1. What are we going to talk about today?
GENETICS!!!

2. Objectives
Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non-Mendelian inheritance (TEKS 6F)
Describe how Mendel studied inheritance in peas
Summarize Mendel’s conclusion about inheritance
Explain the principle of dominance
Describe what happens during segregation

3. Mendel and Genetics What is genetics?
Genetics is the scientific study of heredity.
Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Who is Mendel?
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. His work was important to the understanding of heredity.
Mendel carried out his work with ordinary garden peas.
Mendel is often referred to as the “Father of Modern Genetics”

4. Mendel’s Experiment Mendel knew that
the male part of each flower produces pollen, (containing sperm).
the female part of the flower produces egg cells.
During sexual reproduction, sperm and egg cells join in a process called fertilization.
Fertilization produces a new cell.
Pea flowers are self-pollinating.
This means the pea plants Mendel used were true-breeding.
They pollinate themselves producing identical offspring to themselves.

5. Tall x Tall = True-breeding
Types of Plants
1. True-Breeding - these plants always create plants that look like themselves
2. Hybrids – offspring of true-breeding plants
Tall x Tall = True-breeding
Tall x Short = Hybrid

6. Mendel’s Experiment
Mendel decided to study seven pea plant traits, each with two contrasting characteristics (i.e. Tall vs short).
A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.
Mendel cross-pollinated a true-breeding plant with one trait to another true-breeding plant with a contrasting trait.
The offspring produced was a monohybrid, which he then studied
mono = one

7. Mendel’s Experiment
Each original pair of plants is the P (parental) generation.
The offspring are called the F1, or “first filial,” generation.

8. Objectives
Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non-Mendelian inheritance (TEKS 6F)
Describe how Mendel studied inheritance in peas
Summarize Mendel’s conclusion about inheritance
Explain the principle of dominance
Describe what happens during segregation

9. Mendel’s Conclusions Mendel's first conclusion :
biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next.
Today, scientists call the factors that determine traits genes.
Each of the traits (genes) Mendel studied was controlled by one gene that occurred in two contrasting forms that produced different characteristics for each trait (i.e. Tall vs short).
The different forms of a gene are called alleles.

10. For example: The gene for “purple flowers” has two alleles
For example: The gene for “purple flowers” has two alleles. One allele from the father and one allele from the mother: PP or Pp would be the alleles for a purple flower
Therefore, a gene (or trait) is made up of at least two alleles. One allele from each parent.

11. Objectives
Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non-Mendelian inheritance (TEKS 6F)
Describe how Mendel studied inheritance in peas
Summarize Mendel’s conclusion about inheritance
Explain the principle of dominance
Describe what happens during segregation

12. Mendel’s Conclusions Mendel’s second conclusion:
The principle of dominance
The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. .
Round is dominant because it is the only trait that showed up in the F1 generation
What other traits are dominant?
Which are recessive?

13. Objectives
Predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non-Mendelian inheritance (TEKS 6F)
Describe how Mendel studied inheritance in peas
Summarize Mendel’s conclusion about inheritance
Explain the principle of dominance
Describe what happens during segregation

14. Segregation
Example:
Mendel wanted the answer to another question: Had the recessive alleles disappeared, or were they still present in the F1plants?
To answer this question, he allowed all seven kinds of F1 hybrid plants to produce an F2 (second filial) generation by self-pollination.
Basically, he crossed the F1 generation with itself to produce the F2 offspring

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Segregation
Mendel's F2 Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
P Generation
When Mendel allowed the F1 plants to reproduce by self-pollination, the traits controlled by recessive alleles reappeared in about one fourth of the F2 plants in each cross.
Tall
Short
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Tall
Short
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Segregation
The reappearance of the trait controlled by the recessive allele indicated that at some point the recessive allele (shortness) had been separated, or segregated, from the dominant allele (tallness).
Mendel suggested that the dominant and recessive alleles (tallness and shortness) in the F1 plants segregated from each other during the formation of the sex cells, or gametes.

17. Segregation
When a parent makes sperm or eggs, their genes separate         (PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION)
In the F1 generation, the gametes (egg or sperm) contain either a T allele (tall) or a t allele (short)

18. Segregation
Alleles separate during gamete formation.

19. One last thing…
GENOTYPE  -  what genes (alleles) the organism has (TT, Tt, tt)
PHENOTYPE   - what it looks like (tall or short)