1. First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!!
1- systems and functions
2- science you should already know and why you need to know it

2. Overview of the Systems of the Body
_________________: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels

3. _________________: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines

4. __________________: communicating within the body using hormones

5. ___________________: defending against disease-causing agents

6. ____________________: skin, hair and nails

7. _____________________: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream

8. _______________________: moving the body

9. ___________________: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves

10. _________________: the sex organs

11. _________________: the organs used for breathing, the lungs

12. _________________________: structural support and protection through bones

13. __________________________: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine

14. Science you should already know and why you need to review it.
Four macromolecules: *

15. Why are carbs important?
Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy
Too much glucose gets stored in liver
Not enough glucose, liver releases it
Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake
Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

16. Why are proteins important?
Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth)
Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase)
Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous impulse to transmit

17. Why are lipids important?
Main component of all cell membranes
Many vitamins are fat soluble
Cushioning and protection
Too much or too little causes health problems

18. Why are nucleic acids important?
DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits
Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences
RNA helps to build proteins for the body

19. QUIZ time
1 – Carbs
2 – Proteins
3 – Lipids
4 – Nucleic acids

20. Enzymes work by?
Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules
Why Important?
Almost all chemical processes in the body are driven by enzymes.
If enzyme is not working = illness
Ex. lactose intolerance

22. ATP is important because?
It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions
Glucose is converted into many ATPs
ATP does work for all cells
Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires

24. We eat and breathe because?

25. We eat and breathe because?
We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP)
We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs
Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration

26. Chemical equation for eating and breathing
Chemical equation for cellular respiration is
6C6H12O O2  6CO H2O + energy(ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

27. Exercising requires
Video

28. How do we heal?

29. Mitosis is important because?
When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones
When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells

30. Draw and label a typical animal cell below

31. An ion is? Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons
Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulse
Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons
Ex. HCO3 – maintains blood pH

32. An isomer is?
Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently.
Ex glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6 but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use it

34. Difference between structural and molecular formula is?
Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged
Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
Glucose and fructose again as examples

35. Ionic bonds are?
An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms
Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt
Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients

37. Covalent bonds are?
Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons
Very strong bonds
Important because
Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon based molecules
When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)

39. Polar and non-polar molecules differ because?
Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions)
Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains)
Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules

41. Valence electrons are important because?
The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to be formed
Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to use
When hydrogen loses it’s one valence electron it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+
Proton “pumps” keep cells working

43. Carbon is especially important to life because?
Living organisms are carbon-based life forms.
The molecules that make up our cells (carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL made out of carbon chains