1. LABORATORY BIOSAFETY vivek bhat TMC
All of us here are essentially laboratory workers and biosafety or lab safety is of paramount cencern to all of us. While we are basically medical or clinical lab workers, laboratory staff working in any type of laboratory are exposed to various types of hazards. Whether a chemistry lab, physical lab, medical lab, research labs, industrial labs, animal labs etc. Hazards may be in the form of physical injury or chemical hazards. They could be radiation or radioactive material. They could be related to instruments or equipment or electrical hazards; temperature and pressure hazards, or multiple simultaneous hazards. Or they could be biohazards.
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2. Potential Laboratory Hazards
Chemicals
Includes different classes of hazardous chemicals
Biohazards
Cells, animals, biological / patient samples, viruses, bacteria
Allergens
Chemical, animal, latex
Radioactive Material
Physical / Equipment Hazards
Electrical, sharps, hi/low temperature and pressure
Mixed hazards & Multiple simultaneous hazards
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3. Definitions
Biohazard: Any agent of biological origin that has the capacity to produce harmful effects in humans.
Biosafety: Safety against biohazards
A laboratory acquired infection is defined as one that resulted from laboratory work, whether it occurred in a laboratory worker or in another person who happened to be exposed as a result of research or clinical work with infectious agents.
Antiseptic :– A substance that inhibits the growth and development of micro-organisms without necessarily killing them. Antiseptics are usually applied to body surfaces.
Disinfectant :– A chemical or mixture of chemicals used to kill microorganisms, but not necessarily spores. Disinfectants are usually applied to inanimate surfaces or objects.
I will be discussing about hazards in the medical /clinical laboratories and biosafety or infection control measures aimed to minimizing the effect of these hazards. Before we start lets first be familiar with some terminologies,.
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4. Definitions…cont
Biocide – A general term for any agent that kills organisms.
Sporocide – A chemical or mixture of chemicals used to kill microorganisms and spores.
Decontamination – Any process for removing and/or killing microorganisms. The same term is also used for removing or neutralizing hazardous chemicals and radioactive materials.
Disinfection – A physical or chemical means of killing microorganisms, but not necessarily spores.
Sterilization – A process that kills and/or removes all classes of microorganisms and spores.
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5. What is a biohazard
Any agent of biological origin that has the capacity to produce harmful effects in humans.
Examples of biohazards:
Micro-organsims such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites and their toxins.
Blood and body fluids as well as tissues from humans and animals.
Transformed cell lines and certain types of nucleic acids.
Every infectious microbial agent which has been studied in the laboratory has caused infection in lab personnel
Fewer than 20% of all LAIs were
associated with a known accident. 80% go unknown or unrecognized
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6. Organisms proved to have been transmitted in the lab
Q fever
Brucellosis
Typhoid fever
Hepatitis
Tularemia
Tuberculosis
Dermatomycosis
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Typhus
Psittacosis
Coccidioidomycosis.
Leptospirosis
C. difficile
E. coli O157:H7
N. meningitidis
Salmonella
Shigella
HIV
HBV
HCV
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7. Epidemiology of laboratory acquired infections
Route
Lab Practices and/or Accidents
Protection
Inhalation
Procedure s that produce aerosols vapours, dust, mists, gases and biological agents
fume hood, masks, respirator or BSC as appropriate
Ingestion
Mouth pipetting
Splashes into mouth
Contaminated hands /utensils
Eating, drinking, smoking etc
Leaking contaminated items
NO eating or drinking or makeup application in the lab. NO mouth pipetting
Inoculation
Needle stick injury
Cuts from sharps
Animal and insect bites
limit use of sharps and if possible handle indirectly with forceps. Use sharps container
Other - contact
Spills and splashes
Contact with contaminated items
Transfer by hand –to-face actions
Standard Precautions and GMP
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8. CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS
WHO recommends that the Health Authorities of every country make lists of organisms in the different risk groups, relevant to the local circumstances , so that appropriate precautions may be applied.
Risk group 1 :
Organisms in this group represents low risk to the lab worker & to members of the community. They are unlikely to cause human disease. (e.g. saprophytic bacteria, animal/plant organisms)
Risk group 2 :
Organisms in this group offer a moderate risk to the lab worker
limited risk to members of the community.
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9. CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS…cont
Risk group 2 ….cont
They can cause human disease but preventive measures & treatment /vaccines etc are available
risk of spread in the community is not great
E.g : staph, strep., enterobacteriaceae, clostridia, vibrio, polio, coxsackie & hepatitis viruses.
Risk group 3 :
Presents high risk to Laboratory worker
Low risk to community
Vaccines & treatment available for most pathogens
Eg ; Brucella, Mycobacterium tb, S. typhi, Pasteurella, Francisella, many arboviruses, Ricketttsiae , Chlamydia, HIV.
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10. CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS…cont
Risk group 4 :
High risk to Lab worker & community.
Cause serious disease & spreads easily & rapidly in the community
No vaccines or chemotherapy agents available.
E.g : Hemorrhagic fever viruses including Marburg, Lassa, Ebola, & some encephalitis & arboviruses.
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11. CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORIES
Basic Laboratory (Bio-safety level 1)
Standard Good Laboratory practices (GLP) required
Simplest kind – BSCs not required.
Basic Laboratory (Bio-safety level 2)
Suitable for Risk group 2
GLP as outlined with all the standard precautions
Training Lab personnel in handling infectious organisms & suspensions.
BSCs ( Class 1 or Class 2) in addition to all other equipment including autoclaves
Employee health policy
(GLP includes aseptic tech, personal hygiene area clean-liness, following standard precautions and PPE, etc)
Good Microbiological Practice D.2.1 Aseptic Technique D.2.2 Personal Hygiene and Dress D.2.3 Area Cleanliness and Organization D.2.4 Biosafety Cabinets and Airborne Contamination D.2.5 Manipulation Techniques for Minimizing Aerosols D.2.6 Worker Qualifications D.2.7 Microbial Contamination Checks
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12. CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORIES…cont
Containment Laboratory (Biosafety Level 3)
Suitable for Risk group 3
Controlled access by authorized staff only
Special Lab design & engineering & HVAC with careful control of air movement.
Wearing of special protective clothing & accessories.
Laminar flows, Biological safety cabinets - class 2
Effective Employee Health policy with baseline sera stored for comparison with acute sera.
HVAC –heating, ventilation & air conditioning
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13. CLASSIFICATION OF LABORATORIES…cont
Containment Laboratory (Biosafety Level 4)
Suitable for Risk group 4
Includes all facilities of Level 3 plus
Separate buildings/units with strict controlled access through air locks & exit decontamination showers & pressure gradient rooms.
Special training for staff.
Requirement of BSC Class 3
Effective Employee Health Policy with baseline sera stored for comparison with acute sera.
Most are Research/ Defense Laboratories
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14. Biological Safety Cabinet
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SterilGARD® III Advance, The Baker Company

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18. Laminar flow, sometimes known as streamline flow, occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.[1] At low velocities the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. There are no cross currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids.[2] In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.[3] In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection.
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19. BSCs must be decontaminated before filter changes and before being moved. The most common decontamination method is by fumigation with formaldehyde gas. BSC decontamination should be performed by a qualified professional. To decontaminate Class I and Class II cabinets, equipment that independently generates, circulates and neutralizes formaldehyde gas is available. Alternatively, the appropriate amount of paraformaldehyde (final concentration of 0.8% paraformaldehyde in air) should be placed in a frying pan on an electric hot plate. Another frying pan, containing 10% more ammonium bicarbonate than paraformaldehyde, on a second hot plate is also placed inside the cabinet. The hot plate leads are plugged in outside the cabinet, so that operation of the pans can be controlled from the outside by plugging and unplugging the hot plates as necessary. If the relative humidity is below 70%, an open container of hot water should also be placed inside the cabinet before the front closure is sealed in place with strong tape (e.g. duct tape). Heavy gauge plastic sheeting is
taped over the front opening and exhaust port to make sure that the gas cannot seep into the room.
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21. Use of Biological safety cabinets
The use and limitations of biological safety cabinets should be explained to all potential users. Written protocols or safety or operations manuals should be issued to staff.
In particular, it must be made clear that the cabinet will not protect the operator from spillage, breakage or poor technique.
Do not use the cabinet unless it is working properly.
Do not open the glass viewing panel when the cabinet is in use.
Apparatus and materials in the cabinet must be kept to a minimum. Air circulation at the rear plenum must not be blocked.
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22. Use of Biological safety cabinets ….cont
Bunsen burners must not be used in the cabinet. The heat produced will distort the airflow and may damage the filters. An electric micro-incinerator is permissible but sterile disposable transfer loops are better.
All work must be carried out in the middle or rear part of the working surface and be visible through the viewing panel.
Traffic behind the operator should be minimized.
Air grills must not be blocked with notes, pipettes or other materials, as this will disrupt the airflow causing potential contamination of the material and exposure of the operator.
Wipe the surface of the BSC using an appropriate disinfectant after work is completed and at the end of the day.
The cabinet fan should be run for at least 5 min before beginning work and after completion of work in the cabinet.
Do not place paperwork inside BSCs.
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23. Safe laboratory environment
Use of Biohazard and safety symbols
Protective clothing :
Overalls, lab coats to be worn over normal clothing to protect from splashes, droplets containing micro-organisms/chemicals.
Waterproof aprons may be worn when indicated, poly-cottons & flammable – resistant fabric is ideal.
Laundering regularly, soiled clothing is placed in a special bag & disinfected with 1% v/v Na Hypo-chlorite & then sent to laundry. (or sent and processed as per CSSD protocol)
Gloves must be worn when handling specimens of blood or body fluids or cultures & while washing lab ware.
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26. How do you know when to use personal protective equipment?
Wear gloves when you anticipate being in contact with blood or body fluids.
Wear protective eyewear, masks, and gowns in addition to gloves when you think splashing of blood or body fluids could occur.
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27. Wear gloves when there is reasonable likelihood of hand contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials, mucous membranes or non-intact skin; when performing vascular access procedures; and when handling contaminated items or surfaces. Change disposable gloves when they become contaminated, torn or punctured. Wash hands before donning AND after removing gloves.
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29. Eye Protection O
Z87 Type Goggles
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30. Vinyl synthetic examination gloves:
tasks that involve minimal stress on the glove.
low risk of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials.
Consideration needs to be given to manipulation and other stresses placed on the glove material.
Suggested use:
For changing bed linens.
for briefly suctioning endo-tracheal secretions;
for emptying emesis basins;
For discontinuing an IV line; and for handling and preparing food.
Not recommended:
When there is moderate to high risk of exposure to blood or body fluids; for preparing, handling or administering chemotherapeutic agents.
for handling chemicals or other caustic agents;
for performing environmental services or housekeeping duties;
If sensitivity or clinical reactivity to vinyl compounds.
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31. Natural rubber latex examination gloves
the gold standard in barrier protection.
Natural rubber provides dexterity, tactile sensitivity, flexibility and durability.
preferred for procedures and tasks considered moderate to high risk for exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials and when a non-sterile hand covering is indicated.
Latex exam gloves may need to be changed every 15 to 30 minutes depending on the task or procedure, the amount of blood and fluid exposure and the contact with needles and other sharp instruments.
Suggested use: For direct patient care involving exposure
to blood or other potentially infectious materials and for
contact with blood and body fluid specimens or items contaminated with blood or body fluids.
Not recommended: For individuals with a known or
suspected allergy or clinical reactivity to natural rubber latex protein and
for prolonged contact with high-level disinfectants, such as gluteraldehyde.
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32. Nitrile examination gloves:
Preferred choice for those individuals who have a sensitivity or clinical reactivity to latex AND may be at moderate to high risk of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials.
Nitrile gloves typically have better chemical resistance than natural rubber latex, especially to hydrocarbon-based products (e.g., products containing mineral oil, petrolatum or lanolin).
Suggested use: For personnel who are allergic or
sensitive to latex and who perform tasks or procedures.
involving prolonged exposure to blood, body fluids, chemo-therapeutic agents, cleaning solutions and other chemicals.
Not recommended: For individuals who have
Sensitivity or clinical reactivity to nitrile compounds.
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33. Polyurethane , neoprine, co-polymer gloves
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35. Safe laboratory environment….cont
l) Personal health & safety measures ….cont
Covering any cuts, sores, wounds etc with water proof dressing
Do Not wear lab coats (and gloves) in the following areas:
All offices, bathrooms, elevators, public hallway
Coffee/ lunch rooms, departmental libraries
Student carrel area outside of the lab
Other non-lab areas of the building.
No licking gum labels, putting pen/pencil in mouth/hair.
Remove your gloves before using instruments, telephone, and leaving the laboratory
Always wash your hands before you leave and especially before eating.
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36. Laboratory hygiene Don’t apply cosmetics in lab
Avoid wearing jewellary. (pendants, necklaces, bracelets
Don’t touch your face, mouth or eyes without washing hands
Not eating, drinking, chewing gum, smoking, applying cosmetics or sitting on lab benches.
No storing food/drink in lab refrigerators.
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37. Hand Hygiene Techniques
Alcohol hand rub: 20 to 30 sec. ( % ethanol or isopropyl alcohol)
Rapid decontamination of hand: no visible soiling 15 sec. (chlorhexidine 1% in alcohol)
Hand wash procedure (before Aseptic procedures): minute (chlorhexidine - 2% handwash)
Surgical wash: 3-5 minutes (chlorhexidine - 4% handwash)
Routine hand wash
10 – 15 seconds using a neutral pH soap
Before eating or smoking.
After going to the toilet
Before significant patient contact
Before injection, venepuncture
Before and after routine use of gloves
After handling items soiled with blood or body substances
Aseptic procedures
One minute using an antimicrobial soap or skin cleanser
Before any nonsurgical procedures that require aseptic technique (such as inserting IV catheters)
Surgical wash
First wash – 5 minutes
Subsequent washes – 3 minutes using an antimicrobial skin cleaner containing 4% chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine
Before any invasive surgical procedure
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Non-water cleansers or antiseptic products such as alcohol-based hand rubs or foam may be used when hand washing facilities are inadequate or in emergency situations where there may be insufficient time and/or facilities.
If hands are visibly soiled a source of water should be sought. Hands should be washed as soon as an appropriate facilities become available.
Add Notes Here:

38. Areas Most Frequently Missed
Distribution of areas missed during hand washing
HAHS © 1999
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41. Do staff wash their hands enough ? No Wards 16 – 48% NICU 29%
Why
Don’t Staff Wash their Hands
(Compliance estimated at less than 50%)
Skin irritation
Inaccessible hand washing facilities
Wearing gloves
Too busy
Lack of appropriate staff
Being a physician
(“Improving Compliance with Hand Hygiene in Hospitals” Didier Pittet. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Vol. 21 No. 6 Page 381)
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42. SPECIFIC MICROBIAL HAZARDS
Aerosolization:
An aerosol ( 1—3 µ) is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas
Small droplets evaporate & leave behind droplet nuclei consisting of bacteria or viruses which are too light to settle & they move around by air currents & ventilating systems.
Particles >10 µm diameter are filtered in nose, smaller ones especially < 10 µm are inhaled right into the lungs where they initiate infection
Droplets caused by sneezing or coughing are usually large (more than 5 microns) and mostly covers only a short distance (about 3-6 feet). Direct inhalation of infected droplets causes the highest risk of transmission that occurs when you are too close to infected person after sneezing or coughing. Settled droplets on surrounding surfaces could also cause infection. Aerosols are particles of 1-3 microns (thousandths of a millimetre); these particles are too small to be seen by eye and can remain suspended in air for prolonged periods of time, and when inhaled can reach the lungs  A suspension of such particles in air is termed an aerosol, and may not necessarily be visible or even wet.
If a water droplet contains a single bacterial cell, the droplet will rapidly evaporate to a particle, or droplet nucleus, of about 1 micron. A particle of this size can remain suspended in air for prolonged periods of time and travel over considerable distances. These particles are dry and contain no free moisture. Only bound water is present which represents a small percentage of the total mass. When air is inhaled into lungs, about 50% of the particles, of this size will be retained in the lungs.
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43. MICROBIAL HAZARDS….cont
Aerosolization results from
Pouring supernatant fluids (from a height into a discarding container).
Vigorous tapping of the tube to re-suspend a sediment.
Opening cultures & rapid snap-closing of specimens or cultures.
Heating a contaminated wire loop in an open burner flame. Using a long springy loop.
Rapid rinsing of Pasteur pipettes.
Open centrifugation, opening lid before rotation stops, opening centrifuge immediately following the breakage of tube before aerosols settle.
Mouth pipetting & blowing out fluids (especially last drop)
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44. Aerosol Producers Pipettes Tubes Vortex Raymond A. Lamb, LLC
VWR International
Tubes
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Beckman Coulter, Inc.

45. WORKING SAFELY Prevent aerosolization
Pouring infectious material safely
Fluids should be poured carefully down the side of a funnel emptying in disinfectant in a jar.
Opening cultures & ampoules safely
Liquid films containing microorganisms form between the rims & bottoms of Petri dishes & rims & stoppers of bottles & tubes. they must be separated carefully preferably in a safety cabinet.
Inoculating loops & safe looping out
Loops must be fully closed - of smaller diameter - length of wire must be short (< 6mm)
Use hooded burners or safety cabinets
Cool the loops before use.
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46. WORKING SAFELY….cont Shaking & homogenizing safely
Capping the culture containers tightly while shaking,
vortex mixer may be used.
Avoiding infection from spillages & breakages
Specimens, culture tubes & bottles should always be placed in racks so that they cannot fall over & spill their contents.
Spilled material & broken culture vessels should be covered with a cloth soaked in disinfectant, left for 30 min & then cleaned up using a metal dust pan & stiff card board
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47. WORKING SAFELY….cont Safe pipetting & dispensing
Mouth pipetting has been the cause of many infections in lab personnel, some of which have been fatal.
Serious chemical injuries may occur with chemicals.
WHO recommends that mouth pipetting be banned.
Low cost pipette fillers are available commercially.
Air should never be blown through a liquid containing infectious agents.
Infectious materials should not be mixed by alternate suction and expulsion
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49. How do Needlestick Injuries Occur? Disposing of needles
Overfilling container
Emptying sharps container rather than disposing once filled
Administering injections
Drawing blood
Recapping needles.
Handling trash and dirty linens.
Improper disposal in regular garbage
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50. Sharp injury -POA
Wash the area thoroughly with 2% chlorhexidine antiseptic soap solution and water.
Skin sites and wounds that have been in contact with blood/body fluids shall also be immediately washed as above.
Do wash mucosal surfaces like mouth or conjunctiva with warm water or saline.
Do not scrub the affected area.
Do not suck the area.
Do not apply any caustic agents (hypochlorite etc);
Do not inject antiseptic/disinfectant into the wound.
Do not apply tight bandages.
Baseline titres for HIV, HBsAg, HCV, Anti- HBs done depending on vaccination history.
ART, HB- Ig, HBV vaccine etc provided on case to case basis.
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65. Exposure to Human Blood or Body Fluids
If you are exposed to human blood or body fluids through a
cut, stab or splash:
– First Aid - wash immediately with soap and water (5 min)
– Eyes flush with water for 10 min
– Cuts, stab scrub area to bleed
– Remove gloves or clothing if required
Report accident and seek medical aid and follow-up
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66. Spills outside of a containment device
The spill is not inside of a Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC), Centrifuge, Refrigerator, Incubator, Freezer, Lab instrument etc.
Close off spill area to traffic, and notify coworkers.
If the spill may involve an aerosol, (e.g. event involving dropping material onto floor, high mechanical force, a forceful expulsion of liquid) leave the room for 30 minutes to allow aerosols to settle.
Remove contaminated lab coat or clothing and wash exposed skin.
Put on clean gloves and lab coat.
Prepare enough volume of a 1:10 dilution (to give 5g/l available chlorine) of chlorine bleach or other approved disinfectant to saturate the contaminated area. If dilution is not possible, undiluted household bleach can be used. However eye protection must be worn.
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67. Spills outside of a containment device ……cont
Contain the spill with paper towels or other absorbent material
Flood the spill area with disinfectant. Leave on for min.
Push the absorbent material at the edge of the spill into the spill's center. Add more paper towels as needed. If glass is present, do not use bare hands! Use tongs (large pieces) forceps (small pieces) followed by a dustpan to remove pieces.
Discard the paper towels into a regulated medical waste container. If contact with bleach occurs with skin, mucous membranes or eyes, flush area with copious amounts of water.
Discard gloves into regulated medical waste container. Wash hands thoroughly. Autoclave an overtly contaminated lab coat.
Report incident to supervisor.
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68. General lab disinfectant
A general all-purpose laboratory disinfectant should have a concentration of 1 g/l available chlorine. A stronger solution, containing 5 g/l available chlorine, is recommended for dealing with bio-hazardous spillage and in the presence of large amounts of organic matter. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, as domestic bleach, contain 50 g/l available chlorine (5% w/v) and should therefore be diluted 1:50 or 1:10 to obtain final concentrations of 1 g/l and 5 g/l, respectively. (tap water for dil- freshly prep soln). 1: 5 dilution ( 1% hypochlorite) may also be used for dirty conditions ( as we do in TMC)
Industrial solutions of bleach have a sodium hypochlorite concentration of nearly 120 g/l and must be diluted accordingly to obtain the levels indicated above.
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69. + -- Hydrogen peroxide ± Gluteralde--hyde Chlorine Isopropyl alcohol
2.0 – 3.2%
High/CS + --
Hydrogen peroxide
3.0 – 25%
Chlorine
1000ppm Cl-
High
Isopropyl alcohol
60 – 95%
Int
Phenolic compounds %
Iodophors
50ppm free I
Q.A.Cs
0.4 – 1.6%
Low
Small hydrophilic
viruses
Lipophilic viruses
Disinfection level
Bacterial spores
Skin /Eye irritation
Shelf life > 1 week
M. tuberculosis
Corrosive effect
GERMICIDE
Dilutions
Bacteria
Residue
Fungi
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70. Mercury Spill cleanup CBWTF- landfill after stabilization Or Recycling
CBWTF =Certified BioWaste Treatment Facility
CBWTF- landfill after
stabilization
Or Recycling
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71. Spills in a centrifuge.
Biohazardous spills in centrifuges can be quite difficult to disinfect. Some but not all centrifuges have closed rotors, buckets or other carriers with leak proof lids, designed to contain spills and allow efficient, safe emptying and decontamination. However, not all centrifuges are equipped with these containment devices.
If unusual sounds from a centrifuge suggest that breakage and a spill has occurred, or, if breakage and a spill is discovered after the machine has stopped, wait at least 30 minutes after centrifuge has stopped before opening. This will allow hazardous aerosols to settle in the centrifuge.
Don lab coat, gloves, and face shield prior to opening centrifuge and then open carefully to assess the situation. Use of a respirator is recommended and double gloving is advisable if glass tubes were used and broken.
Attempt to determine if the spill is contained in a closed cup, bucket or tray carrier, or within a closed rotor.
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72. Centrifuge spills ….cont
Remove rotors and buckets to nearest biological safety cabinet for clean-up.
Carefully retrieve unbroken tubes, wipe outside with disinfectant, The broken glass tube (s) must be removed with a forceps and the pieces can then be disposed of in a sharps container.
After proper decontamination with disinfectant , carriers, rotors etc. can be washed with a mild detergent according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Thoroughly wipe the inside of the centrifuge chamber with disinfectant saturated paper towels. Allow for adequate contact time before wiping up excess liquid
chlorhexidine + cetrimide (Savlon) or 70% alcohol may be used if bleach is corrosive
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73. WASTE Management The Reality: The concerns: The Science: Ignorance
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WASTE Management
The Reality:
Ignorance
Commercialization of science
Apathy
The concerns:
Occupational
Public health
Environmental
The Science:
The only documented risk of transmission of infections from waste to healthcare workers is through sharps
There is however a potential for transmission of several microbial infections due to dumping of untreated wastes by healthcare facilities.
Mixing of a small quantity of infectious waste with municipal garbage converts the entire waste to “ infectious”
Segregation of wastes at source followed by appropriate treatment is the key to the success of a waste management strategy

74. Patient contaminated waste Laboratory waste
Hospital waste
Hazardous
Non-hazardous
Noninfectious
Infectious
Cytotoxic drugs
Kitchen
Recyclables
Toxic Chemicals
Radioactive
Sharps: needles, scalpel blades, scalp veins, glass contaminated with blood
Non-sharps
Patient contaminated waste
Laboratory waste
Specimens
Anatomical
Plastics
Non-plastics
PVC, PE PET, PS
Equipment
contaminated cotton waste, gauze, linen
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76. Human anatomical waste ( human organs, tissue , body parts)
Category of waste
Waste category
Treatment & Disposal
Color coding 1
Human anatomical waste ( human organs, tissue , body parts)
Incineration/deep burial
yellow 2
Animal waste ( animal parts, organs , body parts, bleeding parts, fluid, blood, animals used in research, waste from veterinary hospitals, colleges, animal houses) 3
Microbiology and Biotechnology waste
Waste from laboratory cultures, stocks, or specimens with microorganisms, live or attenuated vaccines, human & animal cell culture used in research, infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories, wastes from production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and devices used for transfer of cultures)
Autoclaving/ microwaving incineration.
Yellow/red 4
Waste sharps: (needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps)
Disinfection/chemical treatment/autoclaving /microwaving and mutilation/ shredding
Blue/white puncture proof container
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77. Incineration/destruction and disposal in secured landfill Black/yellow5
Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs: wastes comprising of outdated contaminated and discarded medicines
Incineration/destruction and disposal in secured landfill
Black/yellow 6
Solid waste: (Items contaminated with blood and body fluids incluidng cotton dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines beddings, other materials contaminated with blood
Incineration/autoclaving/microwaving
Yellow/red 7
Solid Waste (wastes generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubings, catheters, IV sets etc)
Disinfection by chemical treatment/autoclaving/microwaving and mutilation shredding
Red/ blue or white bag 8
Liquid Waste (waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, housekeeping activities
Disinfection by chemical treatment and discharge into drains -- 9
Incineration ash: (ash from incineration of any biomedical waste)
Disposal in municipal landfill
Black 10
Chemical Waste (chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides etc)
Chemical treatment and discharge into drains for liquids and secured landfill for solids
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78. Thank you
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