1. Senior Advisor, UNDP India PMRDF Training Programme
Human Development
Concept And Approach by
Dr. K Seeta Prabhu
Senior Advisor, UNDP India
PMRDF Training Programme
TISS, Hyderabad
30 April 2012

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES Understand reasons for emergence of HD approach
Define Human Development
HD, Human Rights and Human Security
HD and Economic Growth
HD and other approaches-HRD, Basic Needs
Characteristics and Principles of HD
MDGs and HD
Operationalising HD

3. DEFINING DEVELOPMENT How do we define development?
Identify three defining characteristics
World bank. movie

4. Film on Evolution of HD Approach
World bank. movie

5. DEFINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
"The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people's choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.“ Mahbub ul Haq
Human achievements – key indicators of progress - not merely per capita income which is not a reliable indicator –
People may value non-income parameters like peace and security, gender equality, satisfying leisure hours, sense of participation
Hd and eco growth are related …complementary

6. FUNCTIONINGS AND CAPABILITIES
Capabilities and functionings form conceptual foundations of the HD Approach
Functionings - valuable ‘beings and doings’ of people
Elementary functionings –being healthy and nourished
Complex functionings – ability to contribute to community life, achieving self respect, ability to ‘appear in publik without shame’
Developmental Goal: to enhance people’s potential ‘to be & to do’
Combination of functionings – capabilities
One more way of looking at these concepts
Potential ‘beings and doings’ are capabilities
Actual ‘beings and doings’ are functionings

7. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM
Freedom to choose functionings is crucial
People as ‘Agents’ – not recipients of welfare and benefits
Amartya Sen - Development as Freedom
Freedom has intrinsic value
valuable in itself
Freedom has instrumental value
as a means to other things
Freedom ‘from’ is as important as freedom ‘to’

8. HD AND HUMAN RIGHTS Emphasis in HR Both guarantee basic freedoms
Compatible and complementary – both required to enhance well being
Emphasis in HD
enhancement of choices & capabilities - focus on duty bearers and public policies –
Emphasis in HR
entitlements of claim holders – emphasis on legal change, social movements to generate demand
Human Rights initially viewed as political rights- now includes social, cultural and economic rights

9. HD AND HUMAN SECURITY
Human Development Report 1994 defined human security as
‘Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear’
Human Security concept goes beyond concerns of national security and threats of conflicts to focus on the individual
Not merely physical security but ability to secure minimum requirements
7 components of human security
Economic
Food
Health
Environmental
Personal
Community
Political
Acts as a bridge between concepts of human rights and human development

10. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HD Growth advocates believe: HD advocates believe:
Expanding income is an end in itself
Growth does trickle down
HD advocates believe:
income a means- end is enhancing people’s capabilities
Simultaneous expansion of choices in dimensions other than economic– social, cultural, political,environmental
No automatic link –trickle down cannot be relied upon

11. HD IS ABOUT… People- “how” and for “whom” -not just “what” to do
Emphasis from “are we doing things right” to
-“are we doing the right things”
Go beyond income to ensure growth is not jobless, voiceless, rootless, ruthless, futureless
-1996 Global HDR

12. WHAT HD IS NOT…. HD and Human Resource Development
Evolved in 1960s from Schultz’s concept of human capital
Powerful implications – human beings resources/inputs in production process – not ends in themselves
Education and health means of enhancing human capital
Rates of return important
Basic Needs Approach
Evolved in 1970s from ILO focus on providing basic needs for poor – food, shelter, clothing, health care, water etc
Focus on provision of goods
Ignores choices and underplays freedom
Ignores ‘agency’ aspect of individuals – people treated more as beneficiaries

13. COMPARING APPROACHES ` Human Development Economic Growth
Human Resource Development
Basic Needs Approach
People
Instrumental and intrinsic value-agency
Instrumental
Factor of Production - instrumental
Beneficiaries
End-goals
Formation of human capabilities and use of acquired capabilities
Creation of wealth
Maximizing human productivity
Welfare
Indicators
Human liberty and choices
GDP per capita
Labor productivity
Eradication of Poverty
Orientation
Ethical
Economic
Utilitarian
Protectionist

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF HD Under Construction Multidimensional
Inter-disciplinary
Pragmatic

15. FOUR PILLARS OF HD Equity Participation Efficiency Sustainability
Value added of these pillars

16. MILLENNIUM DECLARATION AND MDG
Millennium Summit of United Nations General Assembly in September member States adopted the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Declaration reaffirms values including equality, mutual respect, and shared responsibility for the condition of all peoples
8 Goals – 21 Targets and 60 indicators to be achieved by 2015
Lends specificity to HD approach
Roadmap to ensure Human Development

17. MDG GOALS AND TARGETS Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by and to all levels of education no later than 2015
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 5: Reduce by two thirds, the under five mortality rate

18. MDG GOALS AND TARGETS Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Target 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable and reverse the loss of development into country policies and programmes environmental resources
Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
Target 11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

19. MDG GOALS AND TARGETS
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Target 13: Address the special needs of the least developed countries
Target 14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing States
Target 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Target 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
Target 17: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Target 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

20. WHY MEASURE HD? Measuring HD important for
assessment of HD situation in country
monitoring of HD situation
evidence based policy making
HD multi-dimensional – quantitative and qualitative data on various dimensions
MDGs have lent specificity to HD – the indicators are measurable and can be monitored at disaggregated level

21. NEED FOR HDI
HDI arose out of need to evolve suitable alternative to per capita GDP as an indicator
Needed an index that was
Simple to compute
Measures both economic and social dimensions
Enables national and international comparisons
HDI measures achievements in
Longevity
Knowledge
Decent standard of living

22. CALCULATING THE HDI
Human Development Index used as an important composite measure of HD - combined index of three choices reflected in indicators
Long lasting and healthy life
Life Expectancy at Birth
Access to knowledge
Adult Literacy Rate, Combined Enrolment Ratio
Resources for a decent life
GDP per capita
Refined methodology since 2010 – same dimensions but better specified indicators and methodology
Concept of HD is much broader than HDI
Includes both economic and social choices
HDI uses limited indicators to keep index simple

23. HD AND MDGs Key Capabilities for HD Corresponding MDG
Living a long and healthy life
Goals 4 ,5, 6 reducing child mortality
improving maternal health and combating major diseases
Being educated
Goals 2 and 3: Achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality
Having a decent standard of living
Goal 1,7: Reducing poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability
Enjoying political and civil freedoms to participate in the life of one’s community
Not a goal but an important global objective included in the Millennium Declaration

24. INEQUALITY ADJUSTED HDI
IHDI introduced in 2010 HDR - calculated for each dimension separately and when aggregated indicates loss in HDI value due to inequality
Addresses criticism that HDI looks only at average achievements and does not take into account inequlaity

25. GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
Three dimensions, five indicators
Methodology:
Focus on gender inequality – replaces the Gender related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Combines indicators of development and empowerment

26. MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX

27. UNDERSTANDING THE MPI Interpretation Value added
Identifies the share of the population suffers multiple deprivations at the same time, adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations suffered
Value added
Uses data from the same survey and thus identifying people who are poor in multiple dimensions at the same time
Can be decomposed to show extent to which different groups suffer multidimensional poverty and each deprivation

28. INDIA- HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STATUS
In India’s HDI value 0.547
Rank 134 among 187 countries – middle HD country
India’s 2011 HDI value lower than the 1990 HDI value of - Brazil, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Thailand and South Africa
China’s life expectancy in 1990 – 68.3 years
India’s life expectancy in 2011 – 65.4 years

29. INDIA- IHDI AND GII
Aggregate human development status masks pervasive inequalities in India
IHDI value India loses 28.7% of its HDI value on account of inequalities
Highest loss is in education dimension % followed by health 27.1% and income 14.7%
India ranks 129 on GII out of 146 countries
India ranks lower than all South Asian countries on the GII except Afghanistan
World bank. movie

30. MULTIDIMENTIONAL POVERTY IN INDIA
MPI value
612 million or 53.7% of India’s population is multidimensionally poor
28.6% of the population severely poor
India has the largest concentration of multidimensional poor people in the world
Hd and eco growth are related …complementary

31. DIMENSIONS OF DEPRIVATION
Given India’s size, dimensions of deprivation huge
Number of income poor – 407 million –equal to total population of Brazil 185 million and Japan 127 million
Population of poor in India’s 8 poorest States equal to population of 26 African States
233 million undernourished = total population of Indonesia 216 million + Ghana 20 million
India’s performance will have impact on MDGs globally

32. DISAGGREGATING THE HDI - THE NEED
Need to assess and monitor human development at disaggregated level
Disaggregated HDIs helps highlight significant disparities and gaps and redirect policy/budget
Can be used for local communities as pressure tool, for participatory planning, accountability, etc.
Used in several countries for studying disparities across regions and social groups

33. PROGRAMMES FOR HD Must enlarge ‘range of people’s choices’
Must improve equity, efficiency, participation simultaneously to ensure sustainability
HD is development ‘by the people for the people’

34. THANK YOU!