1. Renewable energy & water UK experience good and bad Ecoweek 17/3/10
Brian Mark, Technical Director 1

2. To help understand my view
International consulting engineers
Founding member of UKGBC
Steering groups of CSH, Zero Carbon Hub, UKGBC/ZCH, Sustainable Community Infrastructure Report
Author of energy content of CABE Sustainable Cities Web site, Eco-towns design reviewer
Member of Renewables Advisory Board
Energy/sustainability strategists for nearly 100,000 future UK homes
Learning to be planners as Energy has entered the UK spatial planning system

3. A HISTORY OF FULCRUM DESIGNS
Continued, controlled, innovation…..

4. BUILDING REGULATIONS TRAJECTORY….
THE UK TIMETABLE TO ZERO CARBON
Government’s timeline:
Dwellings: 2016
Education buildings: 2016
Government buildings: 2018
All other: 2019
Zero Carbon taskforces: reinforcing the need for step change
Zero Carbon Hub: engaging industry
PPS1 Supplement: Sets out measures for how new developments should support climate change mitigation and adaptation, contribute to reducing carbon emissions within the built environment whilst also meeting community needs for economic and housing development. Emphasis on Local & Regional Authorities to develop and adjust planning policies to ensure that new developments meet the PPS objectives. This will involve review of Regional Spatial Strategies (RSS) and Development Plan Documents (DPD) to incorporate the requirements. Obligation on LAs to implement independent strategies, assessments and reviews, including obtaining an evidence-based understanding of local opportunities for renewable and low-carbon sources of energy supply and where supporting infrastructure might be required to aid the realisation of these opportunities
PPS1: “Development plan policies... should seek to promote and encourage, rather than restrict, the use of renewable resources (for example, by the development of renewable energy). Regional planning authorities and local authorities should promote resource and energy efficient buildings; community heating schemes, the use of combined heat and power, small scale renewable and low carbon energy schemes in developments…”
PPS22:Local planning authorities may include policies in local development documents that require a percentage of the energy to be used in new residential, commercial or industrial developments to come from on-site renewable energy developments Such policies:
(i) should ensure that requirement to generate on-site renewable energy is only applied
to developments where the installation of renewable energy generation equipment is viable given the type of development proposed, its location, and design;
(ii) should not be framed in such a way as to place an undue burden on developers, for example, by specifying that all energy to be used in a development should come from on-site renewable generation.”

5. SOME DRIVERS THAT CAN’T BE IGNORED BECAUSE THEY ARE LINKED TO BINDING TARGETS
The UK Climate Change Act - 80% CO2 reduction by 2050
The Renewables Obligation, the EU 2020 Directive – 15% renewable UK energy by 2020 (<2% now) Greece?
The Dec 2008 EU Waste Directive (to become the 2010 UK Waste Strategy) – Possibly tough reuse targets, W2E only counting when efficient (60% for existing, 65% for new plant) THIS NEEDS CHP or equivalent efficiency conversion, what will Greece do?
PPS1 and the Planning and Climate Change Supplement – Plan only for sustainable development that reduces climate change (mitigation) and survives it when it happens (adaptation). Combined with PPS22 in new consultation PPS from 8/3/10
Present responsibility for evidence based local studies to identify opportunities for additional renewable energy and decentralised energy generation strengthened along with need to adapt Core Strategy to maximise uptake

6. DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON CHANGES WITH VIABILITY TESTS – EU EPBD2 MAY IMPOSE THE SAME JOURNEY ON GREECE
CURRENT REQUIREMENTS
Net carbon dioxide emissions resulting from
ALL energy used in the dwelling are zero or better
Requires ALL renewable energy to be
generated on-site or delivered via Private Wire
PROPOSED REQUIREMENTS
Hierarchical approach requiring:
High-levels of energy efficiency (39 or 46 Kwh/m2)
Mandatory level of on-site carbon mitigation
(including district heating) but Citiworks EU Judgement?
“Allowable solutions” for dealing with the
remaining emissions

7. NOT MANY URBAN MICROGENERATION OPTIONS
Solar Thermal
High UK £ /Kg CO2 saved because of complexity. The simple Greek systems work very well
Ground Source Cooling / Heating
On balance in the UK it’s a good idea. In Greece use
stored winter or dry period adiabatic cooling in summer
to allow heat pump efficiency to count towards 2020
Wind Turbines
Not enough urban wind, Go large!!
Photovoltaic Cells
Insufficient money without FiT or roof on high density development - beware dust
Biomass/Waste
Central rather than small plant for better audit/control of emissions, should it be for transport anyway?

8. What a bed flat would have needed excluding wind if the UK definition of zero carbon construction had not evolved beware EU EPBD2 !
48 m2 polycrystalline PV panel or
38 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel or
30 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating and hot water or
26 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating only + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel or
23 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + biomass boiler

9. ENERGY HIERARCHY REQUIRED BY GLA PLANNING SYSTEM FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT
ENERGY HIERARCHY APPROACH TO OPTIMISE CO2 SAVING
Energy use and CO2 reductions to
be achieved through the waste
minimisation cost/benefit hierarchy
defined as:
Demand reduction (Lean)
Efficient provision of services (Clean)
Application of 20% renewable energy (Green)
Green roofs for adaptation response

10. Copyright of Fulcrum Consulting
HOUSING SCENARIOS
Best fit solution depends on density
Independent
Hybrid
Hub
Independent Approach
Independent/ Community Approach
Community Approach
Energy Centre
Energy Centre
Copyright of Fulcrum Consulting
Biomass Boiler
Ground Storage System
All buildings treated separately – meeting CO2 targets via integrated systems
A hybrid approach with energy centres and standalone building systems in combination
Buildings linked to energy centres via community - scale infrastructure

11. Hierarchical Approach
CONSULTATION: DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON HOMES AND NON DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
Allowable solutions
Hierarchical Approach
Carbon compliance beyond the minimum standards up to 100% of total energy
Energy efficient appliances or advanced controls systems
Exporting LZC heat/cooling to existing properties
Section 106 Planning Obligations
Retrofitting EE measures to existing stock
Investment in LZC energy infrastructure (within UK and with ‘benefits of ownership’ passed to purchaser)
Off-site renewable electricity via ‘direct physical connection’
Any other measures that Government might announce as eligible i.e. CARBON FUNDS
Energy efficiency
‘Carbon compliance’
‘Allowable solutions’

12. Past, present and future
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Past, present and future
UK Renewables Obligation target (20% in the grid by 2020) 5.6% now, should have been about 9%
For the EU 2020 RE Directive the grid will need to be at least 30% renewable, more if EU Biofuels Directive rescinded!
The UK now has to import gas i.e. making our own future energy is a strategic concern
Built environment has a sector delivery target driven through both Building Regulations and Planning

13. CHP Can also generate cooling via tri-generation
LOW CARBON ENERGY , COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP)
Local electricity generation that makes use of the waste heat
CHP Can also generate cooling via tri-generation
Combined heat and power is the generation of thermal and electrical energy in a single process. In this way, optimum use can be made of the energy available from the fuel. CHP installations can convert up to 90% of the energy in the fuel into electrical power and useful heat. This compares very favourably with conventional power generation which has a delivered energy efficiency of around 30-45%.

14. SO WHAT TO DO? A POSSIBLE CLUE … City scale CHP
… Copenhagen and virtually everywhere else in developed Europe/Scandinavia with modern exemplary sustainable communities (Malmo, Freiburg etc)
One of largest retrofitted communal energy systems in the World
Heating 50 million M2 of built area
Connects four CHP plants, four waste incinerators and more than 50 peak load boiler plants to more than 20 distribution companies in one pool-operated system
Total heat production of around 30,000 TJ.

15. FOLLOW THE SCANDINAVIAN MODEL :- UK BIOENERGY CONTRIBUTION IN 2020
RE Strategy projection for 2020
RAB Projection for 2020
238 TWh renewables
111 TWh bioenergy (46%)
250 TWh renewables
126 TWh bioenergy (50%)
Electricity
Transport
Transport
Electricity
11%
20%
18%
19%
Offshore
wind
Heat
19%
Offshore
wind
15%
13%
22%
Heat
14%
11%
15%
Onshore
wind
13% 6%
Other 4%
Other
Onshore
wind
Other
Other

16. Data are the energy content
FUEL TO MEET 2020 SUSTAINABLY:- WASTE WHILE EU DERIVES STANDARDS
Data are the energy content
of the fuels
Waste wood
Garden / plant waste 2%
Requirement = 575 PJ
UK biowaste = ~270 PJ (32 million tonnes)
17% 4%
Paper and card
Cereal straw
53% 8%
Imports
and
Energy Crops
Forestry residues,
sawmill wastes etc 6% 3%
Poultry manure
17 million tonnes 1%
Sewage sludge 5%
Wet wastes

17. Waste to Energy Technologies
Incineration based- has to have good quality emissions under the EU Waste Incineration Directive: no known health problem from compliant W2E plant
Gasification- partial combustion at aprox 650oC with limited air availability to drive off volatile gasses: difficult to control and can therefore be wasteful and innefficient
Pyrolysis- heating in the absence of air at aprox 950oC can reform hydrocarbons (plastics) or carbohydrates (biomass) into methane or hydrogen
Lignocellulosic hydrolysis- an old technology known as 2nd generation biofuel production capable of capturing waste heat and converting waste fibrous biomass into bioethanol for transport use (1 tonne of waste fibre can be converted to 300L of bioethanol

18. STRATEGY FOR BIOMASS IN THE UK
Maximum use of waste materials in the biomass supply; AD, gasification and pyrolysis open new uses for waste
Maximum use of indigenous biomass supply; 2nd and 3rd generation technologies, leading to increased use in aviation biofuel, biocomposites and renewable chemicals
RO banding Review, RHI, Revised RTFO
Energy from Waste Policy, Revised Planning Guidance, RED sustainability implementation, Biomass sustainability criteria, Bioenergy in Transport Strategy, Fuel Quality accreditation
Taken from DECC Presentation for the Renewables Advisory Board 25 January 2010

19. URBAN HEAT NETWORKS AND ATES
Many cities demonstrate simultaneous heat demand from
some buildings and heat excess in others

20. AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (ATES)

21. Urban heat efficiency, don’t make climate change even more dangerous

22. Integrated Water and Waste Management must consider:-
Reduction of water consumption
Re-use options, with different scales & issues
Rainwater Harvesting
Greywater Harvesting
Groundwater abstraction
Sewage treatment is organic waste treatment, use anaerobic digestion for energy advantage before converting to CO2 and cleaner water by composting
Wet landscaping
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)

23. Reduction of water consumption
In UK 165L/person now- future target of 125
In UK Code for Sustainable Homes requires Levels 1&2 :125L, 3&4 :105L, 5&6 80L
105L/person achievable with use minimisation techniques, 80L/person requires greywater recycling or rainwater harvesting
No government appetite for regional water use targets, Wales at 2.0 m/yr rainfall and low development has the same target as London with 0.75 m/yr and major growth

24. Greywater Recycling
Indevidual recycling units require constant maintenance or filters block, unit reverts to mains use and no water is saved
Users often do not alert the need for maintenance as they prefer the “look” of non recycled water
Individual units use bromine for disinfection – is this good for municipal biological treatment of waste water in the long term when we have only just worked out that chlorine is bad?
Needs spoil excavated and disposed of for the underground receiver tank, a new pipework system, pumps, controls etc- is this good if lack of water is not a regional sustainability concern?
In Greece water stress is a much more prevailing issue than in the UK but a communal non potable water supply would be a better answer, similarly indevidual rainwater storage would suffer problems with water quality deterioration due to higher mean temperatures during the low rainfall seasons and a centralised approach (as probably already exists) may well be best

25. Wet landscaping is the best Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS)
Return the rivers to their original function, controlling flooding, enabling wetland ecosystems, nutrient and fresh water recycling before rivers pollute and damage the sea- Marine Dead Zones!!

26. The End Brian Mark, Technical Director Mott MacDonald Fulcrum