1. SOUND

2. Vibrations & Waves & Sound
When things vibrate, they move the air and create sound waves
Music, talking, sirens, etc.

3. Sound Waves Sound waves begin as vibrations.
As an object vibrates forward it pushes air molecules together forming a compression and as it moves backward the air molecules are less dense creating a rarefraction.
As the vibrations continue they create a series of compressions and rarefractions in waves.
Sound waves are longitudinal: the air molecules virbate parallel (in the same direction) as the wave moves.

4. Characteristics of Sound Waves
Sound waves that can be heard by human ears are audible waves and have frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to Hz.
Sound waves below 20 Hz are called infrasonic; elephants can hear infrasonic waves.
Sound waves above Hz are called ultrasonic; dogs can hear ultrasonic waves.

5. Sound Waves
Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the frequency of sound the pitch.

6. Sound Waves

7. Characteristics of Sound Waves (cont’d.)
Pitch is the highness or lowness of sound; as frequency increases, pitch increases; as frequency decreases, pitch decreases.
Pitch and frequency are conversely proportional. Pitch cannot be measured but frequency can be measured (in Hertz)
Intensity-the rate at which energy is transferred from one air molecule to the next
Intensity decreases with distance-this is why the intensity of an echo is less than the intensity of the original sound

8. Characteristics of Sound Waves (cont’d.)
Speed of sound depends on:
Type of medium: sound travels faster in solids because the molecules are closer together, making it easier to “bump” each other.
Temperature (of gases): As temperature increases molecules are moving faster, colliding more often, therefore sound travels faster in high temperatures in gases. Temperature makes little difference in solids and liquids.

9. Sound Now consider your ear Nerves tell brain “sound!”
Eardrum vibrates

10. Speed of Sound Depends on the material of the vibrating medium
Sound can vibrate water, wood (speaker enclosures, pianos), metal, plastic, etc.
Faster in warm air, slower in cold
Water 4 times faster, steel 15 times faster

11. Wave Reflection
When a sound wave reflects from a surface we generate an echo
Wave reflection from surfaces depends on the characteristics of the surface
Smooth hard surfaces reflect best
Rough soft surfaces reflect poorly
Energy not reflected is absorbed or transmitted through the material

12. Wave Refraction
If there is a change in the characteristics of a medium, waves are bent
This occurs because different parts of the wave front travel at different speeds
Think of a marching around a curved track
The inside people have to move more slowly than the outside people to keep the lines straight

13. Wave Refraction

14. Natural Frequencies
Objects have “natural” frequencies based on their size and structure
Guitar strings are an example

15. Forced Vibrations Can externally impose a vibration on an object
Guitars and violins and pianos
Set the wood into motion at the frequency of the string
This provides a larger surface to interact with the air
Harp vs. Piano

16. Resonance
When the forced vibration matches a natural frequency we get a “resonance” condition
Think about a swing on a playground
You go high when you pump the swing at its natural vibration frequency

17. What is Resonance?
Many objects have a natural frequency – vibrates in a regular pattern.
Resonance occurs whenever a sound wave has the same frequency as the natural frequency of an object. The sound will cause the object with the same natural frequency to vibrate.

18. What is sound intensity?
Sound intensity is the energy that the sound wave possesses. The greater the intensity of sound the farther the sound will travel and the louder the sound will appear.
Loudness is very closely related to intensity. Loudness is the human perception of the sound intensity. The unit for loudness is decibels.

19. How is frequency related to pitch?
The pitch of a sound wave is directly related to frequency. A high-pitched sound has a high frequency (a screaming girl). A low-pitched sound has a low frequency (a fog-horn).

20. What is the Doppler Effect?
The Doppler Effect is the apparent change in frequency detected when the sound is moving relative to the hearer.
Video-Excellent example of Doppler Effect with car horn (26 seconds)
Video-A Motorcycle does the Doppler Effect (27 seconds)