1. 5.3 Orthogonal Transformations
This picture is from
knot theory

2. Recall

3. The transpose of a matrix
The transpose of a matrix is made by simply taking the columns and making them rows (and vice versa)
Example:

4. Properties of orthogonal matrices (Q)
An orthogonal matrix (probably better name would be orthonormal). Is a matrix such that each column vector is orthogonal to ever other column vector in the matrix. Each column in the matrix has length 1.
We created these matrices using the Gram – Schmidt process. We would now like to explore their properties.

5. Properties of Q
Note: Q is a notation to denote that some matrix A is orthogonal
QT Q = I (note: this is not normally true for QQT)
If Q is square, then QT = Q-1
The Columns of Q form an orthonormal basis of Rn
The transformation Qx=b preserves length (for every x entered in the equation the resulting b vector is the same length. (proof is in the book on page 211)
The transformation Q preserves orthogonality
(proof on next slide)

6. Orthogonal transformations preserve orthogonality
Why? If distances are preserved then an angle that is a right angle before the transformation must still be right triangle after the transformation due to the Pythagorean theorem.

7. Example 1
Is the rotation an orthogonal transformation?

8. Solution to Example 1
Yes, because the vectors are orthogonal

9. Orthogonal transformations and orthogonal bases
A linear transformation R from Rn to Rn is orthogonal if and only if the vectors form an orthonormal basis of Rn
An nxn matrix A is orthogonal if and only if its columns form an orthonormal bases of Rn

10. Problems 2 and 4
Which of the following matrices are orthogonal?

11. Solutions to 2 and 4

12. Properties of orthogonal matrices
The product AB of two orthogonal nxn matrices is orthogonal
The inverse A-1 of an orthogonal nxn matrix A is orthogonal
If we multiply an orthogonal matrix times a constant will the result be an orthogonal matrix? Why?

13. Problems 6,8 and 10
If A and B represent orthogonal matrices, which of the following are also orthogonal?
6. -B
8. A + B
10. B-1AB

14. Solutions to 6, 8 and 10
The product to two orthogonal matrices is orthogonal
The inverse of an orthogonal nxn matrix is orthogonal

15. Properties of the transpose

16. Symmetric Matrix A matrix is symmetric of AT = A
Symmetric matrices must be square.
The symmetric 2x2 matrices have the form:
If a AT = -A, then the matrix is called skew symmetric

17. Proof of transpose properties

18. Problems 14,16,18
If A and B are symmetric and B is invertible. Which of the following must be symmetric as well?
14. –B A + B

19. Solutions to 14,16,18

20. Problems 22 and 24
A and B are arbitrary nxn matrices. Which of the following must be symmetric?
22. BBT ATBA

21. Solutions to 22 and 24
ATBA

22. [ ] Problem 36 2/3 1/√2 a 2/3 -1/√2 b 1/3 0 c
[ ]
Find and orthogonal matrix of the form _
2/ /√ a
2/ /√ b
1/ c

23. Problem 36 Solution

24. Homework: p odd, all
A student was learning to work with Orthogonal Matrices (Q)
He asked his another student to help him learn to do operations with them:
Student 1: What is 7Q + 3Q?
Student 2: 10Q
Student 1: You’re Welcome
(Question: Is 10Q an orthogonal matrix?)

25. Proof – Q preserves orthogonality
See next slide for a picture

26. Orthogonal Transformations and Orthogonal matrices
A linear transformation T from Rn to Rn is called orthogonal if it preserves the lengths of vectors.
  ||T(x)|| = ||x|| 
If T(x) is an orthogonal transformation then we say that A is an orthonormal matrix.