1. VI C. National and International Migration [See text, Chapter 7, pp
VI C. National and International Migration [See text, Chapter 7, pp and class notes for International Migration.]
ECON March

2. Agenda National Migration International Migration
Why do People Migrate
People’s Motivations
Underlying Forces
The Migratory Process
Varieties of migration
The “Harris-Todaro Model” of Migration
Is Internal Migration Desirable?
Policy Implications
International Migration

3. A. Why do People Migrate People’s Motivations :
Push factors: real income, security, opportunity:
Environmental factors (drought, land degradation, salinization
Population pressures on the land (excessive land fragmentation; land ownership patterns)
Political instability and civil conflict (e.g. Colombia)
Non-economic Factors: To break the bonds of traditional rural society
Pull factors:
Urban employment opportunities
Income possibilities
Urban amenities; water electricity modern housing s

4. A. Why do People Migrate Underlying Forces Structural Change
Technological Change
All factors affecting agriculture and rural development relative to urban development
All factors affecting the location of economic activity

6. B. The Migratory Process
Who Migrates?
Varieties of Migration
Rural to urban
Rural to rural
Urban to urban
Urban to rural?
Migratory
Commuting

7. Components of Migration in Selected Countries

8. C. The “Harris-Todaro Model” of Migration
Intuitive version or verbal version;
Migration is a rational decision
The decision depends on expected rather than actual wage differentials
The probability of obtaining a city job is inversely related to the urban unemployment rate
High rates of migration are outcomes of rural urban imbalances
Graphical version (on blackboard in class)

9. Figure 7.12 The Harris-Todaro Migration Model [See class notes and text pp. 340-342 for explanation]

10. Economic Implications of Migration
Accommodating structural change in an economy
Permitting shifts from low to higher productivity economic activities
Shifting of “surplus labour”
Relief of rural population pressures
Migrants are presumably better off and usually or else they would return if they were not
Socioeconomic costs on urban areas

11. D. Is Rural to Urban Migration Desirable?
From the perspective of the migrants?
B. From a societal perspective?

12. D. Is Rural to Urban Migration Desirable?
B. From a societal perspective?
The Positives
Surplus labour leaves the land;
Rural population pressures are relieved;
Structural change in the economy is made possible;
Higher productivity made possible in urban activities;
Higher incomes for migrants

13. D. Is Rural to Urban Migration Desirable?
B. From a societal perspective?
The Negatives:
Unemployment and underemployment in urban areas
Inundation of people into informal sector activities
Overcrowding & congestion;
Shanty-towns and inadequate housing;
Crime and social dysfunction?
Overburdened infrastructure
Increased taxes to accommodate new-comers
Higher costs of infrastructure as cities expand further
Environmental costs

14. D. Is Internal Migration Desirable? Cont’d:
Rural-to-urban migration was viewed positively until recently
The current view is that this migration is greater or more rapid than the urban areas’ abilities to
Create jobs
Provide social services
Therefore, slow down the migratory process in those countries where it is very rapid. HOW?

15. E. Policy Implications Slow down rural-urban migration. HOW?
Create a better urban-rural balance; Reduce “Urban Bias”
Eliminate all “biases” favouring large cities at the expense of small towns, rural areas and regions;
Eliminate factor price distortions that favour “capital” industry and urban areas;
Emphasize rural infrastructure
Promote rural and regional development
Expand small-scale, labor intensive industries in rural areas small towns and secondary cities;
Broaden the economic base of rural areas; Programs of integrated rural development should be encouraged to generate rural jobs and higher incomes;
Decentralize authority to cities, towns and neighborhoods;

16. F. Policy Implications Slow down rural-urban migration. HOW? Cont’d
Choose appropriate labor-intensive technologies of production where possible;
Modify carefully the linkage between education and employment;
Reduce population growth;
Urban job creation is insufficient for reducing urban unemployment;
Improve rural incomes and jobs as well
Urban wage subsidies can be counterproductive, merely inducing more migration and unemployment
Avoid “Induced Migration” by trying to create urban jobs while neglecting rural areas;

17. International Migration: [Not in text; see class notes]

18. International Migration: [Not in text; see class notes]
I. Varieties of International Migrants
Workers or Economic Migrants
Family Reunification
Refugee Movements
Temporary or Circulatory Migration
“Study-Abroad” Migration
International Adoptions
Illegal and Legal Migration
Trafficking in People
“Reverse Migration”

19. Some central facts re international migration:
214 million estimated international migrants,
3.1 per cent of the global population.2
In 2008, remittance flows are estimated at USD 444 billion worldwide, USD 338 billion of which went to developing countries.
5 20 to 30 million unauthorized migrants worldwide, comprising around 10 to 15 per cent of the world's immigrant stock.
6 26 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in at least 52 countries as a result of conflict.
7 In 2010, the global number of refugees reached an estimated 16 million
See International Organization for Migration:

20. II. Estimates of International Migrants by Region
Major Area
Number of International Migrants (Millions)
Percent of Total, 2005
Percent Female
2005
Africa
Asia
L. Am.
Northern America
Europe
Oceana 9% 28 3 23 34
47.4
44.7
50.3
50.4
53.4
51.3
World
100
49.6
Source: United Nations, Trends in Total Migration Stock, the 2005 Revision

25. Forces Generating International Migration

26. Who Wins, Who Loses, How and Why?
Gains and Losses;
Who Wins, Who Loses, How and Why?
The Migrants
The Receiving Country
The Home or Sending Country
Brain Drain and Brain Gain
Should Winners Compensate Losers?

28. Relevant Policies for Countries of Origin
VIII Policy Possibilities for Increasing the Global and Origin-Country Benefits
Can Emigres and International Diasporas become Pro-Developmental for their Countries of Origin?
Remittances;
Diaspora Development Initiatives?
Return Migration with New Skills, Financial Resources?
Would Global “Economic Convergence” Change the Situation?