1. Electric Field y x z Point charge: Uniformly charged sphere: Dipole:
for r>R (outside)
for r<R (inside)
Dipole:
for r>>s :
at <r,0,0>
at <0,r,0> +q -q s x y z
at <0,0,r>
Dipole moment: p = qs

3. Clicker Question 1 +2e -e s d
What is the magnitude of the net electric field at location X, due to these two charges? Assume d >> s
+2e -e s d X
What is the approximate
magnitude?
Choice
𝑬 𝒏𝒆𝒕 A
1 4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑒𝑠 𝑑 3 B
1 4𝜋 𝜀 0 2𝑒𝑠 𝑑 3 C
𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒
Choice
𝑬 𝒏𝒆𝒕 A
1 4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑒 𝑑 2 B
1 4𝜋 𝜀 0 2𝑒𝑠 𝑑 3 C
1 4𝜋 𝜀 𝑒𝑠 𝑑 3
Answer: C, A

4. Clicker Question 2
Locations A, B, and C are equidistant from the center of the dipole (charges +q and –q are separated by s). At which location(s) is the magnitude of the electric field approximately 𝟏 𝟒𝝅 𝜺 𝟎 𝒒𝒔 𝒅 𝟑 ?
at location A
at location B
at location C
at locations A, C
at locations A, B, C d - + A d d
Answer: A B C

5. Clicker Question 3
What is the direction of the electric field at location X, due to the dipole? - + C B D X
Answer: B E A

6. Clicker Question C

7. Clicker Question

8. Clicker Question C

9. Choice of System
Multiparticle systems: Split into objects to include into system and objects to be considered as external.
To use field concept instead of Coulomb’s law we split the Universe into two parts:
the charges that are the sources of the field
the charge that is affected by that field

10. A Fundamental Rationale
Convenience: know E at some location – know the electric force on any charge:
Electric properties of matter– independent of how this field was produced.
Example: if E > 3106 N/C air becomes a conductor
Retardation
Nothing can move faster than light c
c = 300,000 km/s = 30 cm/ns
Coulomb’s law is not completely correct – it does not contain time t nor speed of light c.
Example: Suppose I am negatively charged sphere, move to one side ask student in back row to show the direction of E due to this charge.
Then move to the other side at ~speed of light and ask student what will happen to E. It is ~5 meters, so it takes 15 ns for E to change direction after I moved!
More drastic example – pretend that I hold electron and positron (dipole), ask student to show E. Collapse (annihilate) charges and count time.
Conclusion: E can exist independently of charges!!!
Does not contain v – works only when speed is << c
v<<c !!!

11. Chapter 15 Matter and Electric Fields

12. Net Charge Matter is made out of atoms.
Atom contains charged particles: electrons (-e), protons (+e)
Neutral atom: number of electrons and protons is equal:
Example: Hydrogen atom: 1 proton, 1 electron
net charge = (+e) + (-e)=0
Sodium atom: 11 protons, 11 electrons
Sodium atom (Na) can lose an electron:
Sodium ion (Na+): (+11e) + (-10e) = +e
If we remove all electrons from human body charge will be 70kg/1.7e-27kg*1.6e-19C=6.6e9 C, 6 billion Coulomb.
If you and I are separated by the Earth-moon distance of 4 x 10^8 m, Force = 9e9*(6.6e9)^2/16e16 = 2.4e12 N
Ordinary matter is electrically neutral.
However, can be charged by adding/removing charged particles

13. Conservation of Charge
The net charge of a system and
its surroundings cannot change
If one object gets charged positively, there must be an object which gets charged negatively.
The net electric charge is conserved in any physical process.
Charge can be transferred from one object to another.
Pair-Production: 𝛾 → 𝑒 + + 𝑒 −
Example: when you comb your hair the comb gets charged and so does your hair, the magnitude is equal, sign is different.

14. Observing Electric Interactions
How can we decide if a piece of invisible tape is electrically charged?
Charge creates E field; detected by another charged object:
the magnitude of E is proportional to amount of charge
the magnitude of E decreases with distance
the direction of E points directly away or to the charge
force has the same properties as E

15. Experiments with Tape Does the tape have nonzero net charge?
Interaction of two U tapes
Repel, attract or no interaction?
repel: like charges
Is it an electric interaction?
direction
distance dependence
dependence on the amount of charge   
Two U tapes are charged and charges are of the same sign

16. Unlike Charges How would we make two tapes with opposite charges?
2. Interaction of U and L tapes
Repel, attract or no interaction?
attract: opposite charges
Is it electric interaction?
direction
distance dependence
dependence on the amount of charge   
U-tape is attracted to plastic rubbed through your hair (negative). L-tape is repelled.
U – positive, L-negative.
i.e. When you tear tape off surface it leave electrons.
U (upper) and L (lower) tapes are oppositely charged.

17. Experiments with Tape Conclusions of experiments with U and L tapes:
There are two kinds of charges (+, -)
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract
The electric force:
acts along a line between the charges,
decreases rapidly as the distance between the charges increases,
is proportional to the amounts of both charges.
Our observations of U and L tapes seem to be consistent with a description of the electric interactions between charged objects. We conclude that U and L tapes are electrically charged, and have unlike charges.

18. Determining Sign of the Charge
How would we determine the sign of the charge?
Comb (or plastic pen) gets negatively charged when rubbed through hair, fur or wool; glass rod becomes positively charged.
Why get charged?
Why? Ask students if anyone knows – that’s fine, no one really knows details of this process.
Go by book.
U-tape is attracted to plastic rubbed through your hair (negative). L-tape is repelled.
U – positive, L-negative.
i.e. When you tear tape off surface it leave electrons.
Breaking large molecules, transfer ions
Transfer electrons
Why positive or negative?
Don’t know

19. Interaction of Charges and Neutral Matter
Interaction of U and L tapes with other objects:
Plastic pen
Paper
Hand
Metal
Net charge is zero! Why does it interact?

20. The Structure of an Atom
Hydrogen
10-10 m (1 Å)
Nucleus, ~10-15 m
Charge of electron cloud equals that of nucleus  neutral atom.
If the electron cloud is centered on the nucleus  electric field produced by electrons exactly cancels the field produced by nucleus.

21. Polarization of Atoms E + - +
Force due to E created by positive charge shifts electron cloud and nucleus in opposite directions: electric dipole.
An atom is said to be polarized when its electron cloud has been shifted by the influence of an external charge so that the electron cloud is not centered on the nucleus.

22. Induced Dipole An applied electric field creates induced dipoles! E
it is not a permanent dipole
an induced dipole is created when a neutral object is polarized by an applied electric field

23. Polarization
Amount of polarization p in most materials is proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field:
𝛼 - “polarizability” of a material
In an induced dipole, is the distance between the charges fixed?
The distance is proportional to the strength of the applied field. + −+ E
− + E

24. Example A typical atomic polarizability is 𝛼=10-40 C•m/(N/C).
If q=e (proton charge), what is the charge separation by applying a field E=3x106 N/C?
The value chosen for E here is that which causes air to become conducting. Turning the above argument around, we see that a displacement of only 2x10^-15 m causes an E field capable of ionizing air.
Shift is five orders of magnitude smaller than the atom itself!
But can still cause lightning (air becomes conductor)!

25. A Neutral Atom and a Point Charge
1. Charge q1 creates field E1 at the location of the atom

26. A Neutral Atom and a Point Charge1)
2. Field E1 polarizes the atom creating a dipole

27. A Neutral Atom and a Point Charge1) 2)
3. Dipole creates field E2 at the location of q1

28. A Neutral Atom and a Point Charge1) 3) 2)
4. Induced dipole exerts force F1 on the charge:
1/r^5 because induced p proportional to 1/r^2 and it produces a field at q1 proportional to p/r^3.

29. A Neutral Atom and a Point Charge1) 3) 2) 4)
5. The charge q1 exerts force F2 on the dipole (reciprocity):

30. A Neutral Atom and a Point Charge1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Neutral atoms are attracted by charges!
Interaction strength ~ 1/r5

31. Exercise
Atom A is easier to polarize than atom B. Which atom would experience a greater attraction to a point charge a distance r away? + - FA FB A + - B

32. Interaction of Charged Tapes and Neutral Matter

33. Interaction of like-charged Objectsq1 q2 FR FA
Conductor
Plastic
Repulsion:
Attraction:
Left object is a conductor, right object is nonconductor, polarizable.
Total:

34. Determining the Charge of an Object
Suppose tape is negatively charged, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape. -  - - - -
If tape swings toward the pencil, does it show that the pencil had been charged positively?
NOT NECESSARILY!
Suppose tape is negatively charged, and you rub a wooden pencil on a wool sweater and bring it near the tape:
Attraction: can happen for like-charged objects!
Repulsion: can happen only for like-charged objects!

35. Electric Field Through Intervening Matter
The field appears to be weaker in presence of intervening (polarizable) object. Both tapes are attracted to paper
Superposition principle: the presence of matter does not affect the electric field produced by a charged object.
If instead, we put a conductor between the two charged objects, the field would be enhanced. See WebAssign homework.
Intervening matter does not “block” the E field
The resulting field is a superposition of two fields:
Field of the other charge plus the field of induced dipoles.

36. Interaction of Charged Tapes and Neutral Matter

37. Electrostatic Precipitator
Energy, Environment and
Climate, Richard Wolfson