1. GAS EXCHANGE

2. GAS EXCHANGE HOW DO WE REMEMBER ALL THE LIFE PROCESSES?
H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R
WHICH ONES HAVE WE DISCUSSED IN GREATER DETAIL TO THIS POINT?
NUTRITION & TRANSPORT
WHAT’S NEXT ON THE LIST?
R = RESPIRATION
WHAT IS RESPIRATION?
TWO TYPES
CELLULAR RESPIRATION VS GAS EXCHANGE

3. GAS EXCHANGE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION REMINDER

4. GAS EXCHANGE OXYGEN!!! CELLULAR RESPIRATION REMINDER
WHAT SUBSTANCE MUST BE PRESENT TO GO FROM GLYCOLYSIS TO THE REACTIONS INSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA??
OXYGEN!!!

5. GAS EXCHANGE NOW, LET’S TALK GAS EXCHANGE… GAS EXCHANGE
DEF  THE PHYSICAL METHODS ORGANISMS HAVE FOR OBTAINING OXYGEN FROM THEIR SURROUNDINGS, AND REMOVING EXCESS CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THEIR INSIDES
BECAUSE OF THIS OVERLAP WITH OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE, THE TERM RESPIRATION IS INCLUSIVE OF BOTH CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND GAS EXCHANGE, BUT THESE ARE TWO DIFFERENT PROCESSES!!

6. GAS EXCHANGE
BECAUSE OF THE SMALL SIZE OF GASES, THEY CAN EASILY DIFFUSE THROUGH MEMBRANES; HOWEVER, THIS IS DEPENDENT ON TWO FACTORS
MOIST MEMBRANES (RESPIRATORY SURFACES)
DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

7. GAS EXCHANGE RESPIRATORY SURFACES
THE SURFACE (BOUNDARY) THROUGH WHICH GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE

8. GAS EXCHANGE RESPIRATORY SURFACE
MUST BE THIN-WALLED SO DIFFUSION ACROSS IT CAN OCCUR RAPIDLY
IT MUST BE MOIST BECAUSE THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE MUST BE IN SOLUTION
IT MUST BE IN CONTACT WITH A SOURCE OF OXYGEN THAT EXISTS IN THE SURROUNDINGS
IN MOST MULTI-CELLULAR ORGANISMS, IT MUST BE IN CONTACT WITH THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM THAT CARRIES DISSOLVED MATERIALS TO AND FROM THE CELLS OF THE ORGANISM

9. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN PROTISTS
DO THEY NEED A RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

10. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN PROTISTS
THEY CAN RELY ON SIMPLE DIFFUSION ACROSS THEIR CELL MEMBRANE.
WHAT IS THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE IN PROTISTS?
WHY MUST PROTISTS LIVE CONTINUOUSLY IN WATER?

11. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HYDRAS DO THEY NEED A RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
WHY DON’T THEY NEED A RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
HOW DOES THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE MOVE IN AND OUT?
WHAT IS THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE OF THE HYDRA?
WHERE MUST HYDRAS LIVE?

12. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN THE EARTHWORM?
DO EARTHWORMS HAVE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
EVER WONDER WHY EARTHWORMS ARE SO SLIMY?
THEY SECRETE A SPECIAL MUCUS TO CONSTANTLY KEEP THEIR SKIN MOIST!! (HINT AT SOMETHING??)
THE SKIN IS THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE FOR THE EARTHWORM 
WHY DO EARTHWORMS LIVE IN THE “EARTH”?
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IT RAINS? WHEN IT STOPS?

13. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN THE EARTHWORM
THE GASES DIFFUSE DIRECTLY INTO/OUT OF THE BLOOD OF THE EARTHWORM (TURNING THE BLOOD RED)
WHY IS AN EARTHWORM’S BLOOD RED?

14. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN THE GRASSHOPPER
DO GRASSHOPPERS HAVE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS?
CAN THE SKIN BE THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE?
INSECT’S EXOSKELETONS ARE MADE OF CHITIN…ANYONE REMEMBER WHAT THAT IS?
HOW DOES THE GAS GET IN?
SPIRACLES + TRACHEAL TUBES + AIR SACS

15. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN THE GRASSHOPPER SPIRACLES TRACHEAL TUBES
OPENINGS IN THE EXOSKELETON TO ALLOW GASES IN
TRACHEAL TUBES
TUBES FOR THE GAS TO TRAVEL WITHIN THE BODY
THEY BRANCH AND TRAVEL THROUGHOUT THE GRASSHOPPER BODY CARRYING GAS DIRECTLY TO THE CELLS
AIR SACS
BALLOON LIKE STRUCTURES THAT HELP PUMP THE AIR IN AND OUT OF THE TUBES

16. GAS EXCHANGE
HOW COME WE DON’T DO GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH OUR SKIN LIKE THE EARTHWORM, OR THROUGH SPIRACLES AND TUBES LIKE THE GRASSHOPPER?
THE SIMPLE ANSWER IS WE NEED WAY MORE OXYGEN THEN THESE SYSTEMS CAN PROVIDE…SO WE NEED A MORE COMPLEX SYSTEM
BEFORE HUMANS, THOUGH, JUST A QUICK NOTE ABOUT COMPLEX ANIMALS THAT LIVE IN WATER FULL TIME…EXAMPLES???

17. GAS EXCHANGE
GILLS
VERY SPECIAL STRUCTURE THAT ALLOWS CERTAIN ANIMALS TO ABSORB OXYGEN DISSOLVED IN WATER
MUST STAY MOIST!!
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE PULL A FISH OUT OF WATER?

18. GAS EXCHANGE
GILLS HAVE TREMENDOUS SURFACE AREA…WHY???

19. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
DO HUMANS HAVE A RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
LET’S BREAK IT DOWN TO UNDERSTAND HOW IT WORKS…

20. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS EXCHANGE PATHWAY
NOSE / NASAL CAVITY
PHARYNX
LARYNX
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
ALVEOLI

21. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXHCHANGE IN HUMANS NOSE / NASAL CAVITY PHARYNX
AIR ENTERS HERE
LINED WITH HAIR AND MUCUS…WHY??
PHARYNX
THROAT
NASAL AND ORAL CAVITY MEET HERE
WHY CAN YOU BREATH THROUGH YOUR MOUTH

22. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS LARYNX VOICE BOX
AIR RUSHING PASSED MAKES CORDS VIBRATE LIKE GUITAR STRINGS, CREATING SOUND
WHY DON’T YOU TALK WITH FOOD IN YOUR MOUTH??

23. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS TRACHEA BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES
A.K.A. WIND-PIPE
CONNECTION TO LUNGS
BRONCHI
TRACHEA SPLITS IN TWO TUBES, ONE FOR EACH LUNG
BRONCHIOLES
BRONCHI SPLIT INTO MANY TINY BRANCHES
WHY DO YOU THINK IT IS IMPORTANT TO HAVE MANY BRANCHES?

24. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS ALVEOLI
TINY GRAPE LIKE SACS WHERE GAS EXCHANGE ACTUALLY TAKES PLACE
SURROUNDED BY CAPILLARIES…WHY?

25. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
WHERE ARE THE LUNGS IN ALL OF THIS?
THE LUNGS ARE THE SACS THAT CONTAIN ALL OF THESE STRUCTURES
THEY ARE SURROUNDED BY A SPECIAL MEMBRANE CALLED THE PLEURA

26. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
HOW DOES THE AIR GET IN AND OUT OF THE LUNGS?
B R E A T H I N G

27. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS BREATHING DIAPHRAGM
LONG FLAT MUSCLE THAT CONTROLS INHALATION & EXHALATION

28. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS IN SUMMARY BREATHING
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS)
INTERNAL RESPIRATION (CELLULAR RESPIRATION)

29. GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS
DISORDERS/DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ASTHMA
BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
PNEUMONIA
LUNG CANCER

30. GAS EXCHANGE STOMATES & GUARD CELLS!!!
RANDOM REVIEW QUESTION… HOW DO PLANTS PERFORM GAS EXCHANGE??
STOMATES & GUARD CELLS!!!

31. GAS EXCHANGE
HARD TO BELIEVE, BUT WHEN YOU EXHALE THAT HAS SOMETHING IN COMMON WITH WHEN YOU URINATE…
WHAT COULD THAT BE? COME BACK TO CLASS TO FIND OUT…EXCRETION IS NEXT!!