1. Ms. Garratt Honors World History Chapter 9: Sections 1 – 4
Industrialization

3. Overview
Transformative which will gradually impact the political, economic and social lives of the entire
Begins in 1780s in England
Agricultural Rev spurs its development

4. Second Agricultural Revolution
Impact of enclosures
New agricultural methods
Farms become more profitable
Displacement of small farmers
New technology/discoveries
Seed drill – Jethro Tull
Crop rotation
Fertilizers
Breeding – Robert Bakewell
McCormick Reaper

5. Seed Drill - Jethro Tull

6. Why Britain? Natural Resources
Water power & coal for energy
Iron ore to construct machines, tools, buildings
Rivers for transportation
Harbors for export

7. Why Britain? Business Infrastructure
Entrepreneurial class (business people)
Banking system for loans
Acquisition of capital
Parliament – laws passed to protect & encourage industrial development

8. Why Britain? Political Stability
Key to development in any country
Parliament passes laws to protect & encourage capital and foreign ventures.
Overseas trade & commerce provides opportunities for investment

9. Why Britain? Surplus Labor
Due to Agricultural Revolution workers were displaced
Migrated to the cities (urbanization)
Worked in factories or coal or iron ore mines

10. Why Britain? Consumerism
Populaton explosion meant there were people to consume products
Economic prosperity of middle classes
Economies of scale for lower classes

11. Why Britain? Technological Inventions
Britain was leader in techno innovation.
IR began in textile industry
Flying Shutting
Spinning Jenny
Spinning mule
Power looms
Water frame
Water power
Factories

12. Major Inventions Change Workplace
Factory work
Cottage industry

13. Transportation Harbors Canals Roads Steam Engine Locomotives Macadams
Turnpikes
Steam Engine
James Watt
Matthew Boulton
Locomotives

14. How Railroads Spurs Economic Growth
(1) cheap form of transportation
(2) creates hundreds of thousands of jobs for miners & rr workers
(3) boosts agric & fishing industries
(4)enables suburban living and travel

15. Impact: Urbanization Factories located by energy sources
Cities lacked:
Development plans
Sanitary or building codes
Adequate police/fire protection
Sufficient housing
Cities contained:
Unpaved streets
Garbage heaps
Slums
Epidemics

17. Working Conditions Sweatshops Child Labor Low Wages
12- hour days in some cases
6-7 days a week
Hazardous working conditions
No workers compensation for injuries
Exploitation

18. Child Labor Factory Act 1833 Mines Act 1842 Ten Hours Act 1847
Illegal under the age of 9
9-13 only 8 hrs a day
Mines Act 1842
Prevents women & children in mines
Ten Hours Act 1847
National Child Labor Committee
Supported by unions
Reversed by Supreme Court

22. Who created this cartoon?

23. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

24. Liberalism & Industrialization
Liberalism which challenged mercantilism
Arose out of the enlightenment
Belief that free market was most efficient way to generate wealth
Tariffs restricted trade & wealth

25. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations 1776 Three natural laws of economics
Law of self interest
Law of competition
Law of Supply & Demand (S/D)
International division of labor

26. Capitalism Existed in Middle Ages – long distance trade
Industrial Capitalism
Capitalists owned the factors of production
Free trade liberalism
Invest for profit
No government regulation or intervention
Would generate wealth & prosperity for society

27. Rise of Corporations Stock Shareholders No personal liability
Monopolies will develop
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller

28. New Class Emerges
Middle class (bourgeoisie) used to refer to townspeople
New industrial middle emerges (bankers, factory owners,skilled workers, merchants, entrepreneurs)
Benefitted from IR in short run
Became richer than many aristocrats
Not until late 1800s were they considered social equals

29. Case Study: Manchester, England
Factory Act 1813
Pollution
Unregulated business

30. Spread of Industrialization in the US
Samuel Slater
War of 1812
Belgium
Germany
Why it didn’t spread to some countries or did so very slowly

31. Dire Predictions: Dismal Science

32. Thomas Malthus He wrote Essay on the Principle of Population
Predicted pop would outpace food production
Without checks on pop (war, epidemics…) poverty would increase
Urged pop control
His predictions never materialized
Food supply increased
Living conditions improved
Fewer children

33. Population Explosion What was the cause of this explosion?
Stable food supply
Declining death rate
Reduced risk of famine
Better hygiene and sanitation
Less disease
Increased infant mortality

35. David Ricardo – Iron Law of Wages
Agreed that poor were having too many children
Noted that when wages were high families had more children
More children increased the supply of workers which led to lower wages & higher employment
Held out no hope for escape from poverty
“Dismal science”
Both Malthus & Ricardo opposed gov assistance
Best cure for poverty was “unrestricted laws of the free market”
Individuals had to work hard & limit family size

36. Hopeful Philosophies

37. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham – 1700s John Stuart Mill 1800s
Role of gov was to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Urged gov involvement
Ideas should be based on their “utility”
John Stuart Mill 1800s
Questioned unregulated capitalism
Pushed for legal and prison reforms

38. Utopianism Robert Owen Reformer New Lanark & New Harmony
Mill owner who created utopian towns

39. Socialism
Factors of production should be owned by the public & operate for the benefit of all.
Gov intervention necessary to plan the econ rather than rely on free market capitalism
Control of key industries (mines, factories, railroads) would end poverty & promote equality
Charles Fourier and Saint-Simone

40. Prediction of Revolution

41. Marxism: Radical Socialism
Communist Manifesto 1848
History is conflict between “haves” and “have nots”
History goes through cycles determined by economics
“Haves” own all the means of production
The oppressed proletariat will eventually violently overthrow the bourgeoisie

42. Communism
After violent revolution a “dictatorship of the proletariat” would be formed
After abolition of economic differences a “classless society” would form
The state (a tool of the bourgeoisie) would then “wither away”.
No government would be necessary

43. Revisionists Reformers not revolutionaries. Denounced by Marx
Believed that by winning the right to vote socialist goals would be achieved gradually by working within the system.
Workers did win many reforms such as:
Better working conditions
Shorter hours
Higher pay
Workman’s compensation

44. Labor Unions & Reform

45. Reform Movement Spreads

46. Positive Impact of Industrialization
Jobs
Wealth
Technological progress & inventions
Raised standard of living (sol)
Diet
Housing
Mass produced goods
Expanded edu opportunities
Not until after 1850 did workers

47. Luddites