1. RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION
University of British Columbia
October 15th, 2009

2. Case 1: 54 year old female referred from another institution with large pericardial effusion NYD and shock liver. The amount of fluid around the heart is large – enough to make her tachycardic with a soft blood pressure but she remains alert, mentating normally, pink, warm, dry.
Vital signs: HR: , BP: , RR: 24, SpO2: 93% on 4L
On the bedside monitor you notice both electrical alternans (on telemetry) and pulse pressure variation (on arterial line and SpO2 tracing).

3. What are the most sensitive and practical indicators of fluid responsiveness that we can derive from the bedside? ­- Rob

4. Sensitive and Practical Indicators of fluid responsiveness that we can derive from the bedside
Physical Exam
Capillary refill, blood pressure, heart rate, presence of peripheral cyanosis/skin mottling, extremity temperature, passive leg raising, JVP, urine output
Static Measures of Intravascular Volume
CVP
PAOP
RVEDV (PAC with thermistor)
LVEDA (TEE)
IVC Diameter (Subcostal echo)
Transpulmonary thermodilution (GEDV)
Dynamic Indices of Intravascular Volume
PPV (arterial waveform analysis)
SVV (Pulse contour analysis)
Aortic Flow Velocity/Stroke Volume (Esophageal Doppler)
Chest wall echo (LV)
Changes (dynamic) in IVC/SVC Diameter

5. Fluid Responsiveness assessment – Physical Exam
Capillary refill
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Peripheral cyanosis/skin mottling
Extremity temperature
Passive leg raising
JVP
Urine output
U/o is impacted by multiple factors including cardiac function, AKI, osmotic load, intrathoracic pressure, intra-abdominal pressure, and chronic renal insufficiency making oliguria an unreliable sign of volume status.
Other clinical signs of inadequate intravascular volume include hypotension, tachycardia, peripheral cyanosis, skin mottling and cold extremities.
All, however, have a collective lack of sensitivity and specificity, change minimally in early shock, and are poor indicators of the adequacy of resuscitation.

6. RVEDV (PAC with thermistor) LVEDA (TEE) IVC Diameter (Subcostal echo)
Fluid Responsiveness Indicators – Static Measures of Intravascular Volume
CVP
PAOP
RVEDV (PAC with thermistor)
LVEDA (TEE)
IVC Diameter (Subcostal echo)
Transpulmonary thermodilution (GEDV)

7. PPV (arterial waveform analysis) SVV (Pulse contour analysis)
Fluid Responsiveness Indicators – Dynamic Measures of Intravascular Volume
PPV (arterial waveform analysis)
SVV (Pulse contour analysis)
Aortic Flow Velocity/Stroke Volume (Esophageal Doppler)
Chest wall Echo (LV)
Changes (dynamic) in IVC/SVC Diameter

9. 2009 Meta-analysis Marik et al., Crit Care Med 2009 in press
PPV and SVV measured during volume-controlled mechanical ventilation predicted with a high degree of accuracy those patients likely to respond to a fluid challenge as well as the degree to which the stroke volume is likely to increase
PPV: Sens 89% Spec 88% Thresold: 12%
SVV: Sens 82% Spec 86% Threshold: 13%

10. Limitations of SVV Mechanical Ventilation Spontaneous Ventilation
If not on 100% control with tidal volumes > 8cc/kg
Spontaneous Ventilation
Irregular rate and tidal volumes
Arrhythmias
PEEP
Increasing PEEP may cause an increase in SVV
Vasodilation therapy
Vasodilatory therapy may increase SVV
SVV and should be considered before treatment with additional volume.

11. Esophageal Doppler
Measures blood flow velocity in the descending aorta
Cardiac output calculated based on diameter of aorta, distribution of the cardiac output (to the descending aorta) and the measured flow velocity of blood in the aorta.
The duration of the aortic velocity signal corrected for HR (flow time corrected) is considered a static indicator of cardiac preload

12. Esophageal Doppler
Cardiac output: 86% correlation with PAC and changes in cardiac output correlated with therapeutic interventions1
Patients undergoing femur fracture repair randomized to intraoperative intravascular volume optimized with or without Doppler2
Doppler: More rapid post-operative recovery and shorter hospital stays.
Similar study in trauma patients3
Lower lactates
Lower incidence of infectious complications
Decreased ICU and hospital LOS
1Dark and Singer Int Care Med 2004; 30:
2Sinclair et al BMJ 1997; 315:
3Chytra et al., Crit Care 2007; I 1: R24

13. Esophageal Doppler Disadvantages
Waveform is very much operator dependent
Steep learning curve
Not suitable for all patients
Inability to obtain continuous reliable meaurements
Correlation better in studies where the investigator was not blinded to the results of the cardiac output obtained with a PAC

14. 2. What is the role of bedside Intensivist-performed echo in this/similar settings (TTE and Esophageal Doppler)? - Marius

15. Assessing fluid responsiveness using TTE and esophageal doppler

16. TTE: Fully ventilated patients
Fluid responsiveness can be measured in patients being fully ventilated by measuring the change in IVC diameter (ΔDIVC) with inspiration.
Rationale: insufflation-induced changes in venous return are more marked in hypovolemic states.
Volume responsiveness described as a 15% increase in CO with an 8cc/kg bolus of 6% hydroxyethyl starch
SVC collapsibility of > 30% has also been described with TEE

17. Measuring IVC collapsibility

18. Performance of ΔDIVC
Feissel et al. Intensive Care Med (2004) 30:1834–1837
ΔDIVC > 12% had a 93% PPV and 92% NPV for volume responsiveness.
Septic patients, sedated, on volume control with a Vt ≥ 8 cc/kg
Vol. responsiveness described an increase in CO ≥ 15% following an 8 cc/kg bolus of 6% hydroxyethylstarch over 20 min
IVC measured approx. 3 cm from RA
ΔDIVC = (Max DIVC – Min DIVC) / MeanDIVC

19. Performance of ΔDIVC
Barbier et al. Intensive Care Med (2004) 30:1740–1746
ΔDIVC > 18% had a 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity for volume responsiveness
Fully ventilated ICU patients on volume control with a Vt of 8.5 ± 1.5 cc/kg
Vol. responsiveness defined as an increase in CO ≥ 15% following a 7 cc/kg bolus of 4% gelatin over 30 min
IVC examined just upstream of the origin of the suprahepatic vein
ΔDIVC = (Max DIVC – Min DIVC) / MinDIVC

20. Esophageal doppler and fully ventilated patients
Esophageal doppler measures aortic blood flow in the descending aorta.
Owing to various heart-lung interactions, volume responsive patients being fully mechanically ventilated tend to show variations in aortic blood flow related to inspiration.
These interactions are mediated by two factors:
An increase in pleural pressure leading to:
A decreased RV preload
An increase in transpulmonary pressure leading to:
An increased RV afterload
An increased LV preload
A decreased LV afterload

21. Hemodynamic effects of mechanical ventilation

22. Esophageal doppler
Monnet et al. Intensive Care Med (2005) 31:1195–1201
A respiratory variation in aortic flow before volume expansion of at least 18% predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 94%
Fully mechanically ventilated patients (8±2 cc/kg) being considered for fluid bolus
Fluid responsiveness defined as an increase in aortic flow ≥ 15% with a 500 cc NS bolus given over 10 min.
ΔABF = (ABFmax – ABFmin) / ABFmean

23. Spontaneously breathing patients
Predicting fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients poses a greater challenge
Reasons:
Tidal volumes and respiratory rates are variable
Intrathoracic pressure is negative during inspiration
Intrathoracic pressure swings are lower than during mechanical ventilation
Options:
Measuring IVC diameter (no good studies)
Response to passive leg-raising

24. Measuring IVC diameter
Yanagawa et al. Journal of Trauma 2007; 63:1245–1248
An expiratory IVC diameter < 1cm in spontaneously breathing trauma patients predicted recurrent hypotension after successful fluid resuscitation (SBP > 90)

25. Passive leg-raising
Given the increase in RV filling induced by passive leg raising does not depend on respiratory changes, it has been studied as a marker for fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients.
Leg raising is thought to “bolus” the patient without actually giving volume, the effects of which can be measured in real time by esophageal doppler or echo.

26. Spontaneously breathing patients

27. Passive leg-raising and TTE
Lamia et al. Intensive Care Med (2007) 33:1125–1132
A PLR-induced increase in stroke volume ≥ 12.5% predicted volume responsiveness with a 77% sensitivity and a 100% specificity
Spontaneously breathing ICU patients (including PSV)
Volume responsiveness = 15% or more increase in stroke volume after a 500 cc NS bolus over 15 min.
Stroke volume = VTIAo x AVA

28. Passive leg-raising and TTE
Maizel et al. Intensive Care Med (2007) 33:1133–1138
A PLR-induced increase in CO or SV ≥ 12% predicted volume responsiveness with a 69% sensitivity and 89% specificity
Spontaneously breathing patients with hypotension, acute renal failure, or clinical signs of volume depletion
Volume responsiveness = An increase in CO ≥ 12% following a 500 cc NS bolus over 15 min
SV = VTIAo x AVA

29. Passive leg-raising and esophageal doppler
Monnet et al. Critical Care Medicine (2006) 34:
PLR-induced increase of aortic blood flow ≥10% predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 94%
Spontaneously breathing and deeply sedated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation
Volume responsiveness = a rise in aortic blood flow ≥ 15% following a 500 cc NS bolus given over 10 min.

30. 3. Discuss the role of the PAC in the ICU. When is it useful? ­- ­Todd

31. What is the role of the pulmonary artery catheter in the ICU?
Who knows?
Everyone should have one.
Nobody should have one.
We should use them, but only use the information they provide if it confirms what we already think.
We should use them, but only for true mixed venous oxyhemoglobin values.

32. Some light bathroom reading…
BCMJ, vol. 51, No. 7, Sept (3 UBC cardio fellows)
First right-heart cath by Forssman in 1929 (urethral catheter in his own arm…)
Further development (and Nobel Prize), with main limitation being the difficulty in passing the catheter without flouroscopy.
Swan’s major contribution was envisioning the balloon-tipped, flow-directed catheter, which he developed with Ganz in 1970.

33. Hemodynamic monitoring
Central venous pressure (directly measured)
Cardiac output (directly measured); Cardiac index (calculated)
Mixed venous O2 saturation (directly measured)
Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (directly measured, but with caveats)
Systemic vascular resistance (calculated)

34. Controversy
Does routine use of this device in critically ill patients improve outcomes?
Apparently not.

36. JAMA meta-analysis
No clear benefit nor harm from routine PA catheter use in critically ill patients.
Many trials excluded patients in whom PA catheterization would be specifically indicated (i.e. lung transplant)
ESCAPE trial specifically looked at refractory CHF with reduced LVEF, and found that despite effectively reaching target hemodynamic values, outcomes didn’t improve.

37. Why? Risks of insertion Risks of catheterization of right heart/PA
Risk of “wedging”
Risks associated with interpretation of data…
Right Heart Cath as a marker for an aggressive (read: risky) style of care?
As a marker for sick patients who aren’t improving with less invasive hemodynamic monitoring
Timing?

38. When do you use it?

39. Over time the patient becomes less alert
Over time the patient becomes less alert. Her respiratory effort is failing. You have to intubate her.
Outline your approach to the induction of a patient with a hemodynamically compromising pericardial effusion (assuming you can’t tap the effusion first). - Noemie
How would you change your approach if the hemodyamic compromise was, in fact, secondary to a submassive/massive pulmonary embolism? Or a large anterior mediastinal mass? - Noemie

40. Question 4 & 5 Approach to the induction of a patient with:
a hemodynamically compromising pericardial effusion.
a submassive/massive pulmonary embolism.
a large anterior mediastinal mass.

41. Pericardial Tamponade Physiology
 pericardial fluid   pericardial pressure
 End diastolic pressure
Early closure of AV valves
 SV and  CO

42. Concerns about intubation
Induction:
Medication used
Sympathetic drive
PPV:
 venous return   CO
PEEP

43. Induction No right answer…Multiple case reports
Good IV access, Fluid bolus
Avoid hypotension! Pressors and inotrope ready
Awake intubation with topical anesthetic?
Medication
Ketamine ad etomidate suggested as drugs of choice b/c don’t cause significant SVR
Avoid propofol

44. Ventilation Try to avoid intubation if possible Pericardiocenthesis!
Avoid high PEEPs and can try spontaneous ventilation
British journal of anesthesiology 1979;51:

45. Massive PE Complications of PPV IV, pressors and inotrope at bedsie
 RV afterload
 venous return
IV, pressors and inotrope at bedsie
Avoid hypotension to maintain good coronary perfusion

46. Massive PE How to intubate?
Maintain spontaneous ventilation to avoid  RV afterload
Ketamine/midaz
Topical anesthetic with fibreoptic scope
Aggressive management of blood pressure to maintain coronary perfusion

47. Approach to the Mediastinal Mass
Possible Complications to think prior to intubation:
Progressive airway obstruction
Lung volume loss
PA and/or cardiac compression
SVC obstruction
POTENTIAL FOR CATASTROPHIC AIRWAY!

48. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1989;36(6):681-688

49. Approach to Induction Positon: flat or sitting dpdg on pathology
Awake fibreoptic intubation with topical anesthesia
Avoid muscle relaxant!!
Maintain spontaneous ventilation during induction if possible
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1989;36(6):

50. Case 2: 43 year old female, smoker and on HRT, presents to the ED with shortness of breath and CP and diagnosed with “submassive PE”.
What is “submassive PE”, or what are the thresholds to treat with thrombolytics? What is the current standard treatment? - Rob

51. Submassive PE
Hemodynamic stable patients with evidence of right ventricular strain or dysfunction
40-50% of those with acute PE1,2,3
Higher mortality - those with RV hypokinesis, even in the presence of normal SBP had a 2x mortality1
Another study described a 5% mortality rate in those with RV hypokinesis (those without RV dysfunction had a 0% rate)35
162 patients
31% had RV dysfunction
1Goldhaber et al Lancet :
2Grifoni et al Circulation 2000;
3Ribiero et al., Am Heart J 1997;

52. Submassive PE Konstantinides1 256 hemodynamically stable patients
Proven PE + RV hypokinesis or PHT
Got either r-tPA + heparin or placebo + heparin
30 day follow up
End points: In-hospital death or “escalation of care”
Vasopressor requirement
Embolectomy
Thrombolytics
Intubation
CPR
As of yet, there is no definitive trial proving the utility or the ineffectiveness of thrombolytics in patients with preserved systemic arterial BP.
1Konstantinides et al NEJM 2002

53. Konstantinides1 Results
11% vs. 25% deterioration rate favouring lytic group
RR reduction: 55% (NNT: 8)
No difference in all cause mortality (3.4% vs. 2.2%)
Significant Criticism
Allowed treating MD to administer rescue lytics which could have driven the composite end point to statistical significance
2008 ACCP Recs2:
Selected high –risk patients without hypotension, judged to have a low risk of bleeding should get thrombolytic therapy
The study has been criticized because it allowed treating physicians to break protocol and administer “rescue” thrombolysis if they judged that a patient’s clinical condition was deteriorating. The high rate of rescue thrombolysis may have driven the composite end point to statistical significance
In the recently published 2008 ACCP recommendations, it is suggested that all PE patients undergo rapid risk stratification (grade 1C).
It is suggested that selected high-risk patients without hypotension, judged to have a low risk of bleeding, receive thrombolytic therapy;
however, it is given a less rigorous grade (2B) than that for the hemodynamically unstable patient.
1Konstantinides et al NEJM 2002
2Kearon et al Chest: S-545S

54. Case 3: 27 year old male presents with massive hemoptysis to MSJ ER
Case 3: 27 year old male presents with massive hemoptysis to MSJ ER. Brutal CT chest with TB – there is significant burden of disease with consolidative process, cavitation/necrosis, and what appears to be only ~ 25% “healthy” or aerating lung. His right sided pressures are through the roof.
Outline an approach to PHTN. - Neil
What are the current therapies available in the ICU setting? And in this patient what are the risks:benefits of inhaled vs systemic pulmonary vascular vasodilators? - Neil