1. THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 1898 John Hay: “Splendid little war”

2. COMPETITION FOR EMPIRE
AFRICA,
THE PACIFIC
AND ASIA

3. WHY WAS THE U.S. SLOW TO ENTER THE RACE?
PRE-OCCUPIED WITH THE WEST.
INDUSTRIALIZATION
ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANTS
AMERICAN IDEAL OF SELF-DETERMINATION.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

4. WHY DO NATIONS SEEK EMPIRE?
FOR RESOURCES
FOR CONTROL OF MARKETS
FOR NATIONAL PRIDE

5. IN THE 19TH CENTURY DID THE US SEEK EMPIRE?
WE BOUGHT LOUISIANA FROM FRANCE
WE ANNEXED TEXAS
WE SEIZED NORTHERN MEXICO
WE TOOK CONTROL OF OREGON COUNTRY.

6. THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR WAS A TURNING POINT
IT EXTENDED AMERICAN INFLUENCE
GAVE US CONTROL OF AN OVERSEAS EMPIRE.
GAVE US BASES FOR OUR NAVY
THE PHILIPPINES, PUERTO RICO, SAMOA, GUAM, AND CUBA

7. BUT IT CAUSED PROBLEMS TOO.
RULING SUBJECT PEOPLE
VIOLATED OUR BASIC IDEALS
PROBLEMS OF DEFENSE
ECONOMIC BURDENS.

8. WHY THE CHANGE IN POLICY?
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL PRIDE
A NEW MANIFEST DESTINY
THE “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN.”
JINGOISM
Rudyard Kipling

9. WHAT WERE THE STEPS TO EMPIRE?
1867 ALASKA
PACIFIC ISLANDS: MIDWAY, SAMOAN ISLANDS

10. President William McKinley
HAWAII
1893 AMERICAN LEAD REVOLT
PRES. CLEVELAND REFUSES TO ANNEX
1898 PRESIDENT MCKINLEY AGREES TO ANNEX

11. THE CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
HISTORICAL INTEREST IN CUBA
OSTEND MANIFESTO 1854
SYMPATHY FOR REBELS 1868
INFLUENCE OF “YELLOW JOURNALISM”

12. YELLOW JOURNALISM WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST NEW YORK JOURNAL
JOSEPH PULITZER NEW YORK WORLD
Both tried to out do each other; lesser competitors also involved
Hearst send artist Frederic Remington to Cuba to draw sketches
When Remington reported conditions not bad enough to warrant hostilities, Randolph replied, “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war.”
Remington depicted Spanish customs officials as brutally disrobing and searching an American woman.
PUBLIC DEMAND FOR INTERVENTION

13. Atrocities in Cuba were Sensationalized by YP
Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 and Spanish misrule damaged Cuba’s sugar-based economy
Cuban Rebellion in 1890s resulted in American property losses, as well as Cuban and Spanish
Re-concentration:
About 100,000 died between 1896 and 1898
Spanish leader in Cuba: Valeriano Weyler seen as “Butcher Weyler”

14. JINGOISM WAR IS GLORIOUS WAR IS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY
U.S. IS A GREAT POWER
SPAIN IS A PREFECT TARGET

15. THE DE LOME LETTER FEB. 1898 SPAIN’S MINISTER TO U.S.
February 9, 1898: Hearst sensationally headlined a stolen private letter written by Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lome that portrayed McKinley as corrupt and indicated Spain lacked good faith in instituting reforms in Cuba.
PRIVATE LETTER CALLS MCKINLEY A WEAK POLITICIAN
PUBLIC IS OUTRAGED
U.S. uproar forced Dupuy de Lome to resign before U.S. called for his recall

16. THE SINKING OF THE USS MAINE
6 DAYS AFTER DE LOME LETTER
THE USS MAINE BLOWS UP IN HAVANA HARBOR
Feb. 15, 1898
Sent as a “friendly visit”
260 MEN KILLED.
WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE?

17. The Explosion:
Spanish investigation announced explosion as internal, presumably accidental
American version reported blast caused by a submarine mine – 1976 U.S. Navy report showed blast inside the ship was accidental
American accepted the submarine mine view and said Spanish Government was responsible.
Yellow Press Helped…
AMERICANS CRIED: “Remember the Maine! To HELL WITH SPAIN!”

18. DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE

19. MCKINLEY RESISTS CALL FOR WAR
BUSINESS INTERESTS DID NOT WANT WAR
NEWS PAPERS CLAIM SPAIN DESTROYED THE MAINE
U.S. SENDS DEMANDS TO SPAIN
SPAIN AGREES TO MOST DEMANDS

20. MCKINLEY YIELDS TO JINGO PRESSURE
APRIL 24, 1898 CONGRESS DECLARES WAR.
STATED REASON: TO LIBERATE CUBA FROM SPAIN AND TO END THE BARBARIC INHUMANE TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE.
POLITICALLY, MCKINLEY WAS AFRAID NOT TO GO TO WAR.
Mark Hanna and Wall Street did not want to go to war: might interfere with trade in Cuba
Demands of preserving Republican Party biggest factor in decision for war.
SENT WAR MESSAGE TO CONGRESS ON APRIL 11, 1898

21. KEY EVENTS OF THE WAR
FIRST BATTLE OF THE WAR TO FREE CUBA TAKES PLACE IN THE PHILIPPINES.
NAVAL SUCCESSES
US army small and weak compared to Spain; US navy slightly less powerful than Spains.

22. MANILA BAY – GEORGE DEWEY- 6 DAYS AFTER DECLARATION
Dewey victorious at Manila Bay
While Secretary of War was away, Undersecretary of War Roosevelt cabled Dewey to attack Spain's Philippines in the event of war….McKinley confirmed
May 1898 Dewey’s 6 warships sailed into Manila Harbor and destroyed all 10 of Spain’s ten warships; 400 Spaniards killed and wounded; 1 American death (heat stroke)

23. Germans arrived with 5 warships; more powerful than Dewey
Dewey threatened German commander with war “as soon as you like”
False story emerged that British prevented Germans from destroying U.S. fleet
Three months later, American troops finally arrived and captured Manila in August – Aided by Filipino insurgents commanded by their well-educated, part-Chinese leader; Emilio Aguinaldo (Brought from exile)
US annexation of Philippines, Aguinaldo led an insurrection against the U.S.

24. ADMIRALS: SAMPSON AND SCHLEY “BATTLE OF SANTIAGO BAY” DEFEATS SPANISH FLEET
July 1st, Spanish fleet completely destroyed
USS Oregon used more firepower than Spain’s 4 armored cruisers combined – About 500 Spaniards killed; only one American
Santiago surrendered by Spain shortly thereafter
US casualties; about 379 dead in battle; over 5,000 dead due to disease.

25. LAND WAR. ARMY ILL PREPARED FOR WAR.
TEDDY ROOSEVELT RESIGNS AS ASS. SEC. OF NAVY
JOINS “THE ROUGH RIDERS”
BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL AND KETTLE HILL.
San Juan Hill: “Rough Riders” charged up after the hill had been largely won by the
The RR first took Kettle Hills; and there were heavy causalities
Heavy fighting at El Caney as well
GENERAL MILES TAKES PUERTO RICO
US sought to take the island before the war with Spain ended
Most of population regarded U.S. soldiers as liberating heroes
Spain signed Armistice on August 12, 1898

26. THE PHILIPPINES U.S. TAKE MANILA, BUT NOT THE REST OF THE PHILIPPINES
FILIPINOS VIEW US AS LIBERATORS.
WAR ENDS JULY 16, 1898
ONLY 400 AMERICANS KILLED BY THE WAR
BUT MORE THAN 4000 DIE FROM DISEASE & BAD MEAT.

27. TREATY OF PARIS DEC. 1898 U.S. GETS GUAM, PUERTO RICO OCCUPIES CUBA
Cuba freed from Spain
U.S. received Pacific island of Guam which they had captured early in the war.
US gained Puerto Rico, the last vestige of Spain’s American empire.
OCCUPIES CUBA
Anti-Imperialist League
Insular cases

28. TELLER RESOLUTION PASSED BEFORE THE WAR: PROMISES CUBAN INDEPENDENCE. U.S. WILL NOT ANNEX CUBA
Proclaimed to the world that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom – Europeans skeptical

29. Us Took Manila the day after Spain sued for peace
Philippines thus not one of the spoils of war
U.S. PAYS SPAIN $20 MILLION FOR THE PHILIPPINES
McKinley’s dilemma
Valuable Philippines larger than British Isles; population of 7 million
Did not feel US should give islands back to Spain, esp. after fighting a war to free Cuba
If left alone, Philippines might fall into anarchy – Perhaps Germany would then seize it creating a world War.
Least of evils was to take Philippines and leave independence for later.

31. ELECTION OF 1900 KEY ISSUE IMPERIALISM BRYAN VS. MCKINLEY
Anti-Imperialist League
Formed to oppose McKinley’s expansionism
Group includes presidents of Stanford and Harvard Universities, philosopher William James, and Mark Twain; Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie
Filipinos wanted freedom and annexation violated philosophy in the DOI
Democrats tended to be Anti-Imperialist
William Jennings Bryan
BRYAN VS. MCKINLEY

32. REPUBLICANS MAKE T.R. VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE
BRYAN: “IMPERIALISM IS THE PARAMOUNT ISSUE”

33. SHOULD WE KEEP THE PHILIPPINES?
MCKINLEY’S ANSWER COMES FROM GOD.
Told him to take all the Philippines and Christianize and civilize them after he had knelt seeking divine guidance
WE HAVE A DUTY TO UPLIFT AND CHRISTIANIZE THE PHILIPPINES.

34. THE PLATT AMENDMENT
CUBA IS INDEPENDENT, THE U.S. CAN INTERVENE WHENEVER WE DEEM IT NECESSARY.
Protect Cuba
Forced into the Platt Amendment
Provisions:
Cuba my not contract a debt beyond their resources
U.S. might intervene to restore order and to provide protection
US control Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

35. Post War Nationalism after the Spanish American War
Established America’s first overseas empire
US got more respect
Monroe Doctrine given a significant boost.
Britain ally with US
Philippines drew US into Asian affairs
Mahan’s view of necessity for larger navy prevailed
Elihu Root improved War Department
War served to further heal the rift between North and South
Nationalism the result of an urban, mass-culture, industrial society.

36. THE OPEN DOOR POLICY AND “BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY.

37. VICTORY OVER SPAIN GIVES U.S. AN EMPIRE.
THE PHILIPPINES WELCOME LIBERATION
U.S. DECIDES TO STAY
THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION 1899 – 1902
Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippines independent
4,300 Americans and 57,000.
WILLIAM TAFT U.S. GOVERNOR.
McKinley appointed Philippine Commission to make recommendations in 1901
Taft: called Filipinos his “little brown brothers”
Got Independence July 4, 1946

38. CHINA & THE OPEN DOOR POLICY.
U.S. INVOLVEMENT STARTS IN 1830’S
THE CHINESE EMPIRE IS IN DECLINE.
EUROPEAN “SPHERES OF INFLUENCE”
1899 BRITISH WANT A JOINT US /BRITISH DECLARATION
MCKINLEY REFUSES

39. SEC OF STATE JOHN HAY Issued by Secretary of State John Hay
CIRCULATES AN OPEN DOOR NOTE UNILATERALLY.(Summer of 1899)
Issued by Secretary of State John Hay
DECLARES CHINESE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY SHOULD BE RESPECTED.
CHINA SHOULD BE OPEN TO ALL.
Open Door gained wide acceptance in US
Policy did not gain international acceptance

40. THE “BOXER REBELLION.”
1900 THE UNIVERSAL FIST OF HARMONY= THE BOXERS.
DEMAND CHINA FOR THE CHINESE.
WANT TO EXPEL THE “FOREIGN DEVILS.”
ALLIED ARMY BREAK THE SIEGE.
Millions of Chinese enraged over Open Door Policy
Multinational force of 18,000 arrived to put down rebellion
Victorious they assessed an indemnity of $333 million (US got $24.5 mil)

41. HAY ISSUES A 2ND OPEN DOOR NOTE.
U.S. IS TOO WEAK TO UNILATERALLY ENFORCE THE DEMAND.
BUT CLEVER DIPLOMACY WORKS.
Sought to eliminate carving up China with Boxer outrages as a pretext
Hay did not ask for formal acceptances
China thus spared partition during these years.

42. MCKINLEY’S ASSASSINATION
PRESIDENT VISITS PAN AMERICAN EXPO IN BUFFALO, N.Y.
SHOT BY AN ANARCHIST LEON CZOLGOSZ, SEPT. 6, 1901
From Poland
DIES SEPT. 14TH.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT.
TR became the youngest president thus far in US History at 42.
Pledged would carry out policies of her predecessor
1st president to play significant role in world affairs
“Speak softly but carry a big stick and you will go far”
Major proponent of military and naval preparedness

43. THE US. AND LATIN AMERICA
US VIEWS THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE AS OUR SPHERE OF INFLUENCE.
WE MAKE HEAVY USE OF THE “BIG STICK.”
AFRICAN SLOGAN: “SPEAK SOFTLY BUT CARRY A BIG STICK.”

44. THE PANAMA CANAL
CLAYTON BULWER TREATY OF 1850: U.S. AND BRITAIN WILL CREATE A CANAL AND JOINTLY RUN IT.
THE FRENCH MAKE THE FIRST ATTEMPT. THEY BUILT THE SUEZ CANAL.
THE FRENCH FAIL.

45. 1898 VOYAGE OF USS OREGON DEMONSTRATES THE NEED.
TR IS PRESIDENT, WANTS THE U.S. TO BUILD THE CANAL.
HAY PAUNCEFORTE TREATY 1901: RELEASES US FROM THE CLAYTON TREATY.
HAY/ HERRAN TREATY 1903: WITH COLOMBIA

46. COLOMBIAN SENATE REJECTS THE TREATY.
TR CALLS THEM BANDITS
TR HELPS ENGINEER THE PANAMA REVOLUTION OF 1903
HAY /BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY 1903
TR Role
Canal Completed in 1914 at initiated cost of $400 million

47. PANAMA CANAL 50 MILES LONG
STARTED BY FRENCH COMPLETED ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE WORK
20,000 FRENCHMEN DIED IN THE EFFORT
AMERICANS BEGIN WORK 1904 AND COMPLETE IT IN 1914.

48. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904
MONROE DOCTRINE BAR EUROPEAN INTERVENTION IN LATIN AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES HIDE BEHIND IT.
TR ANNOUNCES U.S. WILL BE POLICEMAN OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
CUBA: US kept high tariffs against Cuban sugar at behest of US sugar owners

49. THE DRAGO DOCTRINE INTERVENTION IS WRONG, A VIOLATION OF SOVEREIGNTY.
IN 20TH CENTURY U.S. WILL INTERVENE OFTEN.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1905
CUBA 1906
NICARAGUA 1911
HAITI 1915
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1924

50. RELATIONS WITH JAPAN
1853 COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY FORCES JAPAN TO OPEN TO THE WEST.
JAPAN QUICKLY MODERNIZES
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904
TR eager to prevent either side from gaining a monopoly in Asia but did not seek war
TR MEDIATES TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH 1904
JAPAN CONTROLS KOREA & PART OF MANCHURIA
TR WIN NOBEL PEACE PRIZE.1906

51. MORE ON JAPAN SAN FRANCISCO BOARD OF EDUCATION INCIDENT 1906
FEAR OF “THE YELLOW PERIL”
1907 “GENTLEMAN’S AGREEMENT.”
ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT 1908
AGREE TO AFFIRM OPEN DOOR TO CHINA
STATUS QUO IN THE PACIFIC.
Lansing-Ishii Agreement 1917

52. THAT’S ALL….