1. What IS intelligence?

2. Does language indicate intelligence?
Language isn’t only about communication
Language allows the accumulation and transmission of knowledge and culture
thanks to language, we know things we have never personally experienced!

3. Language
spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

4. Do animals use language?
Animals show intelligence, including communication, but is it language…?
Some researchers say “no” – Washoe was only “aping” copying what she had seen earlier – or perhaps repeating behaviors that earned her an earlier reward.
(operant conditioning)
Some researchers say “Yes” - Washoe learned American Sign Language and could link words together to form meaning: “Water” “Bird” upon seeing a swan

5. The debate continues….

6. Building Blocks of Language
One of the strongest arguments against animal language, is that they fail to use proper syntax - rules we use to order the words in our sentences “you tickle” and “tickle you” mean two very different things but might be used interchangeably by ape-signers

7. More Building Blocks of Language
Phonemes – the smallest distinctive sound unit (not letter) (/s/ /a/ /t/ = sat) ….changes in phonemes make different meanings (/f/ /a/ /t/ = fat)
Morphemes – the smallest unit of language that carries meaning (a, me, pre-, -ed,)
Unladylike
un- 'not'
lady '(well behaved) female adult human'
-like 'having the characteristics of'

8. How many phonemes (sounds) are in these words?
Habits
thing
Three
psychology 5 3 8

9. How many morphemes in the following words?
People
Redevelopment
Swimming
Language
Grandmother 1 3 2

10. How do we learn these building blocks?
Nature vs Nurture
Remember Skinner?
Its Nurture – we are learn language through experience. Children imitate sounds that get rewarded and are thus repeated.

11. How do we learn these building blocks?
Nature vs Nurture
Remember Chomsky?
Its Nature – we are born with a “language acquisition device” – we absorb new words an astounding pace and we are pre-wired to utilize grammatical building blocks (such as syntax)

12. Conclusion – language is a result of biology and experience combined
Critical Period
The window for learning language is wide open in our early years (our grammar “switches” are flipped on) but after the age of 7, that window gradually closes
Conclusion – language is a result of biology and experience combined

13. Intelligence.

14. 1918 Army Intelligence Test
Write your answers down to the following.
No instructions will be given (that’s part of the test)
Absolutely no talking (don’t worry, its pretty short)
You get 9 seconds per question only….

15. What is “Intelligence”?
Intelligence – mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

16. g
After finding that schoolchildren's grades across seemingly unrelated subjects were positively correlated, Charles Spearman proposed that these correlations reflected the influence of a dominant factor, which he termed g for "general" intelligence 16

17. What is “Intelligence”?
Is a talented artist who can’t do math “unintelligent”?
Is a brilliant scientist who can’t follow a road map “unintelligent”?

18. Is intelligence one general ability, or several specific abilities?
Different cultures deem “intelligent” as whatever attributes enable success in those cultures
Different cultures deem “intelligent” as whatever attributes enable success in those cultures
Is intelligence one general ability, or several specific abilities?

19. Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Body-Kinesthetic
Spatial
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
Existential

20. Linguistic – words and language
A person's ability to construct and comprehend language
Journalists, poets, novelists, storyteller

21. Logical-Mathematical – numbers and logic
ability to mentally process logical problems and equations, the type most often found on multiple choice standardized tests
Scientists, accountants, navigator, surveyor

22. Spatial – pictures
Our ability to comprehend shapes and images in three dimensions.
perceive and interpret that which we may or may not physically see (assemble puzzle, mold a sculpture, etc)
Artists, cab drivers, architects, chess player

23. Musical – music The ability to perform and compose music
Pianist, Composers, singers

24. Intrapersonal – self-awareness and reflection
allows us to tap into our being - who we are, what feelings we have, and why we are this way.
Self-help and motivational speakers, philosophers, therapists

25. Body-Kinesthetic - physical
Each person possesses a certain control of his or her movements, balance, agility and grace.
Athletes, dancers, craftsperson

26. Interpersonal – social skills
ability to interact with others, understand them, and interpret their behavior
Politicians, clergy, salesperson, teacher

27. Naturalistic – experience in the natural world
People who are sensitive to changes in weather patterns, love the outdoors or are adept at distinguishing nuances between large numbers of similar objects may be expressing naturalist intelligence abilities.
Rangers, Guides, Environmentalists, Zoologist

28. Existential Intelligence
Individuals who exhibit the proclivity to pose (and ponder)
questions about life death, and ultimate realities
Philosophers and Thinkers - Aristotle, Confucius, Einstein, Plato, Socrates

29. Triarchic Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Robert Sternberg
-Analytical
-Creative
-Practical

30. Analytical –
tests, which present well-defined problems having single right answers; academic intelligence. Problem-solving strategies and their correct applications to real-life issues. Commonly referred to as “book smarts”.

31. Creative Intelligence
– the ability to effectively deal with novel situations by
drawing on existing skills and knowledge.

32. Practical Intelligence
the ability to adapt to the environment, reflecting was is commonly called “street smarts”.

33. Cluster Intelligence Louis Thurstone
There are seven different primary mental abilities.
The scores for each of the seven tests of intelligence is read separately in order to get a better understanding of strengths and weaknesses

34. Verbal comprehension (or Verbal Ability):
Found in such things as verbal reasoning, reasoning by analogy, and reading comprehension.

35. Word fluency:
Facility with words in special contexts, such as anagrams, rhyming, etc.

36. Arithmetic computation
Number ability:
Arithmetic computation

37. Spatial ability:
The ability to mentally manipulate and visualize geometric relations; spatial and visual imagery. A

38. Associative memory:
The ability to make random paired associations that require rote memory; memorizing skills.

39. Perceptual speed:
Facility in finding or in recognizing particular items in a perceptual field.
How good is your “insight”?

40. General reasoning ability (or Induction):
Facility in finding rules or principles, such as in a number series.
3, 6, 9, 18, _____ 36

41. Emotional Intelligence
Salovey and Mayer
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences PLUS:
Emotional Intelligence – superb social skills, manages conflicts well, and has great empathy for others

42. Intelligence Anomalies
Savant Syndrome –a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing; some people are functionally retarded in almost every aspect except for one very specific ability.

43. Creative Intelligence – Aha!
Andrew Wiles:
Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
There are five components of a creatively intelligent person:
Expertise
Imaginative Thinking Skills
A Venturesome Personality
Intrinsic Motivation
A Creative Environment

44. Intelligence and the Brain
Correlational studies have suggested that brain size and intelligence are positively correlated
Brain analyses have suggested that more intelligent people have more neural connections

45. Assessing Intelligence
How is intelligence determined?
Testing

46. Two Types of Intelligence Tests
Aptitude Test – a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test – a test designed to assess what a person has already learned

47. One Example of an Achievement Test is an IQ Test
Intelligence Test – a written method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Student A got a 1300 SAT score, while Student B got a 900 SAT score. Student A is “more intelligent”.

48. The 1st widely utilized intelligence Test
Alfred Binet
The 1st widely utilized intelligence Test
1904
Developed a test to identify French school children in need of alternative education 48

49. The Stanford-Binet IQ Test
1916 Louis Terman, Stanford University
Felt that IQ was inherited and that tests would be a great way to classify children
Adjusted the test for English speaking students and utilized a colleague’s formula to derive a person’s “IQ” or “Intelligence Quotient” 49

50. How do you determine IQ? Step 1
Mental Age – a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
A child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

51. How do you determine IQ? Step 2
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) – defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to the chronological age (ca), multiplied by (MA / CA) X 100
An 8-year old student that takes an IQ Test scores as well the average 10-year old.
10/8 = 1.25 X 100 = 125 IQ

52. IQ Scale Over 140 - Genius or near genius
Very superior intelligence
Superior intelligence
Normal or average intelligence
Dullness
Borderline deficiency
Under 70 - Definite feeble-mindedness

53. About .01% score below 55 or higher than 145.
Normal Curve – the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
About .01% score below 55 or higher than 145.

54. Mental Retardation
– a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficultly in adapting to the demands of life

55. IQ Tests - RECAP
Stanford-Binet – the first widely used written intelligence test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)– today’s most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

56. What kinds of things may affect IQ?
Gender?
Race?
Wealth?
Genetics/Heritability?
Health Issues?

57. Twins raised separately have scores that are roughly 70% similar
Genetic Influences
The intelligence scores of identical twins, raised together, are as similar as the scores of a single person taking the test twice
Twins raised separately have scores that are roughly 70% similar

58. Genetic Influences
A gene on chromosome #6 has been identified as potentially being the “IQ” gene. It has been found in 1/3 of children with very high intelligence scores.
By inserting an extra gene related to memory into fertilized mouse eggs, researchers have produced smarter mice

59. Environmental Influences
J. McVicker Hunt’s studies concluded that severe disadvantages, such as malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation reduce intellectual abilities
Head-Start type programs may help children prepare better for school, but not necessarily increase intelligence

60. Ethnic Similarities and Differences
IQ scores show much greater difference within racial groups than between them…
High scoring people and groups are more likely to attain high levels of education and income.

61. Gender Similarities and Differences
Girls are:
More verbally fluent
Better spellers
More sensitive to touch, taste, and odor
More capable of remembering words and the locations of objects
Higher scoring in math computation tests
Better at detecting emotions
Higher scoring on tests of recognition

62. Gender Similarities and Differences
Boys:
Outnumber girls in special education classes
Talk later
Read later
Score higher on math problem solving tests
Score higher on tests of spatial ability
Score higher on tests related to the sciences
Are less emotionally sensitive