1. WHAT IS THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

2. OBJ
ODA
Straight Line? Not always
Route Planning Considerations
Rate of travel
Special equipment
Special training
Distance / Time / Energy spent

3. SPECIAL FORCES QUALIFICATION COURSE PHASE 1A
BASIC LAND NAVIGATION
SSG. Scott

4. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions.

5. CLASSROOM CONDUCT If you have a question… ask it.
If you feel sleepy, stand up.
No tobacco of any kind (SWC policy).
Can drink.
Wait till break to use bathroom.

6. MARGINAL INFORMATION AND TOPOGRAPHICAL SYMBOLS

7. OBJECTIVE
Action: Use marginal information to determine technical specifications about the map and to identify features on the map.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 scale military map.
Standard: IAW FM 21-26

8. REFERENCES
FM MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

9. REASONS
The instructions for any particular map sheet are located in the upper and lower margins of a map. All military maps are not the same, therefore, these instructions must be read each time a different map sheet is used.

10. AGENDA Locate key marginal information on a military map.
Identify the five different colors used on a map and state what they represent.

11. SHEET NAME
Sheet Name is located in two places. Center of upper margin. Left side of lower margin.
Usually named for its outstanding cultural or geographic feature.

12. SHEET NUMBER Located in the upper right margin.
Used as a reference number for that map sheet.

13. SERIES NAME
Located in the upper left margin along with the scale.

14. SERIES NUMBER
Located in the upper right margin and the lower left margin.

15. EDITION NUMBER Located in the upper margin and the lower left margin.
Represents the age of the map in relation to other editions.

16. BAR SCALES Located in the center of the lower margin. They are rulers.
Used to convert map distance to ground distance.

17. ADJOINING SHEET DIAGRAM
Location varies with scale sizes.
All military maps contain a diagram which illustrates the adjoining sheets.

18. INDEX TO BOUNDARIES Located in different places on different maps.
Shows the boundaries which occur within the map area.

19. GRID NOTE Located in the center of the lower margin.
Gives information about the grid system used, the interval of grid lines, and the number of digits omitted from grid values.

20. PROJECTION NOTE Located in the lower margin.
This projection system is the framework of the map.

21. GRID REFERENCE BOX Located in the center of the lower margin.
Contains the instructions for composing a grid reference.

22. VERTICAL DATUM NOTE Located in the center of the lower margin.
Designates the basis for all vertical control stations, contours, and elevations.

23. HORIZONTAL DATUM NOTE Located in the center of the lower margin.
Indicates the basis for all horizontal control stations.

24. LEGEND Located in the lower left margin.
Illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used.

25. DECLINATION DIAGRAM Located in the lower margin.
Indicates the angular relationships of the true, grid, and magnetic north.

26. USER’S NOTE Located in the center of the lower margin.
Requests cooperation in correcting errors or omissions.

27. UNIT IMPRINT Located in the lower left margin.
Identifies the agency that printed the map and the printing date.

28. CONTOUR INTERVAL
Located in the center of the lower margin.

29. SPECIAL NOTES AND SCALES
Various locations.
Under certain conditions, special notes or scales may be added to the marginal information to aid the map reader.

30. CLASSIFICATION Located in the center of the upper and lower margins.
Certain maps require a note indicating the security classification.

31. STOCK NUMBER IDENTIFICATION
Located in the lower left margin.
All military maps published by the Corps of Engineers have stock identifications.
Used when requisitioning map supplies.

32. a Where is the sheet name found? Top center and lower left margin.
Where is the contour interval found?
Center of the lower margin.
Where is the declination diagram found?
Lower margin.
Where is the elevation guide found?
Lower right.

33. TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
Black
Blue
Green
Brown
Red

34. BLACK Used to indicate cultural or man-made features.
Buildings, roads, spot elevations.

35. BLUE Used to indicate water features.
Ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, intermittent streams.

36. GREEN
Used to indicate vegetation.
Woods, orchards, vineyards.

37. BROWN
Used to indicate surface features.
Contour lines.

38. RED Used to indicate type or use of man-made features.
Main roads and built up population areas.

39. QUESTIONS

40. OBJECTIVE
Action: Use marginal information to determine technical specifications about the map and to identify features on the map.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 scale military map.
Standard: IAW FM 21-26

41. AGENDA Locate key marginal information on a military map.
Identify the five different colors used on a map and state what they represent.

42. REVIEW Where is the grid reference box found?
Located in the center of the lower margin.
Where is the contour interval found?
Where is the declination diagram found?
Located in the lower margin.

43. REVIEW What does black indicate? Cultural or man-made features.
What does blue indicate?
Water features.
What does green indicate?
Vegetation.
What does brown indicate?
Contour lines.
What does red indicate?
Main roads, built-up areas.

44. REASONS To aid you in finding necessary information on the map sheet.
To aid you in interpreting symbols and colors on a military map.

45. BREAK

46. MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM

47. OBJECTIVE
Action: Determine an 8-digit grid coordinate within 10 meters, including the grid zone designator and 100,000 meter square.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 military scale map, protractor, pencil, and an unknown point.
Standard: Within two minutes.

48. REFERENCE FM 21-26 - Map Reading and Land Navigation Chapter #4
Pages 4-1 through 4-18

49. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

50. AGENDA Explain Military Grid Reference System.
Determine Grid Zone Designator.
Determine 100,000 Square Identifier.
Determine a grid coordinate.

51. GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
PRIME
MERIDIAN W E
EQUATOR S

52. UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC GRID (UPS)
Letters: A, B, Y, and Z used.
Each polar area is divided into two zones separated by the meridian.

53. UPS GRID ZONE DESIGNATORw
Y Z
A B
180
SOUTH POLE
NORTH POLE E
18 0
Z Y
B A
SOUTH POLE
NORTH POLE E W

54. UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)
Designed to cover a part of the world between latitude 84`N and latitude 80`S
Consist of 60 zones
Area cover
by UTM grid system

55. UTM GRID cont.
Each zone is 6 degrees wide by 8 degrees high and 6 degrees wide by 12 degrees high.
Zones are numbered from west to east, 1-60, starting at the 180 degree meridian.
This surface is divided into 20 east-west rows in which 19 rows are 6 degrees wide, 8 degrees high, and 1 row in the extreme north is 6 degrees wide, 12 degrees high.

56. UTM GRID cont.
These rows are then lettered from S-N, C through X (letters O and I omitted).
Any 6 degree by 8 degree, or 6 degree by 12 degree zone can be identified by giving the number and letter of the grid zone and row in which it lies.
Read right then up.
This combination of zone number and row letter constitutes the grid zone designation.

57. UTM GRID ZONE DESIGNATION (17S)X S R UP E
RIGHT D 4 5 16 17 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 C 1 2 3
180`
174`
168`
162`
180`
162`
168`
174`

58. 100,000-METER SQUARE IDENTIFIER
Between 84 degrees N and 80 degrees S, each zone is covered by 100,000-meter square that is identified by the combination of two alphabetical letters.

59. UTM GRID ZONE 6 17S 8 180 174 168 162 156 100,000-METER SQUARE U R T T
WIDE
17S U R T Q T 8
HIGH S UP R
P R S Q
RIGHT P
OR 6 WIDE BY 12 HIGH
180
174
168
162
156 N

60. 100,000-METER SQUARE IDENTIFIER cont.6
WIDE
17S
PU RU SU U R T Q T
PR RR SR 8
HIGH S
PT RT ST UP R
PQ RQ SQ
P R S Q
RIGHT P
180
174
168
162
156 O

61. 100,000-METER SQUARE IDENTIFIER cont.
First letter is the column designation.
Second letter is the row designation.
100,000-meter square identification letters are located in the grid reference box in marginal information on the map.

62. GRID ZONE DESIGNATION AND 100,000 METER SQUARE
IDENTIFICATION (17SPU)
84`
96`
90` TU XU GN PU YP CN BN TN GT
17S XN YN
16W BT CT TM XM CS GS YM BS TL XL GR YL CR BR TK XK GQ PK BQ CQ TJ CP GP XJ YJ BP

63. GRID COORDINATE SCALE Divides a grid square more accurately.
Designed to plot grid coordinates.
GTA (1993)

64. GRID COORDINATE SCALE
1:50 scale subdivides the 1,000-meter grid block into 10 major sub-divisions.
Each equal to 100 meters.
Each 100 meter block is divided in half, equal to 50 meters.

65. GRID COORDINATE SCALE cont.
1:25,000-scale subdivides the 1,000-meter grid block into 10 major sub-divisions.
Each equal to 100 meters.
Each 100-meter block has five graduations, each equal to 20 meters.

66. READING COORDINATE SCALE
Place zero index line at lower left corner of grid square.
Keep scale on lower horizontal grid line.
Slide it right until the point for which the coordinates are desired, touches the edge of the scale.

68. READING COORDINATE SCALE cont.
Ensure that one side of the scale is horizontally aligned with the east-west grid line and that the other side of the scale is vertically parallel with the north-south grid line.
Read right, then up.

69. READING COORDINATE SCALE cont.
The precision of a reference point is shown by the number of digits in the coordinate.
4 digit – 1,000 meter square
6 digit – nearest 100 meter
8 digit – nearest 10 meter
10 digit – nearest 1 meter

70. RECORD COORDINATES IN SEQUENCE
Grid Zone Designation
100,000-meter square identification
Complete east and north coordinates
Read right, then up.

71. RECORD COORDINATE IN SEQUENCE cont.PU
100,000-M
SQUARE
IDENTIFICATION
EIGHT DIGIT GRID
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION
17SPU

72. PRACTICAL EXERCISE
What is the 8 digit grid for the only building located in grid square 17SPU 23 78?
17SPU
What is the 8 digit grid for the church in grid 17SPU 32 84?
17SPU
What is located at 17SPU ?
A school

73. PRACTICAL EXERCISE cont.
What is the 8 digit grid for BM in grid 17SPU 33 84?
17SPU
What is located at 17SPU ?
A mine
Where are you standing if you are at grid 17SPU ?
A six-way intersection

74. QUESTIONS

75. OBJECTIVE
Action: Determine an 8-digit grid coordinate within 10 meters, including the grid zone designator and 100,000 meter square.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 military scale map, protractor, pencil, and an unknown point.
Standard: Within two minutes.

76. AGENDA Explain Military Grid Reference System.
Determine Grid Zone Designator.
Determine 100,000 Square Identifier.
Determine a grid coordinate.

77. REVIEW
The Military Grid Reference System is divided into two parts, what are they?
UPS and UTM
Where are the GEO coordinates taken from?
Prime Meridian, Equator, and Reference Lines
The UTM is divided into how many zones?
60 zones
The UPS is divided into how many zones?
4 zones

78. REVIEW cont. What letters are used to identify the polar areas?
A, B, Y, and Z

79. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

80. BREAK

81. DIRECTION AND AZIMUTH

82. OBJECTIVE
Action: Express an azimuth and back azimuth, convert a grid/magnetic azimuth, state a direction as a unit of angular measurement, determine a grid azimuth, and plot directions.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 military scale map, protractor, and pencil.
Standard: IAW 21-26

83. REFERENCE
FM Map Reading and Land Navigation

84. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

85. AGENDA Express an azimuth and back azimuth.
Convert a grid and/or magnetic azimuth.
State a direction as a unit of angular measurement.
Determine a grid azimuth.
Plot directions on a military map.

86. ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
Degrees
Mils

87. DEGREES Most commonly used unit of measurement.
Sub-divided into minutes and seconds.
360 degrees in a complete circle.

88. EXPRESSING DIRECTION Start point. Point of reference.
These two points designate a base line or reference line.

89. BASELINES OR REFERENCES
Magnetic North
Grid North
True North

90. MAGNETIC NORTH Direction to the north magnetic pole.
Indicated by magnetic instrument.
Symbolized by a half arrow.

91. GRID NORTH Established by vertical grid lines on a map.
Symbolized by the letters GN.

92. TRUE NORTH
Line from any position on the earth’s surface to the North Pole.
All lines of Longitude are True North lines.
Symbolized by a star.

93. AZIMUTHS
An azimuth is a horizontal angle measured in a clock-wise manner from a north baseline.

94. BACK AZIMUTH
Reverse direction of an azimuth and is comparable to an about-face.
If the azimuth is more than 180 degrees, subtract 180.
If the azimuth is less than 180 degrees, add 180.

95. CONVERT TO BACK AZIMUTHS
84 degrees
172 degrees
263 degrees
356 degrees
264 degrees
352 degrees
83 degrees
176 degrees

96. DECLINATION DIAGRAM The declination diagram is located on most maps.
Declination is the angular difference between True North and either Magnetic or Grid North.
The two types of declinations are: Magnetic and Grid.

97. GRID-MAGNETIC ANGLE (G-M ANGLE)
An arc indicated by a dashed line.
Connects the grid and magnetic north prongs or baselines.
Labeled with size of angle and year it was prepared.
Where is the G-M Angle located on your map?
What is the G-M Angle on your map?

98. CONVERTING AZIMUTHS
Look at your Declination Diagram and read it !

99. G-M ANGLE Convert the following using the G-M Angle on your map.
45 degrees MAG
240 degrees MAG
359 degrees GRID
5 degrees Grid
37 degrees GRID
232 degrees GRID
7 degrees MAG
13 degrees MAG

100. PLOTTING DIRECTION B A E C F D

101. PLOTTING DIRECTIONS cont.
Place Start Point on the map.
Place End Point on the map.
A line connecting the two points.
Place the center of the protractor over the start point.
Make sure the protractor is aligned correctly.
Read your grid azimuth.
Convert grid to magnetic.
Move out !

102. MOST COMMON MISTAKE
The most common cause of failure while land navigating is improper plotting.
Plot once and erase it.
Re-read and re-plot, two more times.
When you have the same plot three times, you know you are correctly plotted.

103. PRACTICAL EXERCISE Start Point: 17SPU 2146 9619
End Point: 17SPU
What are the Grid and Magnetic azimuths?
Grid – 206 degrees
Magnetic – 214 degrees

104. PRACTICAL EXERCISE cont.
Start Point: 17SPU
End Point: 17SPU
What is the azimuth you are going to walk with your compass?
007 degrees MAG

105. PRACTICAL EXERCISE cont.
Start Point: 17SPU
End Point: 17SPU
What is the azimuth you are going to walk with your compass?
278 degrees MAG

106. QUESTIONS

107. OBJECTIVE
Action: Express an azimuth and back azimuth, convert a grid/magnetic azimuth, state a direction as a unit of angular measurement, determine a grid azimuth, and plot directions.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 military scale map, protractor, and pencil.
Standard: IAW 21-26

108. AGENDA Express an azimuth and back azimuth.
Convert a grid and/or magnetic azimuth.
State a direction as a unit of angular measurement.
Determine a grid azimuth.
Plot directions on a military map.

109. REVIEW WHAT IS THE GM ANGLE ON YOUR MAP 8 DEGREES
TO CONVERT A MAGNETIC TO A GRID AZIMUTH WHAT DO YOU DO
SUBTRACT THE GM ANGLE

110. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

111. BREAK

112. INTERSECTION AND RESECTION

113. OBJECTIVE Action: Locate an unknown point within 50 meters.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 scale military map, protractor, straightedge, and a pencil.
Standard: IAW

114. REFERENCES
FM MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

115. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

116. AGENDA map and compass method of intersection
straightedge method of intersection
polar plot method
modified resection.

117. INTERSECTION
Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying two points and sighting on the unknown position.

118. ORIENT THE MAP
Can be done two ways.
Map method.
Compass method.

119. MAP METHOD EXAMPLE

120. COMPASS MEHTOD EXAMPLE

121. MAP AND COMPASS METHOD OF INTERSECTION
Once you have oriented the map…
Locate and mark your position on the map.
Find the magnetic azimuth to the unknown point.
Convert to a grid azimuth.
Place the protractor on the map.
Ensure the zero degree indicator is pointed to the top of the map.

122. MAP AND COMPASS METHOD OF INTERSECTION cont.
Place a tick mark on the azimuth from your location to the unknown point.
Draw a light line on your map.
Move to another known point and repeat the steps.
The intersecting point of the lines is the unknown location.

123. INTERSECTION MAP AND COMPASS EXAMPLE
Known point A, 45 degree az. MAG
Known point B, 320 degree az. MAG
Unknown point. B A
17SPU

124. INTERSECTION MAP AND COMPASS PE
From: grid 17SPU BM 199.9
142 degrees MAG
From: grid 17SPU Belford church 208 degrees MAG
17SPU

125. INTERSECTION MAP AND COMPASS PE cont.
Grid 17SPU degrees MAG
Grid 17SPU degrees MAG
17SPU

126. STRAIGHTEDGE METHOD OF INTERSECTION
The straightedge method is used without a compass to find an unknown point.
Orient the map by terrain.
Lay the straightedge on the map.
Use your position as a pivot point.
Rotate the straightedge until it lines up with the unknown point.
Draw a line.
Move to another point and repeat the steps.
Find the eight-digit grid to the intersecting lines.

127. RESECTION The method of locating one’s unknown position on a map.
Determine the grid azimuth to at least two known points.

128. RESECTION MAP AND COMPASS METHOD
Orient the map.
Identify at least two locations on the ground and mark them on the map.
Take a magnetic azimuth to these locations.
Convert them to grid azimuths.
Change to a back azimuth.
Using the protractor, measure from the known position back to your location.

129. RESECTION MAP AND COMPASS METHOD cont.
Mark this on the map.
Repeat this using a second known location.
The intersection is your location.
Find the eight digit grid.

130. MAP AND COMPASS RESECTION PE
From: grid 17SPU look out tower 207 degrees MAG
From: grid 17SPU hill top 338 degrees MAG
17SPU

131. STRAIGHTEDGE METHOD OF RESECTION
Used to identify your location by orienting the map with terrain features, then using the straightedge to find your location.

132. STRAIGHTEDGE METHOD OF RESECTION cont.
Orient the map with the terrain.
Locate two known points.
Lay the straightedge on the map.
Use the known point as a pivot point to line up with your position.
Mark it on your map.
Repeat these steps.
The point where the lines intersect is your location.
Record the eight digit grid coordinate.

133. MODIFIED RESECTION
Needs only one known location to find your unknown position.
You must be located on a linear terrain feature.

134. MODIFIED RESECTION cont.
Orient the map.
Locate a known object.
Determine the magnetic azimuth to the known point.
Convert to a grid azimuth.
Convert to a back azimuth.
Plot the azimuth on your map from the known point to your position.

135. POLAR PLOT Used to locate an unknown point from your location.
You must know the distance to the unknown point.

136. QUESTIONS

137. OBJECTIVE Action: Locate an unknown point within 50 meters.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 scale military map, protractor, straightedge, and a pencil.
Standard: IAW

138. AGENDA map and compass method of intersection
straightedge method of intersection
polar plot method
modified resection

139. REVIEW What is a grid azimuth? What is a magnetic azimuth?
What is a back azimuth?
What is intersection used for?
What is resection used for?
What is the objective of this class?
Why is this important?

140. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

141. BREAK

142. ELEVATION AND RELIEF

143. OBJECTIVE Action: Determine the elevation of a point on a map.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 scale military map, grid coordinate scale, and protractor.
Standard: IAW FM 21-26

144. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

145. AGENDA Define elevation and relief.
Describe the five methods of depicting relief.
Identify ten terrain features.
Identify four types of slopes.
Measure elevation on a map.
Identify bench marks and spot elevations.

146. ELEVATION
To measure elevation and relief, you need a reference point or start point.
The start point is referred to as the datum plane or mean sea level.
Mean sea level is the point halfway between high and low tide.
Elevation is a point on the earth’s surface which is a vertical distance above or below mean sea level.

147. RELIEF
The representation of the shapes of hills, valley, streams, and other terrain features on the earth’s surface.

148. RELIEF DEPICTING METHODS
Layer tinting
Form lines
Relief shading
Hachures
Contour lines

149. LAYER TINTING Shows relief by color. Legend depicts elevation.
Disadvantage of not knowing the exact elevations.
High
Medium
Low
188
142
167 85

150. FORM LINES Indicated by dashed lines.
Are not measured from any datum plane.
Have no standard elevation and are never labeled with elevations.

151. RELIEF SHADING AND HACHURES
Uses a shadow effect, a result of darkening one side of a terrain feature.
The darker the shading the steeper the slope.
May be used with contour lines.
Hachures
Short, broken lines used to show relief.
May be used with contour lines.
Don’t represent exact elevations.
Primarily used on small scale maps.

152. CONTOUR LINES Most common method of showing relief.
Represents an imaginary line on the ground connecting points of equal elevation.
The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines is known as?
The contour interval.

153. TYPES OF CONTOUR LINES Index Every 5th line, heavier, and numbered.
Intermediate
Fall between index lines, not numbered.
Supplementary
Dashed lines used for sudden elevation changes 1/2 the contour interval.

155. CONTOUR LINES Index Intermediate Supplementary
Contour interval is 20 meters
200
100

156. TERRAIN FEATURES
Major
Minor

157. MAJOR TERRAIN FEATURES
Hill
Saddle
Valley
Ridge
Depression

158. HILL Ground slopes down in all directions.
Contour lines form concentric circles.

159. SADDLE
High ground in two opposite directions and lower ground in the other two directions.

160. VALLEY
A stream course which consists of reasonably level ground bordered on the sides by higher ground.

161. RIDGE Slopes down in three directions and has high ground in one.
Contour lines are U or V shaped with the closed end pointing away from the high ground.

162. DEPRESSION
A low point on the ground surrounded by higher ground on all sides.

163. MINOR TERRAIN FEATURES
Draw
Spur
Cliff
Cut
Fill

164. DRAW Less developed stream course than a valley.
Little or no maneuver room.
Does not need water to be a draw.

165. SPUR
A short continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge.
Often formed by two roughly parallel stream cutting draws down the side of a ridge.

166. CLIFF
A vertical or near vertical feature which is an abrupt change in the land.

167. CUT
A man-made feature resulting from cutting through high ground to form a level bed for a road or railroad.

168. FILL
A man made feature resulting from filling in low ground to form a level roadbed.

171. FOUR TYPES OF SLOPES
Uniform Gentle
Uniform Steep
Concave
Convex

172. UNIFORM GENTLE SLOPE
Contour lines show a uniformed gentle slope, evenly spaced and wide apart.
100

173. UNIFORM STEEP
Contour lines show a uniformed steep slope, evenly spaced and close together.
200
100

174. CONCAVE
Contour lines are closer together at the top (steep), and wide apart at the bottom (gentle).
200
100

175. CONVEX
Contour lines are wide apart at the top (gentle), and close together at the bottom (steep).
200
100

176. QUESTIONS

177. OBJECTIVE Action: Determine the elevation of a point on a map.
Condition: Given a 1:50,000 scale military map, grid coordinate scale, and protractor.
Standard: IAW FM

178. AGENDA Define elevation and relief.
Describe the five methods of depicting relief.
Identify ten terrain features.
Identify four types of slopes.
Measure elevation on a map.
Identify bench marks and spot elevations

179. TERRAIN FEATURE REVIEW
HILL
DRAW
SPUR
DEPRESSION
SADDLE
RIDGE
FILL
CUT
VALLEY
CLIFF

180. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

181. BREAK

182. MEASURING DISTANCE

183. OBJECTIVE Action: Measure distance on a map
Condition: In a classroom environment, measure straight and curved lined distance from two known points
Standards: Measure straight and curved line distance from two known points within 50 meter accuracy

184. REFERENCE
FM 21-26

185. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

186. AGENDA Graphic (Bar) Scale Measure Straight Line Distance
Measure Curved Line Distance
Determine Exact Distance
Read Extension Scale

187. GRAPHIC BAR SCALE

188. MEASURING STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE
Lay a straight-edged piece of paper on the map so that the edge of the paper touches both points and extends past them.
Make a tick mark on the edge of the paper at each point.
Measure the distance between the points using the correct unit of measure on the bar scale

189. MEASURING STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE

190. DETERMING STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCE WITH GRAPHIC (BAR) SCALE

191. MEASURING CURVED DISTANCE
An 8 digit grid should be used for start and finish point
Place a tick mark on the paper and map at the beginning point
Align the edge of the paper along a straight portion and make a tick mark on both map and paper
Continue to follow the road with the edge of the paper insuring to make tick marks on the map and paper.

192. MEASURING CURVED LINE DISTANCE

193. MEASURE CURVED LINE DISTANCE CONT.

194. DETERMINE DISTANCE Use correct unit of measure
Measure the distance between point A and B
Remember to read from right to left when using the extension scale.

195. DETERMINING DISTANCE

196. DETERMINING EXACT DISTANCE

197. DETERMINE EXACT DISTANCE USING EXTENSION SCALE

198. EXTENSION SCALE CONT.

199. MEASURING DISTANCE PE
What is the straight line distance in meters from BM in grid 17SPU 2180 to BM in grid 17SPU 2479
2950 meters
What is the distance from BM 97.3 in grid 17SPU 2883 to the intersection located at 17SPU
4110 meters

200. QUESTIONS

201. OBJECTIVES Action: Measure distance on a map
Condition: In a classroom environment, measure straight and curved lined distance from two known points
Standards: Measure straight and curved line distance from two known points within 50 meter accuracy

202. AGENDA Graphic (Bar) Scale Measure Straight Line Distance
Measure Curved Line Distance
Determine Exact Distance
Read Extension Scale

203. REVIEW Which way do you read the extension scale Right to Left
What size increments is the extension scale broken down into
10 meter increments
Who is the best Land Navigation instructor in SFQC PH 1A
SFC Lewis

204. REASON
To become a Special Forces Soldier, you must be able to navigate cross-country using a map, compass, and protractor, under any conditions

205. BREAK

206. PACE AND DRIFT COURSE

207. PACE The pace course is broken down by 200, 100, and 50 meters.
The course is over wooded terrain.
Will be conducted during daylight and evening hours.

208. PACE COURSE EXPLAINED
A pace is considered two steps, usually starting with the left foot.
If you start with the left foot (and you will), the pace is counted each time the right foot hits the ground.
Starting at Point # 1, you will go out to the 200 meter mark (striped stake with 200 meters marked on it), turn and go back to the start point, keeping the TOTAL number of paces.
The total number will then be divided by four to give you your pace count for 100 meters.
The 100 and 50 meter markers are only there as reference points. (they are marked in the same manner as the 200 meter stake)

209. DRIFT Every soldier drifts left or right moving through the woods.
It is important to know if you drift left or right.
By knowing which way you drift you know that you will almost always be to the left or to the right of your point.

210. PACE AND DRIFT COURSE
3rd PLT
2nd PLT
1st PLT

211. PACE AND DRIFT COURSE EXPLAINED
When you get to your assigned start point, read the plaque.
The plaque will give you a distance in meters, and an azimuth which is a GRID azimuth (convert it).
Follow the azimuth using your pace count to go the correct distance.
When moving on azimuth, make sure you alternate right and left when going around obstacles.

212. PACE AND DRIFT COURSE EXPLAINED cont.
Continue on azimuth until you get to the end of your pace count and stop.
If you have not reached a stake, continue ON AZIMUTH until you get to a stake.
If you have passed a row of stakes, take a back azimuth, back to the passed row and stop when you get to a stake.
Write down the color and number of the stake, and again, read the plaque and follow the direction.

213. PACE AND DRIFT COURSE EXPLAINED cont.
Once you get to your fourth point (not counting your start point), go back to Point #1 in the lane.

214. PACE AND DRIFT COURSE 3 4 2 1

215. WHITE LANE EXPLAINED KNOW the color lane you left from.
The white lane has blue and red plaques.
If you just came from the red lane, follow the instructions on the RED plaque.
If you came from the blue lane follow the instructions on the BLUE plaque.
Any questions?

216. Distance and Azimuth Walked
DRIFT
Distance and Azimuth Walked
Correct Distance
and Azimuth

217. Distance and Azimuth Walked
DRIFT
Correct Distance
and Azimuth
Distance and Azimuth Walked

218. ROADS / BOUNDARIES
DUMP N