcut menu

32. Start Menu of Windows XP

33. Desktop Icons My Computer My Documents Application Icon
Working with Icons
Application Icon
Icons are shortcuts to programs or files on the computer desktop that improve navigation.
Keeping deleted files
Arranging the Icons

34. Working with Icons

35. Working with Windows Control Menu Control Buttons Title Bar Menu Bar
Tool Bar
Scroll Bar
Status Bar

36. Recognizing an Application Window
Application windows typically have a title bar, tool bar, menu bar, status bar, and scroll bar.
WordPad will be used to demonstrate the features common to most Windows applications.
WordPad, or Notepad on some Windows computers, is a word processing program located in the Start > Programs > Accessories directory of a Windows environment.

37. Title Bar
Displays the name of the document and application. In this example, it is "Document - WordPad".
Also located in the title bar are the Minimize, Maximize, and Exit buttons that will be discussed soon

38. Menu Bar Menu A list of options to choose from
A list of commands for manipulating data

39. A list of options that pulls down from the top of the screen
Pull-down menu
A list of options that pulls down from the top of the screen

40. Menus that seem to explode out to the right
Fly-out menus
Menus that seem to explode out to the right

41. Toolbar
A bar across the top of the display window, which displays menus and icons representing frequently used options

42. Status Bar
Located at the bottom of the window, the status bar shows useful information, such as page number, whether the file is being saved, how to access the Help feature, etc.

43. Scroll Bar
Moving quickly upward, downward, or sideways through the text or other screen display
Windows may have scroll bars that appear on the right side, the bottom of the window, or both.
Clicking on the arrows on either end of the scroll bar moves the images or text through the window.

44. Recognizing an Application Window

45. Things should be made as simple as possible, but not any simpler
Things should be made as simple as possible, but not any simpler. -Albert Einstein

46. But
Practice makes man perfect 

47. Working with Windows
They are
similar.

48. Controlling your Window
Click Here

49. Point & Click on Windows Bar
Moving your Window
Point & Click on Windows Bar
and Hold It.
Press Mouse, Hold it & Drag

50. Window Control Buttons
3 magic buttons
Close
Maximize
Minimize to Task Bar

51. Window Control Buttons
click again
click to minimize

52. We can resize the window you are working on.
Resizing your Windows
We can resize the window you are working on.
Point your mouse at the window corner, click and drag the window frame to resize.

53. 2. Choose-Turn Off Computer
Shut down
Do not turn off the machine immediately
1. Click-Start
2. Choose-Turn Off Computer
3. Choose-Turn Off Option
(Some machines turn off automatically)

54. Place your mouse at the time icon on task bar, here is the date.
Date - Time
What time is it now?
Place your mouse at the time icon on task bar, here is the date.

55. Date - Time Can we adjust the date and time the the actual one?
1. Double click here
2. Adjust date from the calendar, time from the clock and click OK

56. Desktop Properties Can we have a new desktop color?
Of course, you can :
1. Right-click the mouse
on Desktop
2. Choose: Properties you
will get this window

57. Desktop Properties 3. Choose: Desktop tab
4. Choose: Wallpaper (backgroup) and display style
5. Click: OK to confirm the settings

58. Save your screen: By using the
Screen Saver
Save your screen: By using the
screen saver.
1. Choose: Screen Saver tab and one style
2. Set: the idle wait time before
the screen saver is activated.
Click OK

59. Other Properties

60. SOME SKILLS TO KNOW Creating shortcut Rename any file
Copy , delete , move any file
System information
Setup any application
Getting help
Windows explorer
Searching
Some common task shortcuts
Running DOS
Dialup connection

61. Standard Applications on Windows What else can we do on Windows?
a lot!!
We are all familiar
with these. 

62. Standard and Scientific
Calculator
There are 2 styles:
Standard and Scientific
Click on: View Menu

63. 256 equals to ?? in binary digit
Calculator.. Just Do it!
5 + 3 = ?
3 x 5
Sin(45) = ? 8
15 = ?
256 equals to ?? in binary digit

64. Standard Applications on Windows
NotePad is a small text editor
application, suitable for taking
notes or memos.

65. Standard Applications on Windows
WordPad is a small word-processing application.

66. Standard Applications on Windows
Paint is a painting application with various tools i.e. brush, pen, etc.

67. Others Application Software
Windows is an operating system with some standard applications. We can also install the additional applications on Windows. For example, Microsoft Office Suite, etc.

68. Lab Work… Write at least 3 input and 3 output units with their usage.
Design a flag of Pakistan
Design any image of your choice and color
Copy all images from my document to desktop under a folder names assignment1
Make a folder in start menu and paint , notepad icons in that
Open help file wordpad and search details on insert object copy text and past it in Wordpad then color red where ever object word is, replace microsoft word with MS.

69. Microsoft Windows components
Configuration and maintenance
User interface
Applications and utilities
Windows Server components
File systems
Core components
Services
Games

70. Configuration and maintenance
Component
Description
Introduced
Control Panel
Allows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options, and so on.
Windows 1.0
Device Manager
Allows the user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer, and control what device drivers are used.
Windows 95
Windows Mobility Center
Centralizes the most relevant information related to mobile computing.
Windows Vista
Windows Security Center
Centralizes and reports on the status of anti-virus, Automatic Updates, Windows Firewall, and other security-related components of the operating system.
Windows XP SP2

71. List of Control Panel applets
In recent versions of Windows, the Control Panel has two views, Classic View and Category View, and it is possible to switch between these through an option that appears on the left side of the window.IL
Applications we see in control panel are called applets.
The control panel then uses these lists to locate the applets and load them into the control panel program (control.exe) when started by the user. In addition to using the control panel a user can also invoke the applets manually via the command processor, for instance the following syntax in XP and Vista respectively will run the internet properties applet
Control.exe inetcpl.cpl control.exe /name Microsoft. InternetOptions

73. Accessibility Options (Access.cpl)
Allows users to configure the accessibility of their PC. It comprises various settings primarily aimed at users with disabilities or hardware problems.
The behaviour of the keyboard can be modified, this is aimed at people who have difficulty pressing key-combinations, or pressing a key just once. (StickyKeys, FilterKeys and ToggleKeys)
Behaviour of sounds can be modified. (SoundSentry and ShowSounds)
High contrast mode can be activated.
The keyboard cursor can be customized.
The mouse pointer can be controlled using the keyboard. (MouseKeys)

74. Add New Hardware (hdwwiz.cpl)
Launches a wizard which allows users to add new hardware devices to the system. This can be done by selecting from a list of devices or by specifying the location of the driver installation files.

75. Add or Remove Programs (appwiz.cpl)
The Add/Remove Programs dialog allows the user to manipulate software installed on the system in a number of ways;
Allows users to uninstall and change existing software packages, as well as indicating how much space individual programs take and how frequently they are used.
Allows users to manually install software from a CD-ROM or Floppy Disk, and install add-ons from Windows Update.
Allows users to change which Windows components are installed, via the Windows setup Wizard, which includes Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player and Windows Messenger
Finally, it allows users to specify the default applications for certain tasks, via the 'set program access and defaults' wizard, such as internet browsers, media players and programs and whether access to these programs is available

76. Administrative Tools
Contains tools for system administration, including security, performance and service configuration. These are links to various configurations of the Microsoft Management Console such as the local services list and the Event Viewer.

77. Automatic Updates (wuaucpl.cpl)
This is used to specify how the Automatic Updates client (wuauclt.exe) should download updates from the Microsoft Update Website, by default this is set to download and install daily, however this can be changed to a more suitable frequency. This also allows the user to specify whether to ask permission before downloading and/or installing updates or to simply switch of Automatic Updates all together.

78. Date and Time (timedate.cpl)
Allows user to change the date and time stored in the machines BIOS, change the time zone and specify whether to synchronize the date and time with an Internet Time Server and which server to use.

79. Display (desk.cpl)
Allows the user to change the display characteristics of their computer;
Allows users to change the desktop background (wallpaper) to a picture of their choice and specifies how it should be shown.
Allows the user to change or disable the screensaver, and specify how long it takes to activate and whether to ask for a password on resume
Allows the user to specify the colour styles of all elements within the system, primarily whether to use the Windows XP / Vista styles (blue by default in XP) or to use the classic Windows 98 / Me styles, this also allows the user to change the My Computer and Recycle Bin icons.
Allows the user to change the screen resolution and colour quality, and provides trouble shooting advice for displays.

80. Folder Options (Shell32.dll -RUNDLL 0)
This item allows for configuration of how folders and files are presented in Windows Explorer. More specifically it allows the user to specify general settings like whether folders open in a new window or the existing window and whether the common tasks pane is shown, as well as more advanced tasks such as whether windows should hide critical system files and whether to show file extensions. It is also used to modify file type associations in Windows ie., which program opens which type of file and other settings like actions for each file type and the file extension

81. Fonts
Displays all fonts installed on the computer. Users can remove fonts, install new fonts or search for fonts using font characteristics.

82. Internet Options (inetcpl.cpl)
Allows the user to change the way the computer manages internet connections and browser settings for Internet Explorer, it has several tags specifying different attributes;
General - This specifies the homepage and colour schemes and allows the user to delete internet usage history.
Security & Privacy - These specify whether the computer should allow websites to undertake certain processes and download cookies, this panel also gives access to the inbuilt popup blocker (Windows XP SP2 and later) and the phishing controls (Internet Explorer 7).
Content - Allows the parental controls and auto-complete to be configured and also specifies how to deal with certificates.
Connections, Programs and Advanced - These give access to other aspects of internet settings such as the default modem connection and client, proxy settings and other advanced configurations.

83. Keyboard (main.cpl keyboard)
Lets the user change and test keyboard settings, including cursor blink rate and key repeat rate.

84. Mail (mlcfg32.cpl)
Mail allows for configuration of the mail client in Windows, usually Microsoft Outlook. Microsoft Outlook Express cannot be configured with this item; it is configured through its own interface.

85. Mouse (main.cpl)
Mouse allows the configuration of pointer options, such as the double click and scroll speed, and includes visibility options such as whether to leave trails behind the mouse pointer and whether the pointer should disappear when typing. This also allows the user to specify the pointer appearance for each task, such as resize and busy.

86. Network Connections (ncpa.cpl)
Displays and allows the user to edit or create network connections such as Local Area Networks (LAN) and internet connections. It also offers troubleshooting functions in case the computer has to be reconnected to the network.

87. Phone and Modem Options (telephon.cpl)
Manages telephone and modem connections.

88. Power Options (powercfg.cpl)
Includes options to manage energy consumption such as;
Specify how long it takes to switch off the display and hard drives and how long it takes for the system to enter standby, if at all.
To decide what to do when the computer's on/off button is pressed, such as whether to shut down or to enter standby.
Whether to allow Hibernation (some systems become unstable when restarting).
Allows the user to configure UPS (if available).

89. Printers and Faxes
Displays all the printers and faxes currently installed on the computer, and has two main uses;
Firstly, it shows the all the jobs queued for each printer, the file size and status of each job and which user they belong to, it also allows each job to be paused, canceled or moved up or down the list.
Secondly, it allows the user to set the printing or faxing preferences, such as paper size and quality via the manufacturers own preferences pane and also specifies how to share the printer across a network , the device drivers, ports etc.

90. Regional and Language Settings (intl.cpl)
Various regional settings can be altered, for instance:
The way numbers are displayed (e.g. decimal separator).
How Currency values are displayed, including the Currency sign.
Time and date notations, such as the date separator and whether the clock should be in 12 or 24 hours.
Cultural location of the user's computer (The time zone is set in Date and Time).
Language;
Input language.
Keyboard layout (mapping between key strokes and characters).
Display language for Menus and Dialog Boxes.
Whether files necessary for Asiatic language support must be installed.
Installed code pages.

91. Security Center (Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Newer) (wscui.cpl)
The security center gives the user access to the inbuilt Windows security components, as well as providing information about any existing antivirus software such as McAfee or Zone Alarm. It includes access to Windows Update, where users can specify whether the computer should check for updates regularly (also available through the Windows Update panel), and options for managing internet security settings. It also includes links to internet articles about PC security and current virus threats and notifies the user when the PCs security is compromised.

92. Sounds and Audio Devices (mmsys.cpl)
This panel contains various audio-related functions;
Change the speaker volume and type and specify whether to show the volume icon in the notification area.
Change the sounds played for the system or specific programs when a certain event occurs, i.e Windows Startup or Critical Stop.
Change default devices for music playback, recording, voice recognition, MIDI etc.
Change the Sound card settings and whether to use Hardware acceleration.
Display the audio devices installed on the computer, and allows them to be configured.

93. Speech (Sapi.cpl)
This applet has two main functions, the first is specify settings for Speech synthesis, allowing the user to select the voice the computer should use to narrate text and how fast it should read. The second is to specify settings forSpeech recognition, allowing the user to set up different profiles detailing how the computer should deal with an individuals dialect, for instance;
The amount of grammatical errors in a persons voice (punctuality sensitivity).
The speed at which the person speaks, and the time delay between words.
This also allows the user to access the voice recognition training wizard, in which an individual 'teaches' the computer to recognize a person voice interactively using the microphone.

94. System (Sysdm.cpl)
This is used to view and change core system settings, a user can for instance:
Display general information on the user's machine such as the amount of RAM, CPU speed and type, the version of Windows the system is using and the manufacturer.
Edit the computer name in a network workgroup.
Manage and Configure hardware devices, and view information such as the manufacturer, user access and driver version of any hardware device installed on the system via Device Manager.
Enable/Disable system features such as automatic updates and System restore monitoring.
Specify advanced features such as performance logs, virtual memory settings and roaming profiles.

95. Taskbar and Start Menu (Shell32.dll -RUNDLL 1)
Allows the user to change the behavior and appearance of the task bar and Start Menu;
Specifies whether to use Windows XP/Vista or Classic 9x/Me styles on the taskbar and start menu.
Whether the taskbar should Auto-Hide.
Whether to show the clock in the notification area.
Allows the user to manage the tray icons.
Advanced options such as whether to show Printers & Faxes in the start menu and whether to display My Documents as a menu or as a link to a new window.

96. User Accounts (nusrmgr.cpl)
This allows the user to configure their account and other accounts used in the system, should they have sufficient privileges. They can change their username and password, their picture (if enabled) and their .net passport. If the current user has an administrators account they can also add, delete and modify other user accounts as well as make changes to core system settings. This panel also specifies whether the guest account should be active and whether to use the Welcome screen while Windows loads.

97. Peripheral Devices
These are options in the control panel that show devices connected to the computer. They do not actually offer a direct interface to control these devices, but rather offer basic tasks such as removal procedures and links to wizards (Printers & faxes is the exception).
Such Applets include;
Scanners and Cameras
Game Controllers
Portable Media Devices

98. Other Microsoft distributed applets
Bluetooth Devices (bthprops.cpl)
Available with bluetooth enabled systems running XP SP2 or later, this enables users to configure a Bluetooth connection, showing a list of all bluetooth devices interacting with the system, an addition to the following items;
Allowing users to create incoming and outgoing 'virtual' COM Ports, which allow devices to have dedicated connections to the system.
Allowing users to specify general bluetooth characteristics such as whether the computer is discoverable and the computers name which is broadcast.

99. Infrared (irprops.cpl)
Color (color.cpl)
Enables a more advanced control of colour settings within Windows than is available in 'display', suitable for developers and visual specialists it allows users to create and load ICC compliant colour profiles, associate screen colour with printers and cameras and view a 3D graphics plot of the colour gamut. By default this applet is not installed, however it can be installed for free from the Microsoft Website
Infrared (irprops.cpl)
Similar to the Bluetooth applet, this is used to configure how the computer manages any wireless infrared ports installed, including options such as connectivity and security.
CSNW (nwc.cpl)
The Client Service for NetWare applet is used to select a default tree and context in a Novell Directory Services (NDS) environment, or the NetWare server used most frequently in a non-NDS environment.
Requirement: Installing the Client Service for NetWare.
Software Explorers
Part of Windows Defender, allows users to view detailed information about software that is currently running on the computer that can affect the users' privacy or the security of the computer.

100. Third Party Applets
Third-party software vendors have released many applets and it is impossible to mention all of them; some of the more common ones are:
Adobe Gamma (Adobe Gamma.cpl), for altering the screen display with Adobe Imaging Software such as Photoshop
Java (jpicpl32.cpl), for changing settings with Java Runtime Console
Nero Burnrights (NeroBurnRights.cpl), for specifying who is allowed to use the CD burner with Nero
nVIDIA Control panel, for changing advanced settings on systems using nVIDIA GPUs
Quicktime (quicktime.cpl), for specifying settings of the Apple Quicktime Player

101. CONTROL PANEL END

102. Administrative Tools Microsoft Management Console
Provides system administrators and advanced users with a flexible interface through which they may configure and monitor the system.
Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack
Windows System Assessment Tool
A built-in benchmarking tool that analyzes the different subsystems (graphics, memory, etc), and uses the results to allow for comparison to other Windows Vista systems, and for software optimizations. It rates the computer's performance using the Windows Experience Index.
Windows Vista
System Restore
Allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a system failure.
Windows Me
Windows Recovery Environment
Helps diagnose and recover from serious errors which may be preventing Windows from booting successfully, or restore the computer to a previous state using System Restore or a backup image.
Windows Disk Defragmenter
Rearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations in order to optimize computer performance.
Windows 95, Windows 2000
Event Viewer
Lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine.
Windows NT 3.1
Reliability and Performance Monitor
Lets administrators view current system reliability and performance trends over time.
Logical Disk Manager
A logical volume manager developed by Microsoft in conjunction with Veritas Software.
Windows NT 4.0 (as a separate Tool) 2000 (integrated in the Management Console)
Registry Editor
Edits the Windows registry.
Windows 3.1
Task Scheduler
Allows users to script tasks for running during scheduled intervals
Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95

103. Microsoft Management Console Windows System Assessment Tool
Administrative Tools
Microsoft Management Console
Provides system administrators and advanced users with a flexible interface through which they may configure and monitor the system.
Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack
Windows System Assessment Tool
A built-in benchmarking tool that analyzes the different subsystems (graphics, memory, etc), and uses the results to allow for comparison to other Windows Vista systems, and for software optimizations. It rates the computer's performance using the Windows Experience Index.
Windows Vista
System Restore
Allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a system failure.
Windows Me
Windows Recovery Environment
Helps diagnose and recover from serious errors which may be preventing Windows from booting successfully, or restore the computer to a previous state using System Restore or a backup image.
Windows Disk Defragmenter
Rearranges files stored on a hard disk to occupy contiguous storage locations in order to optimize computer performance.
Windows 95, Windows 2000
Event Viewer
Lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine.
Windows NT 3.1
Reliability and Performance Monitor
Lets administrators view current system reliability and performance trends over time.
Logical Disk Manager
A logical volume manager developed by Microsoft in conjunction with Veritas Software.
Windows NT 4.0 (as a separate Tool) 2000 (integrated in the Management Console)
Registry Editor
Edits the Windows registry.
Windows 3.1
Task Scheduler
Allows users to script tasks for running during scheduled intervals
Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95

104. Software installation and deployment
Windows Update
An online service which provides critical updates, service packs, device drivers, and other updates. A variation called Microsoft Update also provides software updates for several Microsoft products.
Windows 98
Windows Installer
A packaging format and engine for the installation, maintenance, and removal of software. Includes a GUI framework, automatic generation of the uninstallation sequence and deployment capabilities for corporate networks.
Windows 2000
ClickOnce
Technology for deploying .NET Framework-based software via web pages, with automatic update capabilities. Intended for per-user only applications.
.NET Framework 2.0

105. User interface Component Description Introduced Windows Shell
The most visible and recognizable aspect of Microsoft Windows. The shell is the container inside of which the entire graphical user interface is presented, including the taskbar, the desktop, Windows Explorer, as well as many of the dialog boxes and interface controls. In Windows Vista, a new compositing glass-like user interface called Windows Aero has been introduced.
Windows 1.0
Windows Explorer
Provides an interface for accessing the file systems, launching applications, and performing common tasks such as viewing and printing pictures.
Windows 95
Windows Search
Starting with Windows Vista, search is a tightly shell-integrated component of Windows. A downloadable Windows Desktop Search software is available for Windows XP and older versions.
Windows Vista, downloadable for older versions
Special Folders
Folders which are presented to the user through an interface as an abstract concept, instead of an absolute path. This makes it possible for an application to locate where certain kinds of files can be found, regardless of what version or language of operating system is being used. See also, Windows Shell namespace.
Start menu
Serves as the central launching point for applications. It provides a customizable, nested list of programs for the user to launch, as well as a list of most recently opened documents, a way to find files and get help, and access to the system settings.
By default, the Start Button is visible at all times in the lower left-hand corner of the screen.
Taskbar
The application desktop bar which is used to launch and monitor applications.
Windows Sidebar
A new panel on the side of the screen to place gadgets.
Windows Vista
File associations
Used to open a file with the correct program. File associations can be uniquely assigned to specific actions, known as verbs.
Windows 3.0

106. Applications and utilities
Component
Description
Introduced
Accessories
Windows Calendar
Calendaring and task tracking application.
Windows Vista
Windows Contacts
Keeps a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple programs.
Calculator
A calculation application.
Windows 1.0
Character Map
Utility to view and search characters in a font, copy them to the clipboard and view their Windows Alt keycodes and Unicode names
Windows 3.1
Paint
A simple graphics painting program.
Notepad
A simple text editor.
Narrator
A screen reader utility that reads dialog boxes and window controls in a number of the more basic applications for Windows.
Windows 2000
Sound Recorder
A simple audio recording program that can record from a microphone or headset, and save the results in WAVE format and Windows Media Audio format in some Windows versions.

107. Private Character Editor Remote Desktop Connection
COMMAND.COM and Cmd.exe
A text-based shell (command line interpreter) that provides a command line interface to the operating system.
MS-DOS 1.0
WordPad
A simple word processor that is more advanced than Notepad. It has facilities to format and print text, but lacks intermediate features such as a spell checker and thesaurus.
Windows 95
Private Character Editor
Utility to create private use characters as defined under Unicode and various East Asian encoding schemes.
Remote Desktop Connection
A client implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol; allows a user to securely connect to a computer running Terminal Services (Remote Desktop on Windows XP and Server 2003) and interact with a full desktop environment on that machine, including support for remoting of printers, audio, and drives.
Windows XP, downloadable for previous Windows versions
Remote Assistance
Allows a user to temporarily take over a remote computer over a network or the internet to offer help with and resolve issues.
Windows XP
Internet Explorer
A graphical web browser and FTP client.
See also: Features, History, Criticism, Removal, Browser Helper Objects
Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
Windows Mail
An and news client.
Windows Vista, Outlook Express was introduced in Windows 98
Windows Fax and Scan
An integrated faxing and image scanning application.
Windows Vista, older faxing and scanning applications were present in previous Windows versions
Windows Media Player
A digital media player and media library application that is used for playing audio, playing video and viewing images. In addition to being a media player, Windows Media Player includes the ability to rip music from, and copy music to compact discs, synchronize content with a digital audio player (MP3 player) or other mobile devices, and let users purchase or rent music from a number of online music stores.
Windows Me, downloadable for previous Windows versions

108. Windows Photo Gallery Windows Movie Maker Windows DVD Maker
A photo management application. Lets users organize their digital photo collection in its Gallery view, by adding titles, rating, captions, and custom metadata tags to photos. Photos can be edited for exposure, color correction, resizing, cropping, red-eye reduction, etc. and also allows printing photos via the Photo Printing Wizard.
Windows Vista
Windows Movie Maker
A video editing software that is intended for use in editing home movies. Source footage can be split into clips, and the final movie created by combining multiple clips along with effects such as transitions, titles/credits, separate audio track, timeline narration etc.
Windows Me
Windows DVD Maker
A DVD movie encoding and authoring software.
Windows Media Center
Designed to serve as a home-entertainment hub, to be viewed from a distance up to 3 meters (~10 feet) and controlled by specially designed remote controls. Lets users browse and view pictures, videos, and music from local hard drives, optical drives, and network locations, along with viewing, recording and deferred-playing live TV. Features an interactive TV guide with scheduled recording capabilites. Can also be used for visualization of other information (like sports scores) within the interface.
Windows XP Media Center Edition
Windows Meeting Space
A peer-to-peer collaboration program which lets multiple users start collaboration sessions. Supports desktop sharing , distribution and collaborative editing of documents, and passing notes to other participants.
Windows Task Manager
Provides information about computer performance and displays details about running applications, processes, network activity, logged-in users, and system services.
Windows 3.0
Disk Cleanup
A utility for compacting rarely used files and removing files that are no longer required.
Windows 98
Shadow Copy
A graphical front end for the Shadow Copy service that lets users choose from multiple versions of a file. The shadow copy service creates multiple copies of a file as they are changed over time, so that users can revert to previous versions.
Windows Vista. Windows Server 2003 included Previous Versions support only for client computers.
Snipping Tool
A screen-capture tool that allows for taking screen shots (called snips).
Experience Pack for Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005

109. Windows Server components
Description
Supported by
Windows Server domain
A logical group of computers that share a central directory and user database.
All Windows NT-based versions
Active Directory
A set of technologies introduced with Windows 2000 that allows administrators to assign enterprise-wide policies, deploy programs to many computers, and apply critical updates to an entire organization. Active Directory stores information and settings relating to an organization in a central, organized, accessible database. Networks can vary from a small installation with a few objects, to global-scale directories with millions of objects.    Related topics: Active Directory Service Interfaces, Flexible single master operation, IntelliMirror, Active Directory Application Mode
Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003
Domain controller
A server that responds to security authentication requests (logging in, checking permissions, etc.) within a Windows Server domain. Prior to Windows 2000, a domain controller was either a Primary Domain Controller (PDC), of which there could only be one with this role; or a Backup Domain Controller (BDC). In Windows 2000 and later the concept of primary and secondary domain controllers were eliminated, partially to emphasize the multi-master replication technology available in Windows.
Group Policy
Provides centralized management of user and computer settings in an Active Directory environment. Group policy can control a target object's registry, NTFS security, audit and security policy, software installation, logon/logoff scripts, folder redirection, and Internet Explorer settings. Policy settings are stored in Group Policy Objects (GPOs), and may be linked to one or more sites, domains or organizational units.    Related topics: Administrative Templates
Windows 2000 and later
Internet Information Services
Web server
Windows NT family

110. File systems Component Acronym Description Supported by
File Allocation Table
FAT, FAT12, FAT16
The original file systems used with MS-DOS. The standard file systems used with Windows 1.0 through Windows 95.
All versions
FAT32
Extensions to FAT supporting larger disk sizes. The standard file system for Windows 98 and Me.
Windows 95 OSR2, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista
NTFS
Standard file system of Windows NT; supports security via access control lists, as well as file system journaling and file-system metadata. Windows 2000 added support for reparse points (making NTFS junction points and Single instance storage possible), Hard links, file compression, and Sparse files. Encryption of data is provided by Encrypting File System. Symbolic links and transactioning of file operations via Transactional NTFS are features new to Windows Vista. Windows 95 also supports reading NTFS partitions, over a network.
Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista

111. ISO 9660
ISO 9660 ("CDFS")
The predominant file system for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM media. Windows includes support for Joliet extensions and the ISO 9660:1999 standard. ISO 9660:1999 is supported since Windows XP.
MS-DOS and Windows 9x via extensions, such as MSCDEX.EXE (Microsoft CDROM Extension), natively in Windows NT
Universal Disk Format
UDF
A file system for storing files on optical media. It is an implementation of the ISO/IEC standard (also known as ECMA-167). It is considered to be a replacement of ISO Successive versions of Windows have supported newer versions of UDF.
Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista
HPFS
High-Performance File system, used on OS/2 computers. Read and write capability in Windows 95 (where it also listed network computer NTFS-formatted drives as "HPFS", even though it had no direct NTFS capabilities). HPFS write support was dropped in Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 98, and dropped altogether shortly before the release of Windows 2000.
Windows 95 (Read/write), Windows 98, Windows NT (read), 3.1/3.51 (read/write/boot)

112. Core components Windows kernel (Windows NT) Ntoskrnl.exe hal.dll
Acronym
Description
Windows kernel (Windows NT)
Ntoskrnl.exe
The Windows kernel image. Provides the kernel and executive layers of the kernel architecture, and is responsible for services such as hardware virtualization, process and memory management, etc.
hal.dll
HAL
Provides and handles the interaction between software and hardware via the Hardware Abstraction Layer.

113. Core processes (Windows NT)
System idle process
SIP
A counter which measures how much idle capacity the CPU has at any given time. The process runs in the background and monitors processing bandwidth, occupied memory and the Windows virtual paging file.
Session Manager Subsystem
SMSS
Performs several critical boot-time operations, such as the creation of environment variables, starting CSRSS, and performs file-copy operations that were queued up from before the system was booted (pending file rename operations). During system operation, it handles the creation of logon sessions via Winlogon and handles Windows File Protection.
Client/Server Runtime Subsystem
CSRSS
User-mode side of the Win32 subsystem. Provides the capability for applications to use the Windows API.
Local Security Authority Subsystem Service
LSASS
Responsible for enforcing the security policy on the system. Verifies users logging on to the computer and creates security tokens.
Winlogon
Responsible for handling the secure attention key, loading the user profile on logon, and optionally locking the computer when a screensaver is running. On Windows NT systems prior to Windows Vista, Winlogon is also responsible for loading GINA libraries which are responsible collecting logon credentials from the user.
Svchost.exe
A generic host process name for services that run from dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). Several Svchost processes are typically present on a Windows machine, each running in a different security context, depending on what privileges the contained services require.
Windows on Windows and WOW64
WoW
An abstraction layer that allows legacy code to operate on more modern versions of Windows; typically this means running 16-bit Windows applications on 32-bit Windows, and 32-bit applications on 64-bit Windows.
Virtual DOS machine
NTVDM
Allows MS-DOS programs to run on Intel or higher computers when there is already another operating system running and controlling the hardware. Introduced in Windows 2.1; not available in any 64-bit edition of Windows.

114. System startup (Windows NT)
NTLDR, IA64ldr, Winload
The boot loader; performs basic system initialization options such as loading the hardware abstraction layer and boot-time device drivers, prior to passing control to the Windows kernel. In versions prior to Vista, NTLDR and IA64ldr also display menus to the user if multiple operating systems are defined in boot.ini, or if F8 is pressed.
Recovery Console
Provides the means for administrators to perform a limited range of tasks using a command line interface, primarily to aid in recovering from situations where Windows does not boot successfully.
ntdetect.com
Used during the boot process to detect basic hardware components that may be required during the boot process.
Windows Boot Manager
In Windows Vista and later operating systems, displays boot menus to the user if multiple operating systems are configured in the system's Boot Configuration Data.

115. Graphical subsystem Graphics Device Interface GDI/GDI+
The kernel graphics component for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices such as monitors and printers.
Desktop Window Manager
DWM
The compositing manager introduced in Windows Vista that handles compositing and manages special effects on screen objects in a graphical user interface.

116. Services Display name Service name Description Introduced
Alerter service
Alerter
Sends administrative alerts over the network to client computers, administrators and users.
Windows NT
Application Layer Gateway service
ALG
Provides support for plugins that allow network protocols to pass through Windows Firewall and work behind Internet Connection Sharing.
Windows 2000
Application Management
Processes requests to enumerate, install, and remove applications that are installed on the computer or deployed through an organization’s network.
Background Intelligent Transfer Service
BITS
Transfers files between machines using idle network bandwidth. Used by Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, and Systems Management Server to deliver software updates to clients, as well as by Windows Messenger.
Windows XP
Distributed Transaction Coordinator
MSDTC
Allows transactional components to be configured through COM+ by coordinating transactions that are distributed across multiple computers and/or resource managers, such as databases, message queues, file systems, and other transaction–based resource managers.
Windows 2000 and later NT-based
Network Location Awareness
NLA
Manages network configurations and information, and notifies applications of changes.

117. NT LM Security Support Provider
NTLMSSP
Uses the NTLM MS-CHAP protocol to encapsulate and negotiate options in order to provide signed and sealed communication. Deprecated now in favor of Kerberos authentication.
Windows NT
Print Spooler
Spooler
Manages printer devices and moves files into memory for printing.
Windows 95, Windows NT
Security Account Manager
SamSs
Manages user account security information.
Windows NT family
Task Scheduler
Schedule
Lets users setup and schedule automated tasks.
Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95
Windows Image Acquisition (WIA)
STISvc
Handles scanner and camera inputs.
Windows Me
Windows Time
W32Time
Synchronizes the system time with external time servers.
Wireless Zero Configuration
WZCSvc
Configures and manages wireless adapters
Windows XP, Server 2003 only
Messenger service
Messenger
Allows users to send pop-up messages to other computers over the network.
MSRPC
RPCSs
Provides Remote Procedure Call(RPC) technique via remotely accessible Named Pipes.
Volume Shadow Copy Service
VSS
Create multiple versions of files that change.
Windows XP, ability to store persistent snapshots in Windows Server 2003
Windows Firewall/Internet Connection Sharing
SharedAccess
Windows XP

118. Games Component Description Introduced Chess Titans
A version of Chess.
Windows Vista
FreeCell
A version of FreeCell.
Win32s
Hearts
A version of Hearts using Black Lady scoring.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Hold 'Em
A version of Texas hold 'em.
Windows Ultimate Extras
InkBall
A game employing the use of a stylus or mouse to draw lines to direct balls into holes of corresponding colors.
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005
Mahjong Titans
A version of Mahjong solitaire.
Minesweeper
A version of Minesweeper.
Windows 3.1
Purble Place
An educational game for children, teaching pattern recognition, shapes, and colors.
Solitaire
A version of Klondike Solitaire.
Windows 3.0
Spider Solitaire
A version of Spider Solitaire.
Microsoft Plus! 98

120. Questions ?