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Cases from a General Internal Medicine Consultation Clinic
Eric I. Rosenberg, MD, MSPH, FACP Assistant Professor University of Florida College of Medicine March 23, 2006
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Objectives Present three cases from a General Internal Medicine Consultation Clinic Review guidelines for meaningful medical consultation
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General “Consultation Clinic”?
Preoperative assessment Questionable unifying diagnosis Multiple complaints but non-diagnostic work-up “Gateway” to tertiary medical center subspecialties
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“Why not just hospitalize?”
The days of most elective admissions are over Patients do not objectively meet physicians’ criteria for hospitalization or E.D. referral Tertiary hospital beds in short supply Telling patients to go to tertiary hospital E.D. is inappropriate, may not result in admission, and creates a poor quality work-up Underinsured are a challenge Inpatient teams focus on unstable patients Pressure to rapidly discharge Multiple “hand offs” during hospitalization “Hand off” at discharge often flawed
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“Why not refer to subspecialists?”
Poly referrals make it harder to make a unifying diagnosis Sometimes appropriate if: Invasive procedure logical next step Records review reveals no point in repeating work-up Diagnosis requires subspecialty expertise to confirm/refute
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Case #1 “My neck is swollen”
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“Idiopathic Lymphadenopathy”
45 y/o man Occipital lumps noted 6 mos. ago Non-diagnostic evaluation by Primary Care, Oncologist, Infectious Disease, General Surgeon
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History PMHx: Ø Meds: Allergies: FH: Father died of “cancer” SH:
Brickmason, lawn maintenance. Divorced x 2 yrs. 3 healthy daughters. Ø STD’s. Lives with his mother. Drinks beer and smokes marijuana. ROS: Night sweats? 10lb loss. Tired. Headaches.
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Examination BP 140/85, P 76, T 98.4 Not ill appearing
Fluctuant, non-tender, 6 x 6 cm occipital masses Preauricular, cervical, supraclavicular, trochanteric, right inguinal masses
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Prior Studies CT scan Ø adenopathy, Ø mass WBC:
4,700; [9% N, 81% L, 9% M, 1% E] Plts: 70-85,000 Hct: 43% MCV: 96 ESR: 9 LDH: 366 HIV: Ø
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Prior Studies ANA: (1:80) speckled RPR: Non-reactive Beta-HCG: 1 TSH:
1.4 Bone Marrow: 58,000 platelets Flow cytometry normal Excisional LN biopsy (axillary) Ø malignancy, Ø AFB, Ø bacteria, Ø fungus
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Differential Dx Lymphoma Liposarcoma Other neoplasm Abnormal exam
LN biopsy likely non-diagnostic Highly questionable “normal” CT scan report
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What would you do next?
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“The patient does not have lymphadenopathy
“The patient does not have lymphadenopathy. There is abnormal accumulation of fat throughout the head and neck region consistent with the clinical diagnosis of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. “This is an unusual tendency for collection of fat usually seen in middle-aged males who are chronic alcoholics.”
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Madelung’s Disease (Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis)
1st report: Brodie (1846) 1st series: Madelung, 33 patients (1887) Symmetric, Fatty, Benign tumors Neck, head, upper trunk (80-100%) Soft, painless, enlargement Some patients develop peripheral neuropathy J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63. Annals Plastic Surg 2001;46(1).
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Epidemiology Adults Men > Women (15:1 to 30:1)
Mediterranean ethnicity (1/25,000 Italian men) Chronic, heavy alcohol consumption 60-90% of these patients are alcoholics
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Similar Conditions HIV Lipodystrophy
patients on protease inhibitors Dercum’s Disease (Adiposis dolorosa) Diffuse, painful, multiple fatty tumors Women > Men
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Etiology Unknown Alcohol Lipogenic effects Defective lipolysis
Lipoprotein lipase activity HDL usually elevated Our patient: HDL 94, LDL 52, Trigly 81 Alcohol Lipogenic effects Defective lipolysis Mitochondrial defect in brown fat Familial (but inheritable?) Medicine 1984;63(1). J Clin Endo & Met 2001;86(6).
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Sequelae Tracheal / laryngeal / esophageal compression
Dysphagia, dyspnea, dysphonia Respiratory arrest
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Diagnosis Typical visual pattern of distribution
CT/MRI if looking for airway/esophageal compromise Excision to exclude malignancy
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Treatment Cease alcohol, tobacco Low calorie diet, weight loss
Cosmesis via excision (technically difficult) Liposuction Medical therapies unproven Salbutamol (stimulate lipolysis) Thyroid extract
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Prognosis Disfiguring and progressive
Dietary and lifestyle changes usually unsuccessful in shrinking tumors
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Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2005;125.
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J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63.
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Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2005;125.
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Follow-Up Referred to university general surgeon
Referral still pending to plastic surgeon (underinsured) 6 months later, hospitalized for severe pneumonia & still awaiting excision
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Case #2 “I get short of breath”
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Pre-Operative Evaluation
55 y/o man with chronic neck and ear pain, worse with head motion Diagnosed with “Eagles Syndrome” by Facial Pain Clinic Surgical intervention recommended Dyspnea on exertion and abnormal ECG noted by Anesthesiologist
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History PMHx: No cardiopulmonary disease Multiple back surgeries
Hemicolectomy for “stricture” Meds: Topiramate, Oxycodone Allergies: None FH: Non-contributory SH: 30-pack-years tobacco. Occasional marijuana, alcohol.
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History ROS: Jaw pain, back pain and LE numbness
Lightheaded, dizzy x 2 yrs. Chronic Fatigue “Equilibrium off when go uphill” “Breathing is fine” (walk 2.5 miles q AM in < 30 minutes) Frequent sinus infections; chronic post-nasal drip, gagging/nausea in AM; 2 pillow orthopnea
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Eagle’s Syndrome (Elongated Styloid Process Syndrome)
1st described: Marchetti (1652) 1st series: Eagle (1937) Sub-Types Dysphagia, Odynophagia, Otalgia Carotid Artery Syndrome Eagle W. Arch Otolaryngol 1937;25.
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Styloid Process Elongation
“normal” length < 2.5 cm 2% - 4% of pop. > 3 cm (palpable) Ossification key feature Trauma (tonsillectomy) Aging Controversies Only ~ 5% symptomatic Variable length (up to 4cm) in asymptomatic patients Sometimes diagnosed despite normal length
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Carotid Artery Syndrome
Compression of internal/external carotid artery parietal or eye pain Neck pain worsened by head rotation Dizziness Transient loss of vision Syncope Cephalalgia 1995;15.
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Treatment Transpharyngeal steroid/anesthetic injection
Transpharyngeal manipulation and fracturing of styoid process Styloid process removal Extraoral (better visualization but lengthy, complicated by internal carotid thrombisis, cervical emphysema) Intraoral (risk of glossopharyngeal nerve damage, difficult to control bleeding if vessels damaged)
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Examination BP 112/74, P 78, T 98 Appears well
Neck tightness, restricted movement, painful to palpation No JVD, No S3 Clear Lungs No peripheral edema
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Prior Studies CXR: Normal Hct: Creatinine: Glucose: 34% 0.7 mg/dL
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Differential Dx: Dyspnea
Eagle’s Syndrome Deconditioning Myocardial Ischemia COPD
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What would you do next?
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Dobutamine Stress Echocardiogram
Resting echocardiogram: EF 25-30% Hypokinetic anterolateral and septal walls Angiogram: 50% distal LM 100% occluded pLAD CABG
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Issues for Preoperative Evaluation
Risk of perioperative cardiopulmonary complications? What do evidence-based guidelines suggest? Explanation for dyspnea on exertion and abnormal ECG?
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Predictors of Increased Perioperative Cardiovascular Risk
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Risk of Cardiac Death or Nonfatal MI by Noncardiac Procedure Type
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ACC/AHA Guidelines MINOR PREDICTORS Poor Functional Capacity (<4 METs) Moderate/Excellent Functional Capacity (>4METs) Intermediate Or Low Risk Procedure High Risk Procedure Postop Risk Stratification and Risk Factor Reduction Noninvasive Testing O.R. Eagle KA, et al. ACC/AHA Guideline Update on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery
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Take-Home Points How would you have evaluated the patient’s symptoms if he wasn’t going to have surgery? Individualize guidelines Skepticism about patients labelled with unfamiliar diagnoses
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Follow-Up Dyspnea: resolved Headaches, jaw and neck pain: persist
Intervention still pending with Facial Pain Center
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Case #3 “I keep losing weight”
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“Idiopathic hypercalcemia”
48 y/o AA man with 40 lb wt. loss x 6 months Lethargy, weakness, fatigue, anorexia Primary care diagnosed flu-like syndrome 2nd Primary Care Physician found HBsAg(+) Hepatologist attempted treatment with lamivudine (not tolerated) Oncologist diagnosed idiopathic hypercalcemia
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History PMHx: Ø Meds: Pantoprazole, Acetaminophen Allergies: FH:
Non-contributory SH: Home remodeler and sheet rock worker. Very physically active. 1 ppd tobacco and 1-2 beers/day plus liquor daily x 28 years (has quit).
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History ROS: Tinnitus Fevers, night sweats, myalgias, arthralgias
“Food doesn’t have any taste” No tattoos, blood transfusions, travel outside U.S. No known occupational exposures to asbestos, lead, mold. No dyspnea, hemoptysis, orthopnea, PND. No memory loss, depression, neurological problems. No skin lesions.
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Examination T 97.4 P93, BP 90/63, 103 lbs [142 lbs]
Cachectic, alert, pleasant No adenopathy Clear lungs, Normal heart No organomegaly Clubbing Difficulty raising arms above head Hemoccult positive brown stool Normal prostate Normal skin lesions
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Prior Serologies Ca+ 12.3 PTH 8 Albumin 3 Hct 35% MCV 94 Retic 1.4
Ferritin 181 TSH 3.8 B-12 487 HBsAg (+) HBsAb (-) HIV PSA 0.5 SPEP Normal ESR 75
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Prior Serologies Na+ 133 K+ 4.6 Cl- 101 CO2 23 BUN 9 Cr 0.9 ALP 341
ALT 611 AST 524 Eosinophils 7%
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Prior Studies CXR RUL scar CT Chest Small lesion RUL, apical scarring
Abd U/S Thickened gallbladder wall ECG HR 95, sinus, inverted T-waves inferolateral leads EGD Duodenal ulcer (no cancer) Colonoscopy Non-diagnostic (poor prep) Bone Marrow Normochromic, normocytic anemia, hypocellular
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What would you do next?
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Serologies WBC 5,200 ( 0.2% eosinophils) Hct 31%, Plts 217,000
Ca 10.6, Albumin 4 ESR 73 ANA negative C-ANCA negative, P-ANCA negative
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Imaging CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis MRI Abdomen 5.7mm spiculated mass RUL
1.6 cm mass L kidney MRI Abdomen 1.7 cm solid enhancing lesion L kidney
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Impression Renal Cell Carcinoma with possible early pulmonary metastases Referred to Urologist Chronic active Hepatitis B infection Failed lamivudine, likely not a good candidate for further treatment at present
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“Something still doesn’t quite fit…”
Urologist Likely has early renal cell CA, but lesion too small to explain symptoms Suspect other, underlying metastatic process Needs repeat colonoscopy prior to nephrectomy; referred to hepatology for pre-op liver eval Hepatologist Hepatitis B viremia (can treat perioperatively to lower risk of infection to surgical team) Orthostatic in clinic admitted to hospital
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ACTH Stimulation Test AM Cortisol: 3.1 mcg/dL
30 minutes After Cosyntropin: 5 mcg/dL Rx: Hydrocortisone and Fludrocortisone Resolution of hypotension Dramatic improvement in functional status Discharged home
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Addison’s Disease (Adrenocortical Insufficiency)
Autoimmune mediated Atrophic, non-functional adrenal glands (rarely) Neoplastic, infectious causes Lymphoma, Metastatic carcinoma Histoplasmosis, Tuberculosis Treat with lifelong glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement Evaluate for possible secondary causes
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“Something still doesn’t quite fit…”
During 1 year f/u visits, Endocrinologists note ACTH level consistently too low for Addison’s Disease Usually >200 pg/ml if Addison’s Only 4 – 12 pg/ml on repeated testing of patient Negative anti-adrenal antibodies MRI Brain negative for pituitary tumor Testosterone, estradiol levels normal Fatigue recurs if hydrocortisone stopped
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“Idiopathic Isolated ACTH Deficiency”
Extremely rare disorder Diagnosed 1 year after hospitalization Insulin “Stress Test” If isolated pituitary ACTH deficiency, then stress of hypoglycemia will fail to induce rise in ACTH levels
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Follow-Up Healthy on 20mg Hydrocortisone daily Weight 154 pounds
Very physically active Normal life expectancy Left nephrectomy revealed no evidence renal cell cancer “extraordinarily unusual lesion.. Fibrosis with plasma cells, lymphoid tissue, granulomas… no insights into possible histiogenesis of this nodule.”
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Challenges to Effective Consultation by Generalists
Comfort with Complexity Awareness of syndrome clusters Communication & Interviewing Skills (Time) Obtaining medical records (HIPAA) Focus the question(s) Avoid unnecessary/perfunctory duplication Availability for Co-Management Order/Prescribe vs. Recommend Coordination Expedite referrals and follow-up
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