1. Just what does a cell do with all its time?
Honors Biology Chapter 8
Cell Cycle
Just what does a cell do with all its time?

2. Cell Division Cell undergoes reproduction Makes “daughter cells”
Has to first duplicate its chromosomes
WHY?
To keep the same number of chromosomes after division

3. gb Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 2 parents One parent
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
2 parents
4 offspring
Offspring most likely different from parents
Meiosis (multicellular eukaryotes)
Makes sex cells
One parent
2 offspring
Offspring identical to parents (if no mutations)
Mitosis (eukaryotes)
Binary fission (prokaryotes + unicellular organisms)
Makes somatic cells (non sex cells)

4. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Budding
Regeneration
an offspring grows out of the body of the parent.
Hydra
budding hydra (10 secs)
Budding in Hydra (1:27)
Spongebob
Starfish regeneration Regrowth of a limb or organ after damage (not a form of reproduction of whole organism)

5. Asexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis
growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.
Aphid Parthenogenesis (Gotta see this one!!!!!!!)
Eviction of Drone Bees (5:13)
Komodo Dragon Parthenogenesis Reproduction

6. Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation Planaria Regeneration
Body of parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring (is a form of reproduction)

7. Asexual Reproduction Gemmules (internal buds)
-Sexual reproduction of the sponge
-Sponges: Facts
internally-produced, asexual bud (new sponge – even if adult does not survive)- usually under stress
Internal budding of coral (mushroom coral 55 secs.)

8. Asexual Reproduction: Vegetative (no seeds or spores)
In Plants
Rhizomes
Tubers
Bulb
Corm
TUBERS
Asexual Vegetative Propagation

9. Asexual Reproduction Paramecium (a protist) Amoeba (a protist)
Paramecium Binary fission
Binary Fission in amoeba
Amoeba division (1:55)

10. Asexual Reproduction Spores in Plants and Fungi Mold spore dispersal
Mold spore dispersal youtube
Little black dots of bread mold are spores (becomes an organism)
Powder inside a puffball is actually the spores

11. Bacteria Binary Fission
Yeast budding
Bacteria Binary Fission
Small growth becomes full yeast cell
yeast budding time lapse
Cell enlarges and splits in half
binary fission of bacteria

12. Recap: Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Binary Fission
Division of a cell (prokaryotes and unicellular organisms) into two identical cells
a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its nucleus into two identical nuclei.

13. For prokaryotes and unicellular protists
BINARY FISSION
For prokaryotes and unicellular protists
1-Chromosome
duplicates
2-cell elongates
as chromosomes
move to poles
3-plasma membrane
moves inward and cell wall is made
You Tube Binary Fission

14. Mitosis: How eukaryotes divide
Must divide the genetic material

15. ALL DNA + Protein Not visible with light microscope CHROMATIN Loose
During non-division
CHROMOSOME
Single stranded
Somewhat coiled
Visible with microscope
CHROMATID
Paired homologous chromosomes during cell division
Densely coiled
Visible with microscope

16. Chromosomes and centromeres
Each chromosome strand has its own centromere

17. Centromere: constricted area of two sister chromatids

18. Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of Genetic Material Happens during S phase

19. During cell division, the DNA replicates
During cell division, the DNA replicates. The replicating DNA molecules attach to the plasma membrane. As the cell elongates, the chromosomes are pulled apart.

20. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No membrane around nucleus Simpler Smaller
Single chromosome
Divide by binary fission
Eukaryotes
Membrane around nucleus
More complex
Larger
Many chromosomes
Divide by mitosis or meiosis

21. How many genes? Genes: working subunits of DNA.
In a human cell
~21,000
In a bacterial cell
~3,000

22. Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
-Used to make egg and sperm (that will join later) -Increases diversity
Used to replace dead cells
Growth of new parts (size)
New organism identical to parent

23. Cell Cycle Game Enter the Cell Cycle Game Nobelprize.org
(use Firefox )
“Educational Games”
Scroll down to
Cell cycle game
FUN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Top 10 most visited educational games
1. The Blood Typing Game
2. The Laser Challenge Game
3. The DNA - the Double Helix Game
4. The Pavlov's Dog Game
5. The Diabetic Dog Game
6. The Lord of the Flies Game
7. The Electrocardiogram Game
8. The Immune System Game
9. The Control of the Cell Cycle Game
10. The Split Brain Experiments Game

24. Cell Cycle
= Time from when a cell is first formed from its dividing parent cell to its own division into daughter cells.
Cell Division and Cell Cycle Sit back and relax and enjoy the big picture of cell division (5.5 mins)

25. Cell Cycle
Time from first formed from a dividing parent to until its own cell division
mcgraw-hill cell cycle

26. Get out your worksheet to fill out what happens in each phase (back of Nobelprize.org “cell cycle game”
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle You Tube (4:20)
Interphase = G1, S, G2 = 90% of time
Mitosis= cell divides = 10% of time

27. What phases make up interphase? (G1, S, G2)

28. G1
Growth of the Cell
Makes more organelles (mitochondria and ribosomes)
Plasma membrane got larger (needs more lipids, carbos, proteins)
High energy activity (cell resp.)
FYI Typical cell 8-10 hours

29. Go Resting or Permanently no division Maximum Surface area/volume
EXAMPLES: Nerve (brain) cells
Muscle
OR * Liver (will exit Go if damaged) Go

30. S Phase DNA synthesis (replicates, makes a copy)
At the end the chromosomes consist of sister chromatids
FYI Typical cell 6-8 hours

31. G2 Growth for mitosis Check for DNA accuracy Final prep before mitosis
Centrosome Doubles (MTOC)
FYI Typical cell 4-6hours

32. McGraw-Hill: How the cell cycle works
Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?
A) G1 -> G2 -> S -> M
B) G1 -> G2 -> M -> S
C) G1 -> S -> G2 -> M
D) G1 -> S -> M -> G2
E) G1 -> M -> G2 -> S

33. Can you tell what goes on in each?
Cell Cycle Movie
Try this one…"The Cell Cycle" - multimedia animation by Yannick Mahe and Bernard Ducommun

35. Mitosis (add to cell cycle diagram) Mitosis Cell Drive Through (1:44) Mitosis Video (6:11)
Asexual Cell division
PPMAT
Less than 1 hour

37. Mitosis Phases (1:22 fly-through)
Mitosis Animation scroll to middle of page (nice and slow so you can concentrate on all that is happening)
Mitosis youtube (2:47)

38. Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis
Plant cell mitosis | Flash simulation, Animation, Illustration, Picture, Diagram – eduMedia
Mitosis | Flash simulation, Animation, Illustration, Picture, Diagram - eduMedia

39. Can you tell which phase?

40. Which theory is how the cell cycle works?

41. Which theory is how the cell cycle works?

42. Control of the Cell Cycle
Control of the Cell Cycle *McGraw-Hill animation__control_of_the_cell_cycle.html
Like a control knob of an automatic washing machine…
Get analogy handout

43. Cell Cycle Checkpoints (get out your cell cycle handout)
Cell cycle checkpoints = regulatory pathways that control the order and timing (starting/stopping) of cell cycle transitions
(at G1, G2, M)

44. Block out
If there is an error at any area, it will be fixed or the cell cycle will stop.

45. (see analogy handout) Checkpoints: will give the cell a signal to proceed to next phase
G1 Cell growth (big enough? Proteins for DNA synthesis? Nutrients?) to replication or G0
G2 DNA synthesis (any DNA repair?) Size?
M Mitosis (chromosome attachment to spindles)

47. Write this on Cell Cycle DiagramGO
Growth Factors (GF)
Oncogenes
Cyclins and CDKs
STOP
Tumor suppressor genes
CDK inhibitors

48. VOCAB WORDS: Growth Factor
When a cell dies, surrounding cells will send out a chemical (GF) that triggers the start of the cell cycle.
McGraw-Hill Growth Factors Animation 
Dead cells in red

49. Growth Factor
Protein secreted by body cells to stimulate other cells to divide

50. Control of the Cell Cycle
VOCAB WORD: Cyclins - proteins that start and stop each step of the cell cycle (concentrations change)
They build up
They break down

51. Cyclins: cdk kinases (2:10) You Tube Globular molecule animation
ATP – ball molecules red and teal

52. Cyclins build and degrade as needed to start and stop the phases

53. Cyclin attaches to Cdk
Activated by a phosphate P

54. Cyclins build/break-down Cdk’s stay in cell
phosphate
activates the cdk P

55. cdk + cyclin = MPF “maturation promoting factor” (add to your diagram)
Green cyclin attaches to blue kinase – note phosphate is the site of attachment

56. Cyclins bind to a Cdk Animation of cyclins, cdk's
(shows cdk + cyclin = MPF)
Nobel Prize winner 2001: discovered the key regulators of the cell cycle, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) and cyclin.

57. CDK and CYCLINS
Each cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) forms a complex with a particular cyclin, a protein that binds and activates the cdk.
The kinase part of the complex is an enzyme that adds a phosphate (makes the molecule unstable to cause it to be more reactive)

58. *The Cell Cycle: Cyclins and Checkpoints (cyclins and kinases)
Major control switches of the cell cycle are cyclin-dependent kinases.

59. Checkpoints: Cyclins and Cdk’s
Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle Animation
Cyclins, Cdk's, and the Cell Cycle Animation

61. P53: a “tumor suppressor gene”
REGULATES THE CELL CYCLE
Rediscovering Biology - Animation Archive
p53 can stop and check a damaged DNA strand + repair it
“the guardian of the genome”
DNA tube action of p53 (5:18)
Chromosome 17

63. p53
White = p53
common mutation changes arginine 248, colored red here.
DNA is blue and green
Other key sites of mutation are shown in pink, including arginine residues 175, 249, 273 and 282, and glycine 245.
p53 video (p53-DNA complex) (1:32)

64. How does p53 protect the cells?
1. start DNA repair
2. stop the cell cycle
3. initiate apoptosis = cell death, if DNA cannot be repaired
McGraw-Hill Tumor Suppressor Gene 
BIOL 230 Lecture Guide - ADCC Apoptosis by NK Cells (animation)

65. Apoptosis
Severe defects in chromosomes block progression through the cell cycle, and can lead to cell suicide, or apoptosis.
Apoptosis You Tube 
Apoptosis Video 

66. What if… If the cell cycle does not work properly?
CELL APOPTOSIS=cell death
(A-pop-toe-sis)
Apoptosis (40 secs) by Cancer Quest
Apoptosis Video (1.33 mins)
You Tube Apoptosis Video (4 mins)
THEN GO TO THE CANCER POWER POINT TO FIND OUT (“cells gone wild”)

67. p27
p27 is a protein that binds to cyclin and cdk blocking entry into S phase.
Recent research (Nature Medicine 3, 152 (1997)) suggests that breast cancer prognosis is determined by p27 levels.

68. What types of inhibition are these? Competitive or non-competitive?

69. OVERVIEW VIDEO
Bozeman: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis (13:39)

70. Density-dependent inhibition: when crowded cells stop dividing

71. Cancer cells
Fail to exhibit density-dependent inhibition

72. Anchorage Dependence
Animal cells must be in contact with a solid surface to divide