1. Active Engagement Strategies for Whole Group Instruction
Sarah Sayko, M. Ed.
National Center for Reading First Technical Assistance
RMC Research Corp.
Sheryl Turner, M.A.
Eastern Regional Reading First Technical Assistance Center

2. -Ancient Chinese Proverb
Tell me,
I forget.
Show me,
I remember.
Involve me,
I understand.
-Ancient Chinese Proverb

3. Active Engagement

4. What is Active Engagement?
Active engagement refers to the joint functioning of motivation, conceptual knowledge, cognitive strategies, and social interactions in literacy activities.
(Guthrie & Anderson, 1999)
Active learning involves providing opportunities for students to meaningfully talk and listen, write, read, and reflect on the content, ideas, issues and concerns of an academic subject.
(Meyers & Jones, 1993)

5. Active Engagement and Motivation
Factors affecting the development of intrinsic motivation in a school setting:
Level of challenge offered by tasks and materials
Quality and timing of feedback to students about heir work
Supports and scaffolds available to learners
Students’ interest in tasks and content
Nature of the learning context
Extrinsic factors include compliance, recognition, and grades.
Intrinsically motivated students tend to persist longer, work harder, actively apply strategies, and retain key information more consistently.
Guthrie, McGough, et al., 1996; Guthrie & Van Meter, et al., 1996

6. Active Engagement and Conceptual Knowledge
Engaged readers gain knowledge and experience as they read by continually activating and extending their understanding. They apply knowledge to answer a new question or to solve a problem.
Two methods of activating students’ knowledge building are:
-Self-explanation Concept mapping
In self-explanation, students can orally or through writing explain and reflect on the text they are reading to improve comprehension. They can do this with a teacher or with peers. Students who can self-explain also are better at reaching conceptually higher levels of knowledge, answering more complex questions, and monitoring their comprehension.
In concept mapping, students are required to integrate information from the text into existing knowledge in their minds. They are visual representations of a student’s knowledge and organize concepts and represent the relationships among concepts.
Baker, Dreher, & Guthrie, 2000

7. Active Engagement and Cognitive Strategies
Engaged readers use cognitive strategies for integrating information, and communicating and representing their understanding.
Cognitive strategies are procedures that can help students succeed at higher-order tasks. Some strategies are:
-Activating prior knowledge before, during, and after reading
-Self-questioning
-Monitoring comprehension
-Summarizing
Baker, Dreher, & Guthrie, 2000

8. Active Engagement and Social Interaction
When children are highly social, sharing their reading and writing frequently, they are likely to be active, interested readers.
Baker, Dreher, & Guthrie, 2000

9. Multiple Student-Teacher Interactions
The most direct way to increase learning rate is by increasing the number of positive, or successful, instructional interactions (PII) per school day.
It is important that students who need extra instruction to gain skill mastery get that instruction in a timely manner.
After initial instruction, teachers need to determine who will benefit from re - teaching or pre - teaching in small group and/or one – on - one.

10. Model of Instructional Contexts for Reading Engagement
Learning and Knowledge
Goals
Social Interaction
Motivation
Formative
Assessment
Teacher
Involvement
Active
Engagement
Cognitive Strategies
Conceptual Knowledge
Direct
Instruction
Collaboration
Support
Adapted from Guthrie et al. 2000

11. Impact of Active Engagement
High levels of active engagement during lessons are associated with higher levels of achievement and student motivation.
Ryan and Deci, 2000
Research studies have repeated shown that reading in
many classrooms is not designed to provide students with sufficient engaged reading opportunities to promote reading growth.
Simmons, Fuchs, Fuchs, Mathes & Hodge, 1995

12. Study Results on Active Engagement
In a study examining the achievement of 792 students in 88 classrooms (grades 1-5) in nine high-poverty schools the researchers found:
A significant, positive correlation between active learning environments and growth in reading comprehension, whereas the correlation was negative in passive learning environments.
(Taylor, Pearson, Peterson, & Rodriguez, 2003)
In a study examining the link between teacher support and student engagement and achievement in the elementary grades, researchers found:
Students with supportive teachers were 89% more likely to be engaged in school than those with average levels of support, and 44% are more likely to have high levels of achievement and commitment than the average student.
(Klem & Connell, 2004)
Few methodologically rigorous studies examine the direct link between active student engagement and achievement. Rather, most studies investigate the link between specific strategies (e.g., cooperative learning) that incorporate active engagement instead of the overall impact of student engagement. Some studies have, however, examined the overall impact of student engagement, and these studies link active student engagement with higher achievement.

13. Processing Strategy: Look-Lean-Whisper
Look: Make eye contact with your partner so you know you have his/her attention.
Lean: Move heads close together so you can be heard.
Whisper: Speak in a soft tone so others can be heard.
Archer & Gleason, 1994

14. Look-Lean-Whisper Activity
What is active engagement?
What are the outward signs of an engaged learner?
Activity 1

15. Avoid Recitation “Who can tell me…?”
“Who can tell me…?” also know as recitation, is used so frequently it is important to ask ourselves just how effective it is. The bad news about this strategy is that the teacher is really to only one in the classroom actively engaged with all the questions and answers; many students may be simply putting in seat time while a few students answer the questions. Tell how meaningful engagement is different for each task.
Use the difference between airplane safety and an advanced chemistry class

16. Processing Strategy: 10:2 Theory
To reduce information loss, pause for two minutes at about ten minute intervals.
For every ten minutes or so of meaningful chunks of new information, students should be provided with two or so minutes to process the information.
Students can respond and discuss their current understanding in various ways.
This may look familiar-you have been engaging in 10:2 throughout this presentation.
Rowe, 1983

17. 10:2 Reflection Activity
Record on your 10:2 reflection sheet the key ideas you want to remember about active engagement.

18. Teacher Effectiveness Studies

19. Characteristics of Effective Classrooms
High levels of:
student cooperation
Task involvement
Success
Students need to be involved with the task presented before them and the overall difficulty level of the material being presented should allow for students to complete about 75% of the assignment successfully. When the teacher is not available to give support or feedback, a success rate of 95% is necessary.

20. Characteristics of Effective Teachers
Awareness of purpose
Task orientation
High expectations for students
Enthusiastic, clear, and direct
Lessons consistently well prepared
Students on task
Strong classroom management skills
Predictable routines
Systematic curriculum-based assessment to monitor student progress
A team of CIERA researchers led by Barbara Taylor and David Pearson examined which school and teacher factors were characteristic of the schools that were most effective in terms of student reading growth and achievement in the primary grades K-3. This was a qualitative study with 14 schools from four states participating.
Tableman, 2004

21. 10:2 Reflection Activity
Record on your 10:2 reflection sheet the key ideas you want to remember about the effectiveness studies.

22. Classroom Management

23. In order for active student engagement to occur, teachers need to develop effective classroom management routines.

24. Active Engagement and Classroom Management Studies
Successful managers integrate their classroom rules and procedures into their instruction systematically so that they become part of the curriculum and classroom environment.
Management Styles
Rules and Procedures
Coping with Constraints
Room Arrangement
Interruptions

25. Classroom Management Direct teaching of management routines:
Pre-Planning of Routines
Teaching Routines

26. Direct Teaching Pre-planning of management routines: Room arrangement
student seating
placement of materials
Whole and small group areas
Establishing rules and procedures
(ask 3 before me, etc.)
Clear expectations
Quick transitions (timer, music, chime, countdown)
Reduce teacher talk (hand signal, cue)

27. Direct Teaching Teaching Routines Systematically Modeling Practice
Review
Reinforce

28. Think-Pair-Share Activity
1. Take a moment and list the procedures you have used in your classroom.
2. Decide if they are Management or Instructional Routines.
3. Discuss with your neighbor how you taught these routines to your students.

29. 10:2 Reflection Activity
Record on your 10:2 reflection sheet the key ideas you want to remember about classroom management.

30. Instructional Planning

31. In order for active student engagement to occur, teachers need to plan instruction effectively.

32. Deep Knowledge of Curriculum
Five components of reading
Instructional content
Instructional design
Strategies
Routines
Sequence of Instruction
Assessments

33. Knowledge of Student Assessment Results
Assessments provide information for:
Initial placement or student screening
Progress monitoring throughout the year for whole group and small group instruction
Determining individual student needs
Formal assessment

34. Consistent Instructional Routines
Reliable and steady.
A customary or regular course of procedure.
Consistent routines allow students to become comfortable with the way instruction is taught so that they can concentrate on what is being taught.
Academic task lie on a continuum from well-structured (having a fixed sequence of sub-tasks leading to a single answer) to less-structured tasks requiring combined knowledge an applying strategies.

35. Focus on Instructional Objectives
What should students
know and be able to
Do (objective)?
3. How will I, and they,
know when they are
successful?
2. How does this lesson
objective fit into the
“big picture” of
instruction this year?
(Introduction of skill, review of skill,
introduction of skill at more
complex level)
4. What learning
experiences will
facilitate their success?
6. Based on data, how do
I refine the learning
experiences?
Collaborate with your grade level colleagues to share ideas, strategies, and resources. Plan lessons together keeping in mind the your own students needs.
5. What resources will I
Use?

36. Task Analysis Is the task valid and worthwhile?
Given a task to be accomplished, how do we get there?
What kinds of lessons and practices are needed if
key performances are to be mastered?
Is the task valid and worthwhile?
What are the skills, knowledge, and understanding that students need to have in order to be successful at moving toward mastery of the standard and completion of the task?
Which students have mastered which parts of which skills?
Design differentiated instruction which address the various levels of student understanding.
Handout

37. Anticipating Instructional Difficulties for Struggling Readers
Prevention vs. Intervention
Who may have difficulty with this objective?
How will I monitor learning?
What steps will I take to insure all students learn this objective?
Effective teachers anticipate common errors that students might make and spent time discussing these errors before the students make them. We want to foresee and prevent potential difficulties rather than provide intervention later. That includes a conscience effort to regulate the difficulty of the material being presented. For example, when Palincsar (1987) taught students to generate questions, the teacher first modeled how to generate questions about a single sentence. This was followed by class practice. Next, the teacher modeled and provided practice on asking questions after reading a paragraph. Finally, the teacher modeled and then the class practiced generating questions after reading an entire passage.

38. Examples of Anticipating Instructional Difficulties
A teacher anticipated the inappropriate questions that students might generate. The students read a paragraph followed by three questions on might ask about the paragraph. The students were asked to look at each example and decide whether or not that question was about the most important information in the paragraph. The students discussed whether each question was too narrow, too broad, or appropriate.
(Palincsar, 1987)
Students were taught specific rules to discriminate a question from a non-question, and a good question for a poor one. The teacher provided the following statements:
-A good question starts with a question word.
-A good question can be answered by the story.
-A good question asks about an important detail of the story.
(Cohen, 1983)
Think-Pair-Share: Review teaching scenario and discuss with left hand shoulder partner how the teachers were proactive rather than reactive in their instruction.
Handout & Activity

39. Group Alertness Definition:
Is what a teacher does to grab the attention of all the students in a group and keep it continuously focused on the learning activity.
Kounin

40. Examples of Group Alertness
Instead of telling students information, the teacher involves her students at every turn. As the students listen to the sounds in fan, they slid their hand from their shoulder to their elbow, then to their wrist and chorally chimed, /fff-aaa-nnn/. For rhymes, the students came up with the words themselves.
During making words activities, the students manipulated their own set of letters as the teacher coached, “Let’s do tub. Listen to the middle sounds. It’s not tab, it’s not tob. It’s /ttt-uuu-bbb/. You need a letter for /u/.
When the class couldn’t answer a question about how a character had changed, the teacher suggested that they search the book for a clue instead of telling them the answer.
Think-Pair-Share: Read teaching scenarios and discuss with partner what the qualities of group alertness are.
Handout 6 Activity 6

41. Work Smarter, Not Harder
Do not commit
“assumicide!”
(A. Archer)
A. Archer
Pre-lesson planning worksheet
Handout

42. 10:2 Reflection Activity
Record on your 10:2 reflection sheet the key ideas you want to remember about instructional planning.

43. Instructional Delivery

44. In order for active student engagement to occur, teachers need to delivery instruction effectively.

45. Active Engagement and Direct Instruction
Explicit and systematic teaching does not preclude the use
of active engagement strategies.
In fact, one of the most prominent features of
well delivered direct instruction is high levels
of active engagement on the part of all students.

46. Primary Components of Interactive Direct Instruction
Teacher - directed learning.
Teacher serves as the instructional leader for students, actively selecting and directing or leading the learning activities.
High levels of teacher-student interaction.
Students spend their time interacting with the teacher either individually or as part of a group as opposed to spending most of their time in independent study or seatwork.

47. Interactive Direct Instruction: Pattern of Teaching
Teacher checks previous day’s assignment.
Teacher selects instructional goals and materials, and structures the learning activities for high levels of student engagement.
Teacher actively teaches the process or concept through demonstrations and interactive discussions with students.
Teacher assesses student progress through follow-up questions and/or practice exercises in which students have the opportunity to demonstrate their acquisition of knowledge or skills.
Teacher provides immediate corrective feedback to student responses.
Provide independent student practice of skill.
Provide weekly and monthly reviews.
Handout

48. Zone of Proximal Development
Definitions:
The distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or collaboration with more capable peers.
Vygotsky
The area within which the student cannot proceed alone, but can proceed to learn when guided by a teacher or an expert peer who has demonstrated mastery of the skill.
Rosenshine & Meister

49. Zone of Proximal Development: Teacher’s Role
The teacher’s role is to assist the students in moving through the zone to become expert users of their new knowledge and skills.
With less-structured, higher –order tasks, cognitive strategies can be taught to students. Cognitive strategies are supports, prompts, and guides that a student can use when faced with higher-order cognitive tasks. They serve to support students as they develop internal procedures that enable them to perform higher-level operations. They are designed to bridge that gap-the zone of proximal development-between the current knowledge that students bring to a new task and the students’ need to acquire new knowledge that will enable their problem-solving capacity and move them from novice to expert. Cognitive strategies do not, in and of themselves, provide a direct route to the solution. What they do is facilitate reaching a successful conclusion to the task. Therefore, to assist students in moving through the zone effectively, the teacher needs to be available to scaffold students’ learning.

50. Scaffolding Definition:
Temporary devices and procedures used by teachers to support students as they learn strategies.
Scaffolding includes providing simplified problems, modeling of procedures, and thinking aloud by the teacher as he/she solves the problem. They may also include tools, or prompts, such as cue cards or checklists.

51. Scaffolding Learning Gradual Release of Responsibility Model
This graphic is based on work by Pearson and Gallagher (1983). In a later study, Fielding and Pearson (1994) identified four components of instruction that follow the path of the gradual release of responsibility model:
Teacher Modeling
Guided Practice
Independent Practice
Application.
Teacher Responsibility
Student Responsibility
C. Eisenhart

52. Tips for Effective Scaffolding
Anticipate student errors
Conduct teacher guided practice
Provide feedback
Recognize when it is appropriate to fade scaffolds
Conduct teacher guided practice: vary the context and difficulty of the task within the assignment.
Provide feedback: in various means-directly from the teacher, through peer consultations or expert model checklists.
Fading scaffolds: or withdraw prompts as students internalize the strategy. Teachers may also have students refer to prompts as needed, reducing the frequency of prompts or direct support.

53. Types of Scaffolding
Prompts: specific devices that can be employed for learning an overall cognitive strategy-something that students can refer to for assistance while working on the larger task. (graphic organizers, cue cards, checklists)
Think Alouds: teacher’s direct modeling of the strategy, including self-talk, that enables students to begin experiencing the strategy as a authentic set of behaviors/actions that can be learned to used to their advantage.
Teachers’ guided practice should include use of the prompt itself, as well as guiding students in the use of the overall cognitive strategy.

54. Processing Strategy: Tell-Help-Check
Tell: Partner 1 turns to partner 2 and recall information without using notes.
Help: Partner 2 listens carefully and asks questions and gives hints about missing or incorrect information.
Check: Both partners consult notes to confirm accuracy.
A. Archer

55. Tell-Help-Check Activity
Name the pattern of teaching for interactive direct instruction.

56. Wait Time
Slowing down the questioning pace can actually speed up the pace of learning.
Pause for 3-5 seconds before calling on students to answer questions and before responding to their answers.
Wait time during questioning results in:
Students asking more questions
An increase in student to student interaction
An increase in length and number of student responses
Contributions from struggling readers
A decreased need for management because all students are engaged
The teacher asking more higher level questions and follow-up questions

57. Corrective Feedback Activity
Share a time with your partner
when you received feedback.
What was the feedback?
Think-Pair-Share

58. Corrective Feedback is Crucial
One of the chief benefits of active engagement is that it allows us to give corrective feedback.
Characteristics of effective feedback:
Highly specific
Descriptive
Timely
Ongoing
Feedback is not praise, blame, approval, or disapproval. That is what evaluation is – placing value. Feedback is value neutral. It describes what you did and did not do in terms of your goal. (intent vs. effect)
That’s what feedback is. No praise, no blame. It just describes what you did and did not do in terms of your goal. Harvard Assessment Seminar-chief finding about the most effective courses at Harvard, as judged by the students and alums, was the importance of quick and detailed feedback. Students overwhelming reported that the single most important ingredient for making a course effective is getting a rapid response. A second major finding is that an overwhelming majority of students were convinced that their best learning takes place when they have a chance to submit an early version, get detailed feedback and then hand in a final revised version. Many students observed that their most memorable learning came from courses where such opportunities were routine policy.

59. The Feedback Link Correction can’t happen without feedback
Feedback can’t happen without monitoring
Monitoring can’t happen without student responses through active engagement

60. Conceptual Framework for Corrective Feedback
Explicit Instruction
-Skill taught in a direct manner
-“I do, we do, you do” procedure
-Corrective feedback
“I do, we do, you do” Procedure
-Teacher models skill
-Teacher responds with student
-Student responds on own
Student Demonstrates Understanding
Student Does Not Demonstrate Understanding
Application
-Firm up understanding by repeating the series of items preceding item and then item to provide repeated practice
-Delayed check: teacher checks group/student understanding on item at later time in lesson
Corrective Feedback
-Directed toward group of students
-Repeat “I do, we do, you do” procedure
-Firm up understanding by repeating the series of items preceding error and then error item to provide repeated practice
-Delayed check: teacher checks group/student understanding on error item at later time in lesson
Handout 5
Student Error on Delayed Check
-Teacher corrects error again
-Firm up understanding by repeating the series of items preceding error and then error item to provide repeated practice
-Teacher keeps track of student errors for reteaching and practice the next day
-Several delayed checks may be given during a lesson for repeated practice

61. Time on Task Allocated Time Engaged Time Academic Learning Time
Interruptions
Post-Lesson Plan Analysis
Handout

62. Perky Pace Instructional time variance Transitions Momentum
Pacing is an important factor influencing student learning. Pacing refers to the speed with which teachers move students through material to be learned. Effective teachers move students briskly from step to step, keeping the steps small and easily attainable. However, be sure to allow appropriate wait time when eliciting student responses. Effective teachers more often ask a question before calling for responses and lengthen wait time to 3 seconds.

63. Some Interesting Facts
Students are not attentive to what is being said in a lecture 40% of the time.
Students retain 70% of the information in the first ten minutes of a lecture but only 20% in the last ten minutes.
Meyer & Jones, 1993
Therefore, we need to make sure to engage students in active participation.

64. 10:2 Reflection Activity
Record on your 10:2 reflection sheet the key ideas you want to remember on instructional delivery.

65. Active Engagement Strategies

66. Examples of Active Engagement
Instead of telling students information, the teacher involves her students at every turn. As the students listen to the sounds in fan, they slid their hand from their shoulder to their elbow, then to their wrist and chorally chimed, /fff-aaa-nnn/. For rhymes, the students came up with the words themselves.
During making words activities, the students manipulated their own set of letters as the teacher coached, “Let’s do tub. Listen to the middle sounds. It’s not tab, it’s not tob. It’s /ttt-uuu-bbb/. You need a letter for /u/.
When the class couldn’t answer a question about how a character had changed, the teacher suggested that they search the book for a clue instead of telling them the answer.
Think-Pair-Share: Read teaching scenarios and discuss with partner what the qualities of group alertness are.
Handout & Activity

67. Types of Student Responses
Oral Group responses (choral)
-students are looking at teacher
-students are looking at their own text/paper
Oral Partner responses
-management: look-lean-whisper
-review content: tell-help-check
-brainstorm: think-pair-share
Oral Individual responses
-Have students share answers with partners, then call on a student.
-Ask a question, give silence signal, provide think time, then call on a student.
A. Archer

68. Types of Responses con’t
Individual responses (written)
-keep short
-turn paper/put pencil down to indicate completion
-graphic organizers
Physical responses
-act out
-hand signals/body movements
-response cards
A. Archer

69. Response Strategy: Signal Cards
A good place to start is with red, green, and yellow cards which have universal meaning.
Students can signal:
“Stop, I’m lost!” or “Slow down, I’m getting confused” or “Full steam ahead!”
One syllable, two syllables, three syllables
Short vowel sound, long vowel sound
Students signal their responses to questions, “If you think it is a ___, signal 1.” “If you think…”
Variation: Thumbs up, thumbs down
Whatever meanings you assign the cards, the possibilities are endless.

70. Processing Strategy: Clock Buddies
Students are given a graphic with slots for ten to twelve “appointments.”
At each slot, two students record each other’s name.
Whenever the teacher announces a time for students to process learning, a partnership is identified and students meet with their partner.
This sign in period takes about 4-5 min. and provides an efficient way for students to interact over weeks.

71. Phonemic Awareness Cognitive Strategy: Bead Counting
Purpose:
To assist students in blending and segmenting phonemes.
Process:
Make individual bead strings with six beads on a long cord.
String the beads on the cord and tie a knot at the end.
Call out a word card from a deck of word cards.
Have students use their bead counters to count the number of phonemes in the word.
Variation: Stack unifix cubes, use bingo chips with Elkonin Boxes,
Finger/body tapping, etc.
Lane & Pullen, 2004

72. m, s, e, d, t ee s d Phonics Cognitive Strategy: Word Pockets Purpose:
To assist students in word building.
Process:
Distribute word pockets and letter cards to students.
Use large pocket chart to model word building procedure.
Students build words using their letter cards and individual word
pockets.
Letter cards
m, s, e, d, t ee s d
Lane & Pullen, 2004

73. Fluency Cognitive Strategy: Choral Reading
Purpose:
To build reading fluency and maximize the amount of reading done per student.
Process:
The entire class reads one text completely and in unison.

74. Alternatives to Choral Reading
Refrain:
One student reads most of the text, and the whole group chimes in to read key segments chorally.
Line-a-Child:
Each student reads individually one or two lines of a text, usually from a rhyme or poem, and the whole group reads the final line or lines together.
Antiphonal Reading:
Divide the class into groups and assign a section of a text to each group. Then have one of the groups read its section while the rest of the class read other sections, usually in chorus or refrain.
Call and Response:
One student reads a line or two of a text and the rest of the class responds by repeating the lines or reading the next few lines or the refrain.
Rasinski, 2003

75. Vocabulary Cognitive Strategy: List-Group-Label
Purpose:
To active prior knowledge, stimulate thinking, and set a purpose for learning.
Process:
The students start with an array of words and work to group them and then label the categories.
Students discuss and compare their categories before reading and then confirm or revise their thoughts after reading.
Students share out their categories to the larger group.
The teacher may prepare the list of words for students to work with or give students the topic, have them brainstorm words that they associate with the topic, and work with that list.

76. Comprehension Cognitive Strategy: Anticipation Guide
Teacher prepares several declarative statements about a topic.
Before reading, students discuss the statements, agreeing or disagreeing with them and supporting their views with reasons.
The teacher remains a neutral facilitator; encouraging debate and asking probing questions that require students to think carefully about their views.
After reading, students discuss the statements again, revising their responses in light of what they learned.
Herber & Herber, 1993

77. Sample Anticipation Guide
Statement
Agree/
Disagree
Were you correct? Yes/No
Page Number
Evidence

78. Review Strategy: I Have the Question, Who Has the Answer?
Materials
Two sets of index cards, one set contains questions related to the learned skill, the second set contains the answers.
Hint: To keep students engaged, prepare more answer cards than question cards.
Process
Distribute answer cards to students.
Read one question card and say, “The question is ___ Who has the answer?”
All students check their answer cards to see if they have the correct answer or a possible one. If a student thinks he/she has an answer, she stands and reads the answer.
Fill in strategy matrix.

79. Active Engagement Teaching Strategies
Reciprocal Teaching (Palincsar & Brown, 1989)
Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) (Fuchs et al., 1997)
Classwide Peer Tutoring (CWPT) (Greenwood, Del quadri, & Hall, 1989)
Questioning the Author (QtA) (Beck et al., 1996)
Skim, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ3R)
Handout

80. 10:2 Reflection Activity
Record on your 10:2 reflection sheet the key ideas you want to remember on active engagement strategies.

81. In Summary
Studies on effective teachers have clearly established that interactive direct instruction is more effective in producing student achievement gains. Students learn best when the teacher is actively teaching and interacting with students.
(AFT, 2001)
Teacher knowledge and skill can make the difference between a student who is successful in school and one who is not.
(Ferguson, 1991)
What teachers know and can do makes the crucial difference in what children learn. Teaching is the most important element of successful learning.
(Darling-Hammond, L.)
Guthrie’s study of active engagement concluded that engaged readers from less educated families had higher achievement rates than disengaged readers from higher educated families. The results prove that active student engagement in reading needs to be a priority and key feature in reading instruction for all students.

82. Bibliography
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83. Bibliography
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85. Thank You
Evaluation form.