1. TRIVIA
Chapter 7
MACHINE

2. TRIVIA
ROUND 1
MACHINE

3. Why do plants need both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Chloroplasts needed to produce glucose from light energy; mitochondria needed to break down glucose to produce ATP
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4. Pyruvate (2 for each glucose!)
What is the major energy-containing product made in glycolysis that continues to be oxidized (broken down)?
Pyruvate (2 for each glucose!)
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5. After glycolysis, most cells will continue to break down glucose using which biochemical pathway?
Aerobic respiration
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6. Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
What are the two most common types of fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
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7. What kinds of organisms would an anaerobic pathway provide enough energy for?
Some unicellular organisms (like bacteria or yeast); they have lower energy needs
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8. Anaerobic – no oxygen is needed!
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic – no oxygen is needed!
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9. What gas is released in the process of converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA?
Carbon dioxide
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10. Describe the mitochondrial matrix.
It’s the area inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria that contains enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle.
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11. What are the three steps of the transition reaction?
Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A
CO2 is released
NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+
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12. What’s the first major product made in the Krebs Cycle?
Citric acid (The Krebs is also called The Citric Acid Cycle for this reason!)
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13. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What molecule temporarily stores the energy from food molecules for cells to use?
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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14. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs
What kinds of organisms carry out cellular respiration?
Both autotrophs and heterotrophs
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15. They combine with oxygen and protons to form water.
What happens to the electrons when they reach the end of the ETC?
They combine with oxygen and protons to form water.
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16. Process in which cells break down organic molecules to make ATP
What is cellular respiration?
Process in which cells break down organic molecules to make ATP
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17. Explain how water is a product of the ETC.
Electrons from the ETC combine with protons flowing back into the matrix and oxygen.
O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+ → 2 H2O
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18. What happens in muscles that are exercised extensively in the absence of enough oxygen?
Cells switch to lactic acid fermentation; lactic acid builds up in cells causing muscle soreness
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19. Cell respiration is 20 times more efficient.
How does the efficiency of cellular respiration compare to glycolysis alone?
Cell respiration is 20 times more efficient.
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20. What enzyme is necessary for chemiosmosis and ATP production to occur?
ATP synthase
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21. 2; they will donate electrons to the ETC
How many NADH are made in glycolysis? What are they used for in aerobic respiration?
2; they will donate electrons to the ETC
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22. For every glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle must happen ______.
twice
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23. Diffuse out of the mitochondria into the cytosol for the cell to use.
Where do the ATP molecule that are formed go?
Diffuse out of the mitochondria into the cytosol for the cell to use.
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24. What are the 3 steps of the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA (2C) + oxaloacetic acid (4C) → citric acid (6C)
Citric acid converted into 5C compound: 1 CO2 is lost and 1 ATP is made
5C compound regenerates 4C oxaloacetic acid; 1 CO2 is lost, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are made
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25. For every glucose molecule, the products of the Krebs are:
4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
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26. Regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis going
What is the importance of fermentation?
Regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis going
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27. How many total NADH molecules are made in cellular respiration
How many total NADH molecules are made in cellular respiration? Where are they made?
10! 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the transition reactions, and 6 from the Krebs
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28. Eukaryotes – mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Krebs cycle take place in prokaryotes? In eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes – cytosol
Eukaryotes – mitochondrial matrix
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29. What is the total efficiency of cellular respiration?
39%
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30. 6 O2 + C6H12O6 + ADP + PO4- → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
6 O2 + C6H12O6 + ADP + PO4- → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
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31. For every NADH that is made, how many ATPs will be generated in the ETC?3
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32. It’s the final electron acceptor.
Why is oxygen important in the ETC?
It’s the final electron acceptor.
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33. Describe how citric acid forms in the Krebs cycle.
Acetyl-CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetic acid (4C) to yield citric acid (6C)
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34. What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?2
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35. Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
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36. Glycolysis = 2; Krebs cycle = 2; ETC = 34
Of the 38 ATPS, state where the ATPs are made in the process of cellular respiration and the numbers that are made in each process.
Glycolysis = 2; Krebs cycle = 2; ETC = 34
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37. Glycolysis and aerobic respiration
What are the two main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis and aerobic respiration
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38. What is glycolysis?
Process in which glucose is converted into pyruvate producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
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39. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
What are the major products of the Krebs and the ETC together?
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
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40. What are the products of ONE turn of the Krebs?
2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
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41. How many ATPs are produced in cellular respiration?
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42. What gas produced during photosynthesis is necessary for the completion of cellular respiration in the ETC?
oxygen
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43. The 10 NADH and 2 FADH2; it’s oxidation (they’re losing electrons)
What molecules from the Krebs cycle donate electrons to the ETC? Is this oxidation or reduction?
The 10 NADH and 2 FADH2; it’s oxidation (they’re losing electrons)
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44. How many total ATPs are made in the ETC from all of the NADH produced in cellular respiration?30
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45. In which part of cellular respiration is most energy transferred to ATP?
ETC
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46. What are the steps of glycolysis?
Phosphorylation of glucose to yield new 6C compound; 2 ATPS required
Splitting of 6C compound to form 2 3C PGALS
Oxidation of PGALS; phosphorylation of PGALS using 2 PO4- from cytosol to form 2 new 3C compounds; reduction of 2NAD+ to form 2 NADH and 2 H+
Removal of 4 PO4- from 2 3C compounds in step 3 to make pyruvate; 4 PO4- used to phosphorylate 4 ADPS making 4 ATPS
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47. Does fermentation produce any ATP?
No!
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48. For every FADH2 that is made, how many ATPs will be generated in the ETC?
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49. Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytosol
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50. How many ATPs are made in the ETC from the FADH2 produced in cellular respiration?4
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51. What are the 5 steps of the ETC?
NADH and FADH2 donate e- to ETC
e- move along ETC and lose energy
Energy lost is used to pump H+ from matrix to space between inner and outer membranes
Chemiosmosis back into the matrix provides energy for phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
O2 combines with e- coming from ETC and H+ flowing back into the matrix to make 2H2O
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52. When living things break down food molecules for energy, that energy is either stored in _____ or __________?
ATP; released as heat
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53. Is glycolysis efficient? Why or why not?
No! Only 2 ATPs are produced. Each stores 7 kcal of energy from the 686 kcal available in glucose. That makes it 2% efficient!
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