1. Education Expenditures
The State of Education Series
Education Expenditures
A Global Report
February 2013

2. Contents This presentation includes analysis of:
Share of GDP for education expenditures
Share of total government expenditures for education
Per student education expenditures for primary, secondary and tertiary education as a share of GDP per capita
Recurrent expenditures as a share of total education expenditures
A Country Education Expenditure Profile of Benin

3. Acronyms Acronym Name EAP East Asia and the Pacific ECA
Europe and Central Asia
LAC
Latin American and the Caribbean
MNA
Middle East and North Africa
SAS
South Asia
SSA
Sub-Saharan Africa
GER
Gross Enrollment Rate
NER
Net Enrollment Rate
PCR
Primary Completion Rate
GDP p.c.
Gross Domestic Product per capita

4. Share of GDP for Education Expenditures

5. Which countries spend the least on education as a share of GDP?
10 Countries with the Lowest Share of GDP for Education
( )
% of GDP for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Net Enrolment Rate. Primary 1
Myanmar
0.78 2
Monaco
1.21
172,676 3
Central African Rep.
1.25
483
68.5 4
Zambia
1.35
1,425
91.4 5
Lebanon
1.56
9,904
94.9 6
Sri Lanka
2.06
2,835
94.0 7
Liechtenstein
2.11
134,915
93.5 8
Eritrea
2.13
482
35.6 9
Dominican Rep.
2.19
5,530
89.4 10
Bangladesh
2.23
735
86.3
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black is 2011; Green in 2009; Blue is 2008; Red is 2007; Beige is 2006;
Data were not available for 55 of 214 countries.
These countries spend less than 2.5% of GDP on education.
All income groups are represented in this list from Monaco and Liechtenstein (high income) to Myanmar, CAR, Eritrea, and Bangladesh (low income).
Low spending as a % of GDP resulted in net enrolment rates ranging from 35.6% to 94.9%.
Six of 8 countries (with data) have primary net enrolment rates higher than 85%.

6. Which countries spend the most on education as a share of GDP?
The highest spending countries spent between 8 and 13 percent of GDP on education.
Three countries – Denmark, Iceland, and Cyprus – have high GDP and spend a high percentage of it on education.
Primary net enrolment rates for the highest spending countries range from 52% to 99%. Eight countries have NERs higher than 85% and 3 are higher than 98%.
10 Countries with the Highest Share of GDP for Education
( )
% of GDP for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Net Enrolment Rate. Primary 1
Lesotho
13.0
1,106
73.4 2
Cuba
12.9
5,397
98.2 3
Timor-Leste
10.1
896
85.3 4
Denmark
8.7
59,684
95.4 5
Moldova
8.6
1,967
87.8 6
Djibouti
8.4
1,203
51.7 7
Namibia
8.3
5,293
85.1 8
Cyprus
7.9
30,670
98.7 9
Botswana
7.8
8,680
87.1 10
Iceland
44,072
99.0
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black is 2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Purple is 2008; Maroon is 2007;
Data were not available for 55 of 214 countries.

7. Public Education Expenditure as % of GDP (2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

8. Which countries have increased expenditures as a % of GDP the most?
These countries have increased their education expenditures as a % of GDP by 2.2 to 5 percentage points over time.
Solomon Islands and Ecuador have both more than doubled their education spending. Comoros was close to doubling its spending.
35% of the 138 countries with data decreased education expenditures over time.
10 Countries with Large Increases in Education Expenditure as a % of GDP
( )
Percentage Points Increased
% of GDP 1999-
2002
Most current % of GDP
% Increased 1
Solomon Islands
5.0
2.2
7.3
223.5 2
Ecuador
3.9
1.0
4.9
399.5 3
Comoros
3.8
7.6
99.6 4
Cuba
3.3
9.6
12.9
34.3 5
Moldova
3.1
5.5
8.6
56.0 6
Congo, Rep.
3.0
3.2
6.2
93.9 7
Burundi
2.9
6.1
91.0 8
Nicaragua
6.0
92.1 9
Swaziland
2.4
5.1
7.4
46.3 10
Ireland
4.3
6.5
52.9
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013;
Notes: Data were not available for 76 of 214 countries.

9. Do high levels of education spending result in high primary enrolment rates?
Low levels of education spending as a % of GDP do not necessarily lead to low primary net enrolment rates (NER).
Cambodia spends 2.6% of GDP on education and has a 98% primary NER while Liberia spends only slightly more (2.7%) and has a 40.8% NER.
High levels of spending also do not necessary lead to high enrolment rates: Djibouti spends 8.4% of GDP on education but has a 51.7% NER.

10. Which countries have high enrollment rates with lower spending?
These countries have primary net enrolment rates higher than 98% with education spending between 2.6 and 5% of GDP.
Rwanda and Cambodia are low income countries with low spending and high enrolment rates.
Cuba also has a high enrolment rate 98.2%, but uses 12.9% of GDP on education.
10 Countries with Low Spending for High Primary Enrolment Rates
( )
% of GDP for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Net Enrolment Rate. Primary 1
Cambodia
2.6
900
98.2 2
Georgia
2.7
3,203
98.1 3
Turkey
2.9
10,498
98.9 4
Uruguay
13,866
99.5 5
Japan
3.8
45,903
100.0 6
Iran, Islamic Rep.
4.7
4,526
99.8 7
Rwanda
4.8
583
98.7 8
Ecuador
4.9
4,569
98.6 9
Spain
5.0
32,244
99.7 10
Korea, Rep.
22,424
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black is 2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Purple is 2008;
Data were not available for 55 of 214 countries.

11. Do high levels of education spending result in high primary completion rates?
Most countries spend between 2.5% and 7% of GDP on education, but results from similar levels of spending vary greatly.
Zambia spends 1.3% of GDP on education and has a 103% Primary Completion Rate (PCR) while CAR spends 1.2% and has a 43% PCR.
High levels of spending also do not necessary lead to high primary completion rates: Lesotho, the highest spender, spends 13% of GDP on education but has a 70% PCR.

12. Which countries have high completion rates with low spending?
These countries have primary completion rates higher than 98% with education spending between 0.8 and 3.1% of GDP.
All countries have PCRs higher than 100% likely because of over/under-aged students entering the last grade of primary for the first time.
Myanmar is the only low income country on the list.
10 Countries with Low Spending and High Primary Completion Rates
( )
% of GDP for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Primary Completion Rate (%) 1
Myanmar
0.8
103.6 2
Monaco
1.2
172,676
132.2 3
Zambia
1.3
1,425
103.3 4
Sri Lanka
2.1
2,835
100.8 5
Liechtenstein
134,915
111.1 6
Georgia
2.7
3,203
116.2 7
Turkey
2.9
10,498
100.4 8
Uruguay
13,866
104.4 9
Indonesia
3.0
3,495
108.8 10
Kazakhstan
3.1
11,245
108.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Data were not available for 55 of 214 countries.

13. Share of Total Government Expenditures for Education

14. Which countries spend the least on education as a share of total expenditures?
10 Countries with the Lowest Share of Total Expenditures for Education
( )
% of Total Exp. for Education
Net Enrolment Rate. Primary
Primary Completion Rate (%) 1
Lebanon
7.1
94.9
87.0 2
Qatar
94.0
95.8 3
Georgia
7.7
98.1
116.2 4
Monaco
8.1
132.2 5
Sri Lanka
100.8 6
Timor-Leste
85.3
65.5 7
Zimbabwe
8.3 8
Angola
8.5
85.7
46.6 9
Congo, Dem. Rep.
8.9
58.7 10
Italy
9.1
97.4
103.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available:
Black is 2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Red is 2008;
Data were not available for 66 of 214 countries.
These countries spend less than 10% of total public expenditures on the education sector. The average spending of all countries with data is 15.4%.
All these countries (with data) have enrolment rates higher than 85%.
Low spending as a share of total expenditures resulted in primary completion rates ranging from 47% (Angola) to 132% (Monaco).

15. % of Total Exp. for Education
Which countries spend the most on education as a share of total expenditures?
The highest spending countries spend more than 24% of total expenditures on education.
Primary enrolment rates for the highest spending countries range from 61% (Cote d’Ivoire) to 97% (Oman).
Only Ghana and Oman have primary completion rates higher than 90%.
Despite high spending, at least 1/4 of students in five of these countries are not completing primary school.
10 Countries with the Highest Share of Total Expenditures for Education
( )
% of Total Exp. for Education
Net Enrolment Rate. Primary
Primary Completion Rate (%) 1
Solomon Islands
34.0
86.8 2
Oman
31.1
96.6
107.0 3
Benin
27.8
89.1
75.3 4
Nicaragua
26.4
92.5
80.9 5
Morocco
25.7
95.7
89.3 6
Ethiopia
25.4
86.5
64.0 7
Cote d'Ivoire
24.6
61.5
58.6 8
Ghana
24.4
82.1
99.1 9
Burundi
24.1
89.7
62.1 10
Senegal
24.0
75.7
62.8
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black is 2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Red is 2008; Beige is 2006;
Data were not available for 66 of 214 countries.

16. Public Education Expenditure as % of Total Government Expenditure (2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

17. Which countries have increased education expenditures the most?
These countries have increased their share of total expenditures for the education sector by 6 to 12 percentage points over time.
The Gambia has more than doubled its spending as a % of total expenditures
Over half (55.8%) of the countries with data decreased spending on education over time.
10 Countries with Large Increases in Education Expenditure as a % of Total Expenditures
Percentage Points Increased
% of Total Exp in
Most current % of Total Exp
% Increased 1
Ethiopia
11.6
13.8
25.4
84.5 2
Nicaragua
11.2
15.2
26.4
73.6 3
Benin
11.1
16.6
27.8
66.8 4
Burundi
13.0
24.1
85.3 5
Gambia, The
10.8
9.0
19.7
120.6 6
Oman
8.5
22.7
31.1
37.4 7
Brunei Darussalam
7.8
9.1
16.9
84.8 8
Panama
7.0
7.7
14.8
91.0 9
Nepal
6.3
14.0
20.2
44.9 10
Tunisia
6.2
16.5
37.7
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Data were not available for 101 of 214 countries.

18. Do high levels of education spending result in higher primary enrolment rates?
Low levels of education spending as a % of total expenditures do not necessarily lead to low primary net enrolment rates (NER). The four lowest spenders have NERs higher than 94%.
Georgia spends 7.7% on education and has a 98% primary NER while Cote d’Ivoire spends 24.6% and has a 61.5% NER.

19. Which countries have high enrollment rates with low spending?
These countries have primary net enrolment rates higher than 98% with education spending between 7.7 and 12% of total expenditures.
Japan and Georgia spend less than 10% of total expenditures on education and have achieved universal primary education.
Tunisia also has a high enrolment rate (98.5%), but uses 22.7% of total expenditures on education.
10 Countries with Low Spending for High Primary Enrolment Rates
( )
% of Total Exp. For Education
Net Enrolment Rate. Primary 1
Georgia
7.7
98.1 2
Japan
9.4
100.0 3
France
10.4
98.5 4
Spain
10.8
99.7 5
United Kingdom
11.3
99.5 6
Netherlands
11.5
99.8 7
Uruguay
11.6 8
Portugal
99.2 9
Mongolia
11.9
98.6 10
Belgium
12.2
98.9
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Data were not available for 79 of 214 countries.

20. Do high levels of education spending result in higher primary completion rates?
Seven countries spend less than 9% on education; Those countries have primary completion rates (PCRs) ranging from 47% (Angola) to 132% (Monaco). Low spending does not necessarily lead to low completion rates.
High levels of spending also do not necessary lead to high completion rates: Benin, the 2nd highest spender, spends 28% of govn’t expenditure on education but has a 75% PCR.

21. Which countries have high completion rates with low spending?
These countries have primary completion rates higher than 98% with education spending between 7.7 and 10.8% of total government expenditures.
Countries have PCRs higher than 100% likely because of over/under-aged students entering the last grade of primary for the first time.
10 Countries with Low Spending for High Primary Completion Rates
( )
% of Total Exp. For Education
Primary Completion Rate (%) 1
Georgia
7.7
116.2 2
Sri Lanka
8.1
100.8 3
Monaco
132.2 4
Italy
9.1
103.2 5
Japan
9.4
101.9 6
Serbia
9.5
99.3 7
Czech Republic
9.8
104.6 8
Slovak Republic
9.9
98.5 9
Germany
10.5
100.6 10
Spain
10.8
103.4
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Data were not available for 82 of 214 countries.

22. Expenditures on Primary Education

23. Which countries spend the least per student on primary education?
The average spending per primary school student is 16.7% of per capita GDP. These countries spend between 3.5 and 7 percent of GDP per capita on each primary school student.
Five of the 10 lowest spending countries are in SSA. Two are classified as high income countries.
5 countries have net enrollment rates higher than 90%.
DRC is the only country with low primary spending and very high private enrollment share (82.5%).
10 Countries with the Lowest Share of p.c. GDP per Primary Student
( )
Share of pc GDP (%) per student
Primary Net Enrolment Rate (%)
Private Enrollment Share (%) 1
Monaco
3.5
21.8 2
Central African Rep.
4.4
68.5
13.8 3
Brunei Darussalam
5.1
91.6
36.6 4
Congo, Dem. Rep.
5.2
82.5 5
Liberia
5.4
40.8
32.6 6
Madagascar
6.4
17.8 7
Cameroon
6.6
93.8
20.9 8
Cambodia
6.8
98.2
1.5 9
Panama
96.9
12.0 10
Rwanda
6.9
98.7
2.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between 2006 and 2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2007; Data were not available for 82 countries.

24. Which countries spend the most per student on primary education?
10 Countries with the Highest Share of p.c. GDP per Primary Student
( )
Share of pc GDP (%) per student
Primary Net Enrolment Rate (%)
Private Enrollment Share (%) 1
Serbia
55.6
93.2
0.1 2
Cuba
49.3
98.2 3
Moldova
41.4
87.8
0.9 4
Cyprus
31.5
98.7
7.6 5
Latvia
31.4
95.1
1.1 6
Comoros
29.5
77.8
14.1 7
Denmark
28.9
95.4
13.7 8
Sweden
28.3
99.4
9.5 9
Estonia
27.8
95.0
4.1 10
Iceland
27.2
99.0
2.0
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between 2006 and 2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009;
Maroon for 2008; Data were not available for 82 countries.
Serbia spends over half of per capita GDP on each primary student, and all other countries in the list spend more than a quarter.
Eight of the listed countries have primary net enrolment rates (NER) higher than 90%.
These countries have low private enrolment shares ranging from 0.1 to 14%.

25. Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita
Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Primary ( )
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

26. Expenditures on Secondary Education

27. Which countries spend the least per student on secondary education?
On average, countries spend 24.4% of per capita GDP per secondary education student. These countries spend between 5.5 and 9.4%.
5 of the 10 countries are in LAC and 3 are in EAP.
Brunei Darussalam is the only country on the list with a net enrollment rate in the top half of countries.
More than half of secondary enrollments are in private schools in Guatemala and more than ¼ are in private schools in Venezuela and Peru.
10 Countries with the Lowest Share of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student
( )
Share of pc GDP (%) per student
Secondary Enrolment Rate (NER)
Private Enrollment Share (%) 1
Guatemala
5.5
46.1
62.5 2
Monaco  -
22.3 3
Cambodia
6.8
35.1
2.0 4
Dominican Rep.
7.0
62.1
20.8 5
Brunei Darussalam
7.8
99.0
13.5 6
Venezuela, RB
8.0
72.8
28.4 7
Indonesia
8.8
67.3
41.8 8
Peru
9.1
77.6
26.0 9
Philippines
61.6
19.8 10
El Salvador
9.4
60.0
16.3
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007; Data were not available for 86 countries.

28. Which countries spend the most per student on secondary education?
5 of the 10 countries are in SSA.
Niger, Angola, and Mozambique have high per student sending and three of the lowest secondary net enrolment rates of all countries.
Honduras spends the most as a share of pc GDP by far, but also has the highest share of students enrolled in private schools (27%).
10 Countries with the Highest Share of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student
( )
Share of pc GDP (%) per student
Secondary Enrolment Rate (NER)
Private Enrollment Share (%) 1
Honduras
279.7  -
26.9 2
Mozambique
84.8
17.3
12.7 3
Lesotho
55.1
29.8
1.0 4
Cuba
52.1
86.6 5
Niger
51.1
9.4
18.1 6
Angola
45.0
13.5
10.6 7
Cyprus
40.7
96.0
17.5 8
Moldova
39.4
77.7
1.3 9
Rwanda
39.3 - 
20.6 10
Morocco
39.1
5.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007; Beige for 2006; Data were not available for 86 countries.

29. Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita
Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Secondary ( )
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

30. Expenditures on Tertiary Education

31. Which countries spend the least per student on tertiary education?
On average, countries spend 91% of per capita GDP per tertiary student. The median spending is 30%. These countries spend between 3.5 and 12%.
Three countries are in ECA and 3 are in EAP.
Korea, Rep. has the 12th lowest spending level, but has a 103% gross enrollment rate.
Six of 9 countries have private enrollment shares higher than 50%.
10 Countries with the Lowest Share of p.c. GDP per Tertiary Student
( )
Share of pc GDP (%) per student
Tertiary Enrolment Rate (GER)
Private Enrollment Share (%) 1
Mongolia
3.5
57.2
38.7 2
Armenia
7.5
48.9
22.8 3
Lebanon
8.1
57.7
60.8 4
Liechtenstein
9.2
36.0
100.0 5
Peru
43.0
54.3 6
Philippines
9.6
28.2
65.9 7
Kazakhstan
10.2
43.2
50.6 8
Myanmar
10.8
14.8 9
El Salvador
11.6
23.4
66.6 10
Georgia
12.3
30.0
20.9
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black figures are for 2011; Blue are for 2010; Green for 2009; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007; Data were not available for 96 countries.

32. Which countries spend the most per student on tertiary education?
All the listed countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa.
These countries spend from 2 to 18 times GDP per capita on each tertiary student.
Despite high spending, all the countries in the list have gross enrollment rates less than 8%. These countries are all within the bottom 20 countries in tertiary enrolment rates.
10 Countries with the Highest Share of p.c. GDP per Tertiary Student
( )
Share of pc GDP (%) per student
Tertiary Enrolment Rate (GER)
Private Enrollment Share (%) 1
Malawi
1859.4
0.8
10.3 2
Lesotho
1331.1
3.5 3
Tanzania
868.2
2.1 4
Niger
564.6
1.5
25.0 5
Burundi
350.8
3.2
57.7 6
Swaziland
296.4
4.4 7
Botswana
256.3
7.4
100.0 8
Chad
247.9
2.3
28.2 9
Burkina Faso
243.1
3.9
22.0 10
Mauritania
193.5
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black figures are for 2011; Blue are for 2010; Green for 2009; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007; Beige for 2006; Data were not available for 96 countries.

33. Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita
Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Tertiary ( )
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

34. Salaries and Recurrent Education Expenditures

35. Which countries spend the most on recurrent expenditures?
9 of 10 countries spend 100% of public expenditures on pre-tertiary education on recurrent expenditures like salaries, textbooks, and teaching/learning supplies.
100% of pre-tertiary expenditures in Jordan and Zimbabwe go to paying salaries. Five other countries spend more than 90% of total expenditures on salaries.
High recurrent expenditures leave little or no room in public spending for school construction and other capital programs.
10 Countries with the Highest Recurrent Share of Total Education Expenditures on Pre-Tertiary Education
( )
% for Recurrent
% for Salaries 1
Zimbabwe
100.0 2
Jordan 3
Cayman Islands
97.6 4
San Marino
96.5 5
Aruba
95.2 6
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
94.3 7
Jamaica
93.8 8
Costa Rica
86.8 9
Liechtenstein
71.8 10
Guatemala
99.9
73.9
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013; Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available; Blue for 2010; Green for 2009; Red for 2008; Beige for 2006; Data were not available for 112 countries.

36. Which countries spend the least on recurrent expenditures?
5 of 10 countries are in SSA and 2 are high income countries.
Low recurrent expenditures can leave room in public expenditures for capital projects like school construction, but can leave less fiscal space for teachers’ salaries, textbooks, teaching and learning materials, etc.
The majority of recurrent expenditures in many of these countries is dedicated to salaries (which includes both teachers and administrative salaries).
10 Countries with the Lowest Recurrent Share of Total Education Expenditures on Pre-Tertiary Education
( )
% for Recurrent
% for Salaries
% for Capital 1
Monaco
63.0
61.3
37.0 2
Timor-Leste
66.4
54.8
33.6 3
Chad
68.6
52.6
31.4 4
Mozambique
71.4
59.2
28.6 5
Angola
71.7
28.3 6
Bangladesh
77.9
54.3
22.1 7
Peru
79.0
67.0
21.0 8
Mauritius
80.2
62.3
19.8 9
Rwanda
80.3
48.3
19.7 10
Korea, Rep.
83.2
58.8
16.8
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black for 2011; Blue for 2010; Green for 2009; Red for 2007; Beige for 2006; Data were not available for 112 countries.

37. Recurrent education expenditures as a % of total education expenditures on public institutions. Primary, Secondary, and Post-Sec./Non-Tertiary (ISCED 1-4) ( )
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

38. Country Education Expenditure Profile:
Benin
Data extracted from the World Bank
Education Expenditure Database

39. Data Source and Notes
The Benin Country Education Expenditure Profile highlights a few of the hundreds of indicators available in the World Bank Education Expenditure Database. The database allows users to search for education expenditure data published in World Bank expenditure documents. The data for the Benin Country Expenditure Profile was extracted from Benin’s 2004 Public Expenditure Review. The Benin Country Expenditure Profile is an example of the types of analysis that can be completed using the World Bank Education Expenditure Database. Note: The data in the World Bank Education Expenditure Database are not internationally comparable because there is no standard method of calculation for most of the indicators. Users should not compare the data across countries.

40. Education Expenditure Summary: Benin
Benin: Education Expenditure Summary
( )
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
Total Education Expenditures (in CFAF Billions)
39.90
50.00
66.30
69.50
75.00
Share of Total Public Expenditures for Education Sector (%)
20.4
19.7
19.6
20.5
22.1
Share of Total Education Expenditures for:
Primary (%)
49.1 47
51.6
49.3
38.1
Secondary (%)
15.9
16.7
16.8
16.2
17.2
Tertiary (%)
14.7
18.9
24.1
Technical/Vocational (%)
3.1
4.9
5.8
7.4
9.2
Administration (%)
15.2
8.6
8.3
11.4
Recurrent Expenditures (%)
88.4
79.6
73.9
83.9
80.6
Salary Expenditures (%)
63.8 62 48
50.9
50.8
Capital Expenditures (%)
11.6
26.1
16.1
19.4
Source: World Bank Public Education Expenditure Database, Sept 2009
Benin spends around 1/5 of all government expenditures on the education sector.
Of the education spending, Benin prioritizes primary education, but the share for primary decreased from almost 50% in 1998 to less than 40% in The tertiary share has been rising.
Half of all of Benin’s expenditures go to salaries and around 20% go toward capital expenditures.

41. Total Education Expenditures in Benin
Total expenditures on education in Benin almost doubled between 1998 and 2003 from 40 to 75 billion CFAF.
The share of total public expenditures for the education sector initially dropped from 20.4% in 1998 to 19.7% in 2000 and 2001 before rising to 22.1% in 2003.

42. Share of Total Education Expenditures for Educational Levels
Primary receives the highest share of expenditures, but the share declined over time by 11 percentage points.
Secondary has received a consistent share of around 16% over time.
The shares for tertiary and technical/vocational education have risen by 7.5 and 6 percentage points respectively.
Administration received equal funding to secondary and tertiary in 1999, but dropped by 25% in 2003.

43. Share of Total Education Expenditures by Type
Recurrent expenditures accounted for almost 90% of total expenditures in 1999, but dropped to 80.6 in 2003.
The salary share of total expenditures has also dropped from 64% to 51%, leaving more space for non-salary expenditures like textbooks and teaching/learning materials.
Capital expenditures rose from 12% in 1999 to 26% in 2001 before dropping to 19.4% in 2003.

44. Per Student Education Expenditures in Benin
Recurrent per student expenditures are highest on tertiary education in Benin. Tertiary students cost 17 times more than primary students in 1998 and 14 times more in 2002.
Students in Technical/Vocational education also cost 5.5 to 6 times more than primary students.
Per student recurrent spending on primary, technical/vocational and tertiary education decreased between 1998 and 2002.
Per Student Recurrent Education Expenditures in Benin
( )
Recurrent expenditures per student in USD:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Primary 40 38 31 33 37
Secondary 56
49.4
49.6
59.4
59.2
Technical/Vocational
224
182
171
198 ..
Tertiary
684
676
360
479
522
Administration 8
7.6
3.1
6.6
7.4
Ratio of recurrent expenditures per student:
Secondary to Primary
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.8
Technical/vocational to Primary
5.6
4.8
5.5 6
Tertiary to Primary
17.1
17.8
11.6
14.5
14.1
Source: World Bank Public Education Expenditure Database, Sept 2009

45. Education Budget Execution Rates in Benin
Total budget execution rates have varied greatly over time in Benin from 75% to 92%, but have never reached 100%.
Salaries and recurrent expenditures generally have higher execution rates. The only budget that was fully executed was salaries in 2003.
Both domestically- and internationally-financed capital have low execution rates over time, but rates have improved from around 35% in 1997 to 73 and 54% in 2003 respectively.
Execution Rates for Education
Budgets in Benin
( )
1997
1999
2001
2003
Total Education Budget
74.9
89.7
91.7
86.3
Recurrent Budget
92.2
95.5
94.4
94.2
Salary Budget
98.3
93.7
94.9
102.9
Capital Budget
36.4
66.4
84.8
63.8
Domestically-financed Capital Budget
34.9
77.6
96.4
72.8
Internationally-financed Capital Budget
36.6
62.1
74.6
54.1
Source: World Bank Public Education Expenditure Database, Sept 2009

46. Data Sources This presentation utilizes the following data sources:
1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query
The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2011 data for most indicators and 2012 data for Singapore and Brunei only.
Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the EdStats Query metadata.
2) The Benin Country Profile was created in August 2009 with data extracted from the 2004 Benin Public Expenditure Review. The data was accessed via the World Bank Education Expenditure Database.

47. The State of Education Series
The following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website:
Topics:
Access
Quality
Expenditures
Gender
Literacy
Equity
Educational Levels:
Pre-Primary Education
Primary Education
Secondary Education
Tertiary Education