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UNIT 5, Part 1 Acts of Courage Click the mouse button or press the space bar to continue

Click a selection title to go to the corresponding selection menu.
Unit 5, Part 1 MAIN MENU Acts of Courage (pages 1020–1034) What Makes a Hero? Click a selection title to go to the corresponding selection menu.

Selection Menu (pages 1020–1023)
Before You Read Reading the Selection After You Read

BEFORE YOU READ Preview the Article Before you read the article, think about the following questions: What answers can you give to the question in the title of the article? From skimming the first paragraph, what can you predict about the content of the article?

Set a Purpose for Reading
BEFORE YOU READ Set a Purpose for Reading Read to discover contrasting ideas about heroes.

BEFORE YOU READ Clarifying Meaning When you clarify the meaning of a text, you work to unlock the meaning of each section or paragraph. To clarify meaning, answer the questions on the following slide.

BEFORE YOU READ Clarifying Meaning What does this section mean? Why might the writer have chosen to include this? How does this information relate to the main idea and other ideas in the text?

BEFORE YOU READ Clarifying Meaning Create a chart similar to the one shown and answer the questions to help you clarify meaning as you read.

Answer: Answers will vary.
READING THE SELECTION Acts of Courage As you read, keep the following questions in mind. How do you define heroism? Who do you see as a hero? Answer: Answers will vary.

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Clarifying Meaning Clarifying meaning while you read is important because authors often build ideas on one another. If you don’t clear up a confusing passage, you may not understand main ideas or information that comes later.

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Clarifying Meaning If you don’t understand a particular passage, take the following steps: Reread the section more slowly. Look up words you don’t know in a dictionary. Ask questions about what you don’t understand.

Viewing the Photograph
READING THE SELECTION Viewing the Photograph Look at the photograph on page How does this photo illustrate both public and private acts of heroism? Answer: You may see the soldier fighting a public war but also caring for the baby in a very private and intimate way.

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Interpreting Effective readers interpret what they read based on their understanding of the world. Ripley offers many categories of “hero” in her essay, which was originally published in Using what you know about today’s society, what is useful about a discussion of heroism?

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Answer: Given that the author wrote the article after September 11, 2001, she may be exploring the issue in the context of that event. Or given that so many people are considered heroes for fairly nonheroic behavior, perhaps the author is attempting to redefine the term.

Viewing the Photograph
READING THE SELECTION Viewing the Photograph Look at the photograph on page What current leaders do you see as heroes and why? Answer: Answers will vary.

Responding and Thinking Critically
AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Respond Did your ideas about what makes a hero change after you read the article? Explain. Answer: You should explain your opinions and ideas about heroism.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret (a) Why did Xavier Emmanuelli, cofounder of Doctors Without Borders, think that his colleague, Daniel Pavard, was a hero? (b) How does this challenge the traditional definition of a hero?

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret Answer: (a) Because he quietly helped a dying bomb victim while no one was around to observe him (b) Most people identified as heroes are in the public eye.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret 3. (a) According to Oxford University philosopher Roger Crisp, how do people in the United States define heroes? (b) Do you agree with him? Why or why not?

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret Answer: (a) People in the United States define heroes as “rugged individualists.” (b) Some may say that traditional heroes in the United States are political leaders, soldiers, or entrepreneurs, while others may see Crisp’s definition as a generalization.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret (a) According to the writer, what are two qualities that a hero must have? (b) What do you think some other qualities of a hero might be?

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret Answer: (a) A hero must be both an idealistic dreamer and a realist. (b) Selflessness, emotional and physical strength, and humanity

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate The article cites German playwright Bertolt Brecht, who once said “Unhappy the land that needs heroes.” What do you think this means? Do you agree? Explain.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate Answer: A land that “needs heroes” may not be providing for its citizens— and is therefore an unhappy place—or that people seek out heroes regardless of their country’s conditions.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate (a) How does the writer conclude the article? (b) Do you think it is an effective conclusion? Why or why not? Answer: (a) With a quote from novelist Jean-Christophe Rufin (b) The quote provides sense of closure-that circumstances make heroes. You; however, may want a definitive statement.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate What do you think is the main idea of the article? Support your ideas with evidence from the article. Answer: There are many kinds of heroes and our definition of heroism has changed over time.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Connect Acts of Courage Compare and contrast the heroes of Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur and those described in this TIME article.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Connect Acts of Courage Answer: Sir Launcelot acted with honor and virtue with women and his allies; however, he was also a public figure and a warrior. Most of the heroes in Ripley’s article save lives rather than take them, as Launcelot does.

Click the picture to learn about the author.
BEFORE YOU READ Meet D.T. Niane and the Storytellers Click the picture to learn about the author.

Connecting to the Legend
BEFORE YOU READ Connecting to the Legend The Sundiata tells the story of a great leader, his followers, and their larger-than-life deeds. Before you read this passage, ask yourself the questions on the next slide.

Connecting to the Legend
BEFORE YOU READ Connecting to the Legend What helps you gain the extra confidence and energy you need to perform well in events such as a crucial game or an exam? Why do people enjoy listening to stories about heroes?

BEFORE YOU READ Building Background Sundiata came to power around 1235, when he freed Mali from the control of a neighboring kingdom. He built his capital in Niani, which was located on a tributary of the Niger River. Enriched by profits from the gold trade, Niani became an important commercial center.

BEFORE YOU READ Building Background Sundiata continued to expand the empire until his death in Under his successors, the empire flourished. At a time when bandits roamed through other areas, Mali was known as a safe and orderly place. “Neither traveler nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence,” wrote an early Arab visitor.

Setting Purposes for Reading
BEFORE YOU READ Setting Purposes for Reading Acts of Courage As you read, notice how the characters in the Sundiata display their courage.

BEFORE YOU READ Setting Purposes for Reading Dialogue Dialogue is the written conversation between characters in a literary work. Through dialogue, an author reveals the feelings, thoughts, and intentions of characters, develops conflicts, and moves the plot forward.

BEFORE YOU READ Setting Purposes for Reading Dialogue As you read, analyze the dialogue in this legend and consider how it reveals characters and advances the plot.

BEFORE YOU READ Identifying Genre Genre is a category or type of literary work characterized by a particular form or style. One important genre of folklore is legends, or stories that are believed to be based on historical events and an actual hero. Legends help convey a culture’s learning, knowledge, and values.

BEFORE YOU READ Identifying Genre Reading Tip: Making a Chart Record details of the Sundiata that help you identify it as a legend.

BEFORE YOU READ scrupulous adj. thoroughly attentive to even the smallest details; precise (p. 1027) Ana’s knitting was scrupulous. elude v. to avoid or escape, especially through cleverness or quickness (p. 1027) As one child gave chase, the other child tried to elude her. Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

BEFORE YOU READ confidante n. a person who is entrusted with secrets or private affairs (p. 1028) Only Eric’s confidante knew about his secret plans. perpetuate v. to cause to continue to be remembered (p. 1028) Gossip can perpetuate hurtful and untrue rumors. Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.

READING THE SELECTION Acts of Courage Keep these questions in mind as you read: How does Sundiata react to injustice? Is he a warrior or a peacemaker? Answer: Sundiata could be described as both; he waged war to correct social injustice, to defend those who could not defend themselves, and to bring peace.

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Identifying Genre Read the text highlighted in blue on page Which items in this summary indicate that the legend will include exaggerated elements? Answer: The soothsayer’s instructions, Sundiata’s tearing a tree from the ground, and the sorcerer’s ability to disappear indicate that the legend will include exaggeration.

READING THE SELECTION Literary Element Dialogue Read the text highlighted in purple on page What does Nana Triban wish to convey to her half-brother? Answer: Her loyalty and the fact that the Mali people are in trouble.

READING THE SELECTION Acts of Courage Read the text highlighted in tan on page What risks does Nana Triban take while staying with Soumaoro? What does the legend imply about how one should act in times of danger?

READING THE SELECTION Answer: Though Soumaoro is violent and it could be dangerous to mislead him, Nana Triban pretends that she is loyal to Soumaoro and tries to get him to confide in her. The legend implies that one should be brave and resourceful in times of danger.

READING THE SELECTION Literary Element Dialogue Read the text highlighted in purple on page What do you think Balla Fasséké means by this remark? Answer: Balla Fasséké means that he, as the storyteller, is the “word,” and Sundiata, as the hero, is the “deed.” Sundiata’s destiny will begin because he will now fulfill the soothsayer’s prophecies of greatness.

READING THE SELECTION Viewing the Art Look at the image on page Do you think the statue displays courageous qualities? Why or why not? Answer: Yes, because the soldier stands straight, tall, and stares straight ahead.

READING THE SELECTION Literary Element Dialogue Read the text highlighted in purple on page Why does Balla Fasséké ask this question? Answer: He is trying to inspire Kamandjan to do great things.

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Identifying Genre Read the text highlighted in blue on page What characteristic of legends is found in this passage? Answer: The fantastic elements of this passage—as displayed when the mountain is pierced through by a man—are characteristic of legends.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Respond What do you think might happen next in this story? Share your predictions with your classmates. Answer: Answers will vary.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret (a) What does Sundiata first plan to do in order to defeat Soumaoro? (b) Later, what does he do before leaving Sibi? What do his methods suggest about him as a leader?

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret Answer: (a) Destroy his magical powers (b) Consults with soothsayers, showing that he respects the expertise of others

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret 3. (a) What astonishing deeds do Fran Kamara and Kamandjan perform at the urging of Balla Fasséké? (b) Why do Balla Fasséké’s words cause the warriors to react as they do? Answer: (a) Rush into battle (b) To guarantee their status as heroes

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate Why do you think Sundiata has such a strong desire to be remembered by future generations? Answer: So he can be worshipped and live forever

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate (a) What knowledge of human nature does Balla Fasséké reveal through his speeches? (b) Does our society today have any methods comparable to Balla Fasséké’s for making people famous? Explain.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate Answer: (a) He knows that fame motivates people. (b) Newspapers, magazines, and television make people famous.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Connect Acts of Courage At one point, the story says, “There would not be any heroes if deeds were condemned to man’s forgetfulness.” How would you interpret this statement?

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Connect Acts of Courage Answer: People do great things because they hope for recognition, or heroes exist mainly because we celebrate them.

AFTER YOU READ Dialogue In this legend, dialogue helps to advance the plot and to develop the characters. Dialogue brings characters to life by showing what they are thinking and feeling as they react to other characters.

AFTER YOU READ Dialogue (a) Why do you think Nana Triban mentions that she “knew how to flatter [Soumaoro] and make him jealous”? (b) From her words, what impressions do you have of Nana Triban? Explain.

AFTER YOU READ Dialogue Answer: (a) To show that she was behaving in a way that would attract his attention (b) She is crafty, resourceful, brave, and loyal.

AFTER YOU READ Dialogue What does the king of Tabon mean when he says, “Thus on the Niger plain will the smiths of Tabon cleave those of Sosso in twain”? Explain.

AFTER YOU READ Dialogue Answer: The king of Tabon is assuring Sundiata Fran Kamara that Soumaoro will be defeated.

Interdisciplinary Activity
AFTER YOU READ Interdisciplinary Activity The heroes of legends usually embody the qualities their particular culture values. Who are some heroes of recent times about whom you could imagine a legend developing?

Interdisciplinary Activity
AFTER YOU READ Interdisciplinary Activity In a small group, list heroes from the recent past or the present day, including political figures, athletes, or others who exemplify skill, strength, or courage. For each name on your list, write two or three sentences explaining why audiences might enjoy hearing stories about that person.

AFTER YOU READ Identifying Genre Legends are part of folklore’s oral tradition—the stories and histories that storytellers have retold for generations. Usually, legends celebrate the heroic qualities of a national or cultural hero.

AFTER YOU READ Identifying Genre Identify three exaggerated or fantastic details in this legend. Which detail did you consider most entertaining or inspiring? Explain. Answer: List details such as the events of Sundiata’s childhood or the incredible feats performed by the Mali sofas.

Answer: Loyalty, bravery, and resourcefulness
AFTER YOU READ Identifying Genre From this legend, what traits or qualities would you say the Mandingo people valued in a person? Answer: Loyalty, bravery, and resourcefulness

AFTER YOU READ Practice Practice with Word Parts Use your knowledge of word parts to answer the questions on the following slides.

Which of the following words contains a prefix that means “with”?
AFTER YOU READ Practice Which of the following words contains a prefix that means “with”? elude captivity confidante

AFTER YOU READ Practice 2. Which of the following words contains a suffix often found in verbs? inhabitant glee perpetuate

BEFORE YOU READ Building Background The tale of Sundiata is based on the real person Sundiata, a monarch who established the Sudanese empire of Mali. According to oral tradition, he had eleven brothers, who were heirs to the kingdom of Kangaba in Mali. Sumanguru, ruler of the adjacent land of Kaniaga, ravaged Kanagaba, killing all of Sundiata’s brothers. Sundiata, who was already ill and weak, was spared.

BEFORE YOU READ Building Background Will Eisner, an acclaimed graphic novel artist most famous for the character the Spirit, depicts the beginning of this tale in this graphic novel version of “The Lion of Mali.” Eisner grew up in the tenements of New York City, where his first work was published in his Bronx high school’s newspaper.

BEFORE YOU READ Building Background His budding career in comics art was interrupted by service in the U.S. army during World War II; however, the army did make good use of his talents—he created illustrations for posters and comic strips to entertain the troops while serving. Eisner went on to enjoy a sixty-year career in comics, winning seven awards from the National Cartoonist Society, including the prestigious Reuben award in So influential was his art that an award even has been created in his honor: the Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards.

Set a Purpose for Reading
BEFORE YOU READ Set a Purpose for Reading Read to discover similarities and differences between the graphic-novel and text versions of the tale of Sundiata.

BEFORE YOU READ Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story There are many different versions of the tale of Sundiata. When you compare and contrast versions, you identify similarities and differences between them. This graphic-novel excerpt and the prose excerpt by Niane cover different portions of Sundiata’s story, but there are still many points of comparison between them.

BEFORE YOU READ Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story As you read, think about how plot, setting, and characters are conveyed in each excerpt. How is reading each format similar and different? Take notes to help you keep track of the similarities and differences.

Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story
BEFORE YOU READ Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story

READING THE SELECTION Acts of Courage Keep this question in mind as you read: Which type of text—a graphic novel or regular text—best presents the story of Sundiata’s courage? Use examples from both texts to support your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary, but you should be ready to defend your choices.

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story How is this portrayal of Sundiata different from the text you read earlier? Answer: The graphic novel shows a younger Sundiata, one who is playful and innocent. The Sundiata in the excerpt you read was a warrior and leader of an army.

READING THE SELECTION Reading Strategy Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story Do you prefer seeing the battle, as on page 1033, or reading a detailed description as you did earlier? Which gives you a better sense of the battle? Answer: Answers will vary.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Respond Does the graphic-novel version of the tale of Sundiata enhance your understanding of the text version? Why or why not? Answer: Most will agree that it helps illustrate the characters and action and provides background to the story.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret (a) What are two examples of simile in this graphic novel? (b) How does Eisner illustrate the similes?

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret Answer: (a) The phrases “like a cloud of locusts” and “like the horns of the buffalo” are similes. (b) The warriors swarm as if they were locusts. The two groups of warriors are positioned as if they were horns of the buffalo.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Recall and Interpret (a) How do the men of Mali plan to outsmart Sumanguru’s army? (b) What happens when they execute their plan? Explain. Answer: (a) Half of the army will hide and surprise them. (b) They are able to trap the enemy.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate Do you think Eisner’s illustrations tell the tale of “The Lion of Mali” in an effective way? Explain. Answer: The illustrations clearly tell the story; however, they do not provide certain details or any background.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Analyze and Evaluate What comment about Sumanguru’s powers is Eisner making in the last three panels of the selection? Answer: He foreshadows that Sumanguru’s omnipotence will eventually lead to his downfall.

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Connect Acts of Courage What characteristics of legends are demonstrated in the graphic-novel retelling of the tale of Sundiata?

AFTER YOU READ Responding and Thinking Critically Connect Acts of Courage Answer: Exaggeration is used in the graphic novel. The Mali warriors quickly arm themselves and disperse to attack an invading army. Sumanguru uses magical powers.

What do you think you would need to be a warrior?
Unit 5, Part 1 BELLRINGER Imagine tools of war, past and present (shields, combat boots, or gas masks). What do you think you would need to be a warrior? Sundiata Bellringer

Unit 5, Part 1 BELLRINGER OPTION TRANSPARENCY Click on the image to see a full version of the Bellringer Option Transparency. Sundiata Bellringer Option

With whom did Sundiata consult in Sibi?
CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS With whom did Sundiata consult in Sibi? the king of Sosso his father soothsayers his mother

What happened to Nana Triban after Sundiata left Mali?
CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS What happened to Nana Triban after Sundiata left Mali? She was forced to become one of Soumaoro’s wives. She was driven out of Mali and lived in exile. She became one of the new leaders of Mali. She became a servant to Tabon Wana.

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS Who was Sundiata’s singer, the person who would carry on his memory by his words? Balla Fasséké Nana Triban Sassouma Bérété Tabon Wana

What did all the chiefs do as Balla Fasséké mentioned their names?
CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS What did all the chiefs do as Balla Fasséké mentioned their names? They presented a gift to Sundiata. They recited a story. They pledged their loyalty to Sundiata. They preformed great feats.

Unit 5, Part 1 Literary Terms Handbook Test-Taking Skills Handbook
REFERENCE Literary Terms Handbook Test-Taking Skills Handbook Reading Handbook Daily Language Practice Transparencies Foldables Writing Handbook Grammar and Writing Workshop Transparencies Business Writing Language Handbook

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