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A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

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1 A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
ATOMIC STRUCTURE A guide for GCSE students 2010 SPECIFICATIONS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE CONTENTS Rutherford’s experiment Structure of atoms
Mass number and atomic number Atoms and ions Isotopes Electronic structures of the first 20 elements

4 Around the nucleus are the electrons.
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons. Around the nucleus are the electrons. Because electrons weigh very much less than protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.

5 RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
ATOMIC STRUCTURE RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT

6 RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
ATOMIC STRUCTURE RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’. Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.

7 RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
ATOMIC STRUCTURE RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT ALPHA () PARTICLES GOLD ATOMS Many scientists thought atoms were solid like a ‘plum pudding’. Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like. He fired positively charged ALPHA PARTICLES (helium nuclei) at a very thin sheet of gold and detected what happened to their path.

8 RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
ATOMIC STRUCTURE RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH ALPHA () PARTICLES MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE

9 RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
ATOMIC STRUCTURE RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT ALPHA () PARTICLES SOME WERE DEFLECTED SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED

10 RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK
ATOMIC STRUCTURE RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT ALPHA () PARTICLES VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

11 RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK
ATOMIC STRUCTURE RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH ALPHA () PARTICLES VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK SOME WERE DEFLECTED SUMMARY MOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH MOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE SOME WERE DEFLECTED NUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED VERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK NUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL

12 The three important particles found in atoms are…
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS The three important particles found in atoms are… Particle Where it is found Relative mass Relative charge PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons and around which there are electrons.

13 The three important particles found in atoms are…
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS The three important particles found in atoms are… Particle Where it is found Relative mass Relative charge PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

14 The three important particles found in atoms are…
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS The three important particles found in atoms are… Particle Where it is found Relative mass Relative charge PROTON 1 +1 NUCLEUS

15 The three important particles found in atoms are…
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS The three important particles found in atoms are… Particle Where it is found Relative mass Relative charge PROTON NEUTRON 1 +1 NUCLEUS 1 NUCLEUS

16 1 +1 1 -1 THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
The three important particles found in atoms are… Particle Where it is found Relative mass Relative charge PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON 1 +1 NUCLEUS 1 NUCLEUS IN SHELLS AROUND THE NUCLEUS Negligble ‘Very small’ -1

17 1 +1 1 -1 THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS - Summary
The three important particles found in atoms are… Particle Where it is found Relative mass Relative charge PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON 1 +1 NUCLEUS 1 NUCLEUS IN SHELLS AROUND THE NUCLEUS Negligble ‘Very small’ -1

18 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

19 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu one being a capital Recently discovered high atomic Unh number elements have been given symbols with three letters

20 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu one being a capital Recently discovered high atomic Unh number elements have been given symbols with three letters When necessary, the atomic number and the mass number can be written alongside the symbol

21 Na 23 11 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Na 23 11 When necessary, the atomic number and the mass number can be written alongside the symbol

22 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONS Na 23 11 Atomic Number (Z) PROTONS

23 Na 23 11 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONS Na 23 11 THESE ALWAYS GO TOGETHER – ANYTHING WITH 11 PROTONS MUST BE SODIUM Atomic Number (Z) PROTONS

24 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONS Na 23 11 Atomic Number (Z) PROTONS

25 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONS THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS 23 – 11 = 12 Na 23 11 Atomic Number (Z) PROTONS

26 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONS Na 23 11 Atomic Number (Z) PROTONS

27 ATOMS AND IONS

28 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS

29 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS PROTONS ELECTRONS ATOM or ION?

30 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS PROTONS ELECTRONS ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION

31 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

32 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE

33 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE

34 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE PROTONS ELECTRONS ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION CHARGE

35 ATOMS AND IONS ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS
IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE PROTONS ELECTRONS ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION CHARGE Neutral Neutral

36 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Protons Neutrons Electrons Charge Atomic Number Mass Number Symbol A 19 21 B 20 40 C + 11 23 D 6 E 92 235 F 13 G 16 2- H 27Al3+

37 MASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER
Protons Neutrons Electrons Charge Atomic Number Mass Number Symbol A 19 21 40 40K B 20 40Ca C 11 12 10 + 23 23Na+ D 6 12C E 92 143 235 235U F 7 13 13C G 16 18 2- 32 32S2- H 14 3+ 27 27Al3+

38 ISOTOPES

39 ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element.

40 ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element. Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

41 ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element. Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBER DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER

42 ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element. Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBER DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER ISOTOPES HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

43 ISOTOPES ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 1 H 2 H 1

44 ISOTOPES ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 1 H 2 H 1 ATOMIC NUMBER

45 ISOTOPES ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 1 H 2 H 1 ATOMIC NUMBER

46 ISOTOPES ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 1 H 2 H 1 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER

47 H H ISOTOPES 1 2 1 ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1 MASS NUMBER 1 2 PROTONS
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 1 H 2 H 1 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS

48 H H ISOTOPES 1 2 1 ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1 MASS NUMBER 1 2 PROTONS 1 1
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 1 H 2 H 1 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS

49 H H ISOTOPES 1 2 1 ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1 MASS NUMBER 1 2 PROTONS 1 1
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN 1 H 2 H 1 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS

50 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS

51 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS

52 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ABUNDANCE

53 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ABUNDANCE 75% 25%

54 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO

55 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO :

56 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO : AVERAGE

57 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO : AVERAGE MASS = 4

58 Cl Cl ISOTOPES 35 17 37 17 ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37
ISOTOPES OF CHLORINE 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO : AVERAGE MASS = 4

59 C C C ISOTOPES 12 6 13 6 14 6 ATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6 MASS NUMBER 12 13 14
ISOTOPES OF CARBON 12 C 6 13 C 6 14 C 6 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS

60 C C C ISOTOPES 12 6 13 6 14 6 ATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6 MASS NUMBER 12 13 14
ISOTOPES OF CARBON 12 C 6 13 C 6 14 C 6 ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS

61 ATOMIC STRUCTURE THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS OF THE FIRST TWENTY ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

62 ATOMIC STRUCTURE HYDROGEN
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca + ATOMIC NUMBER 1 GROUP 1 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 1 • atoms have the same number of electrons as protons • electrons are found in shells (energy levels) around the nucleus • electrons are put into the lowest energy level first

63 ATOMIC STRUCTURE HELIUM
Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 2+ ATOMIC NUMBER 2 GROUP ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2 • the innermost shell can hold up to two electrons

64 ATOMIC STRUCTURE LITHIUM
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 3+ ATOMIC NUMBER 3 GROUP 1 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,1 • each shell (energy level) can hold a maximum number of electrons • the first one can only hold 2,so the next goes in the second shell

65 ATOMIC STRUCTURE BERYLLIUM
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 4+ ATOMIC NUMBER 4 GROUP 2 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,2 • the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

66 ATOMIC STRUCTURE BORON
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 5+ ATOMIC NUMBER 5 GROUP 3 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,3 • the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

67 ATOMIC STRUCTURE CARBON
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 6+ ATOMIC NUMBER 6 GROUP 4 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,4 • the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

68 ATOMIC STRUCTURE NITROGEN
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 7+ ATOMIC NUMBER 7 GROUP 5 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,5 • the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

69 ATOMIC STRUCTURE OXYGEN
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 8+ ATOMIC NUMBER 8 GROUP 6 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,6 • the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

70 ATOMIC STRUCTURE FLUORINE
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 9+ ATOMIC NUMBER 9 GROUP 7 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,7 • the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons

71 ATOMIC STRUCTURE NEON 2,8 • the second shell is now full
Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 10+ ATOMIC NUMBER 10 GROUP ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8 • the second shell is now full • full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES

72 ATOMIC STRUCTURE SODIUM
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 11+ ATOMIC NUMBER 11 GROUP 1 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 • as the second shell is full, electrons go into the third shell • the third shell can hold up to a maximum of eight electrons

73 ATOMIC STRUCTURE MAGNESIUM
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 12+ ATOMIC NUMBER 12 GROUP 2 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,2

74 ATOMIC STRUCTURE ALUMINIUM
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 13+ ATOMIC NUMBER 13 GROUP 3 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,3

75 ATOMIC STRUCTURE SILICON
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 14+ ATOMIC NUMBER 14 GROUP 4 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,4

76 ATOMIC STRUCTURE PHOSPHORUS
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 15+ ATOMIC NUMBER 15 GROUP 5 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,5

77 ATOMIC STRUCTURE SULPHUR (SULFUR)
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 16+ ATOMIC NUMBER 16 GROUP 6 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,6

78 ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHLORINE
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 17+ ATOMIC NUMBER 17 GROUP 7 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,7

79 ATOMIC STRUCTURE ARGON
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 18+ ATOMIC NUMBER 18 GROUP ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,8 • the third shell is now full • full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES

80 ATOMIC STRUCTURE POTASSIUM
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 19+ ATOMIC NUMBER 19 GROUP 1 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,8,1 • as the third shell is full, electrons go into the fourth shell

81 ATOMIC STRUCTURE CALCIUM
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 20+ ATOMIC NUMBER 20 GROUP 2 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,8,2

82 ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT?

83 ? ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ?
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 16+ ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ? ELEMENT ? ANSWER ?

84 S ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS 16 PROTONS 16 ATOM / ION ATOM
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 16+ ELECTRONS 16 PROTONS 16 ATOM / ION ATOM ELEMENT SULPHUR ANSWER S

85 ? ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ?
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 19+ ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ? ELEMENT ? ANSWER ?

86 K+ ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS 18 PROTONS 19 ATOM / ION
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 19+ ELECTRONS 18 PROTONS 19 ATOM / ION POSITIVE ION ELEMENT POTASSIUM ANSWER K+

87 ? ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ?
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 17+ ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ? ELEMENT ? ANSWER ?

88 Cl¯ ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS 18 PROTONS 17 ATOM / ION
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 17+ ELECTRONS 18 PROTONS 17 ATOM / ION NEGATIVE ION ELEMENT CHLORINE ANSWER Cl¯

89 ? ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ?
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 8+ ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ? ELEMENT ? ANSWER ?

90 O2- ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS 10 PROTONS 8 ATOM / ION
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 8+ ELECTRONS 10 PROTONS 8 ATOM / ION NEGATIVE ION ELEMENT OXYGEN ANSWER O2-

91 ? ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ?
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 13+ ELECTRONS ? PROTONS ? ATOM / ION ? ELEMENT ? ANSWER ?

92 Al3+ ATOMIC STRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? ELECTRONS 10 PROTONS 13 ATOM / ION
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 13+ ELECTRONS 10 PROTONS 13 ATOM / ION POSITIVE ION ELEMENT ALUMINIUM ANSWER Al3+

93 © 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
ATOMIC STRUCTURE THE END © JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

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