1. Class Mammalia

2. External Structure & Locomotion
1. Skin- important for
A. protection from injury
B. invasion of bacteria
C. UV rays
D. temperature regulation
E. Sensory perception
F. Excretion
G. Water regulation

3. 2. Hair- keratinized strands of dead cells
A. some it is reduced to a few bristles
B. 2 kinds make up the pelage or fur coat 1. Guard hair- long outer hairs for protection & coloration
2. Underhair- dense, soft, shorter hairs for insulation

4. C. Stops growing when it reaches a certain length
D . Molting
1. all at once(most mammals)
2. gradually throughout life(humans)
E. Important for: Camouflage Sensory perception Thermal regulation
F. Hair color determined by the amount of a pigment called melanin in the hair shaft

5. Monotremata - egg laying mammals - Echidna (spiny anteater)
Duck-billed Platypus

6. 3. Claws- used for locomotion, offensive & defensive behavior
A. can be modified into: Claws- for digging
2. Nails- for grasping (arboreal animals-primates)
3. Hooves- reduced digits for walking on hard ground, rocks

7. 4. Glands-variety of functions:
A. sebaceous(oil) glands- lubricates & waterproofs the skin
B. Sudoriferous(sweat) gland- cools skin; releases excess salt, urea, & water

8. C. Scent/musk glands- on face, feet, anus to show territoriality, sex, recognition
D. Mammary glands- secrete milk containing nutrients for young

9. Bones & Teeth
Secondary palate- separates the nasal & oral pathways so can breathe while chewing
2. Are heterodonts- teeth are specialized for different function.
( reptiles are homodonts-all teeth are the same shape)

10. Deciduous teeth-lost very early; milk teeth
3. Two sets of teeth:
Deciduous teeth-lost very early; milk teeth
Permanent teeth- last set of teeth
Permanent teeth
Deciduous teeth

11. 4. Types of teeth:
A. incisors- two front teeth; chisellike & used for gnawing or nipping
B. Canines- long, stout, &
conical; catching,
killing, & tearing prey

12. C. Premolars- broad flat teeth; for chewing
D. Molars- same as premolars

13. 5.
A. Herbivores (deer, horses, rodents) have reduced canines, more prominent molars for grinding plant food
B. Carnivores(dogs, cats, coyotes) have enlarged canines for tearing, less dominant molars

14. C. Omnivores-(humans) have equally dominant teeth

15. 6. Three types of horns:
True horns- bone arises from skull; not branched; not shed; seen in both sexes(sheep & cattle)

16. B. Antlers- covered with velvet that falls off before the breeding season; antlers are lost after the breeding season & a few months later regrow, more elaborate than before

17. C. Rhinoceros horn- mass of hair-like keratin fibers. Not bone

18. Nutrition & the Digestive System
Mammals digestive systems are specialized(like teeth) for a variety of needs
Ruminants- most herbivores
Eat plant material containing cellulose that is hard to digest
Have very large digestive tracts that aid in digestion of cellulose. (this is why these animals have very large bellies)

19. C. Most have 4 stomach chambers filled with special bacteria that help break cellulose down

20. D. Will regurgitate or “chew cud” to continue breaking down cellulose
E. Some will eat their fecal pellets (rabbits, elephants) to get more nutrients from the plants they eat

21. Gas Exchange
Have larger, more vascular lungs
Have a diaphragm- the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities- to help in drawing in large amounts of air at a time

22. Circulation
Have a four chambered heart
Keeps oxygenated blood & deoxygenated blood separate

23. Temperature Regulation Endotherms
Maintain warmth A. hair B. fat deposits-blubber
Cool off A. panting B. sweat glands
C. large ears to
dissipate heat(rabbits & elephants) D. nocturnal
Cutting blubber cubes from seal to test for contamination (bioaccumulation)

24. Which is not a gland associated with mammals?
Sebaceous c. Sudoriferous
Mammary d. Jacobson’s
Which characteristic do mammals and birds share?
a. Feathers b. Dry scaly skin c. endotherms
Hair is important for
Temperature regulation c. As a sensory organ
Camouflage d. All of these
A ruminant
Has long digestive tract b. Is a carnivore
c. Lacks hair
By looking at the teeth, what type of animal is this?
a. Carnivore
b. Herbivore
c. omnivore

25. JOURNAL
You have discovered an unknown organism. What are three characteristics that would help you identify it as a mammal?
GET OUT YOUR MAMMAL NOTES
PLEASE TURN IN:
Signed grade printout
Solving a Mammal Mystery WKST

26. Behavior
Migration- move long distances to avoid drought or temperature extremes
Winter sleep- animals retreat to burrows where they become less active but relatively alert & easily aroused(bears, raccoons)
Hibernation-respiration, heart rate, metabolism all slow down considerably. Will store large amounts of fat to rely on in winter. ( moles, shrews, rodents, bats)

27. 4. Pheromones- used to:
Recognize members of same species
Attract mate
Establish territories
Recognize parents

28. 5. Auditory & tactile communications important especially to herd animals

29. 6. Vocalizations & tactile communications important to social animals like primates that groom each other
7. Territoriality- defend/protect certain area

30. Nervous & Sensory System
Larger brains compared to body size
Good sense of touch
Olfaction very important
Well developed sense of hearing
Vision is also important. Color vision not as well developed in most( scientists believe because ancestor were nocturnal). It is well developed in primates, squirrels and a few others

31. Excretion
kidney
Produce urea- liquid urine with some water- as a waste product.
Can afford to lose some water because of our better abilities to maintain homeostasis

32. Reproduction & Development
Females go through an estrus cycle where they are receptive to males and release eggs for fertilization
Reproduction usually occurs when climate is right and resources are available
Three types of estrus: A. monestrus- only one estrus/year- pandas, bears, sea lions
B. Diestrus- 2 estrus/ year- domestic dogs

33. C. polyestrus- many estrus/year- humans
4. Modes of development:
A. monotremes- lay eggs- platypus & echidna

34. B. marsupials- short gestation inside
B. marsupials- short gestation inside mother(8-40 days); when born must crawl to marsupium (pouch) to complete development. Will attach to nipple in pouch for additional days

35. C. Eutherian mammals- longer gestation periods (20-19 months) Offspring are nourished by the placenta.
***The longer the gestation period, the longer the offspring can take to develop, the more complex structures and/or functions will be.

36. Orders of Mammals
Order Insectivora- small, primitive mammals; 3rd largest order.
Ex; hedgehogs, moles, shrew

37. 2. Order Chiroptera- bones of arms & hands are elongate & slender; have flight membranes; most insectivores, some fruit eater, blood or fish feeders
Ex- bats

38. 3. Order Primates- increased agility in arboreal(tree-dwelling) habitats; omnivores, unspecialized teeth, grasping digits, enlarged eyes & cerebral hemispheres
Ex; lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, great apes, humans

39. 4. Order Edentata- incisors & canines absent; hind foot is four toes, forefoot with 2/3 prominent toes with large claws; limbs for climbing or digging
Ex- anteaters, sloths, armadillos

40. 5. Order Lagomorpha- two pairs of upper incisors, one pair of lower incisors. Incisors are always growing & worn down by feeding on vegetation.
Ex- rabbits

41. 6. Order Rodentia- largest mammals order; upper & lower jaws have single pair of always growing incisors.
Ex- squirrels, chipmunks, rats, mice, beavers, porcupines

42. 7. Order Cetacea- streamlined, nearly hairless & insulated by blubber; forelimbs modified into flippers, hindlimbs reduced; nostrils on top of head
Ex- toothed whale, porpoises, baleen whales

43. 8. Order Carnivora- predatory mammals; well developed sense of smell; canines are well developed
Ex- dogs, cats, bears, raccoons, sea lions, seals, walruses, otters

44. 9. Order Proboscidea- long, muscular trunk with 1-2 finger like projections Ex- African 7 Indian elephants

45. 10. Order Sirenia- large, aquatic herbivores; nearly hairless with thick, wrinkled skin; forelimb is flipperlike & hindlimb is vestigial Ex- manatee, dugong

46. 11. Order Perissodactyla- skull usually elongate; large molars/premolars, odd toed ungulates (hoofed animals); primarily grazers. Ex- horses, rhinoceroses, zebras, tapirs

47. 12. Order Artiodactyla- even toes hoofed animals; grazing animals
12. Order Artiodactyla- even toes hoofed animals; grazing animals Ex- pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, deer, sheep, giraffe, cattle

48. Monotremata -Egg laying mammals - Echidna (Spiny Anteater)
- Duckbilled Platypus

49. Marsupialia
- pouched mammals -

50. Demoptera
Flying Lemurs

51. Hyracoidae
Hyrax

52. Pholidata

53. Pinnipedia
Seals & Walruses

54. Tubulidentata
Aardvark