1. Gim Przymierza Rodzin class IPe –Extreme events on the earth

2. FLOODS

3. WHERE ARE THERE FLOODS IN THE WORLD?
Huge floods occur in China, India, Bangladesh Missisippi Valley.
In Poland most floods occur near Wisla and Odra.

4. WHAT SHOULD YOU DO DURING A FLOOD?
Constantly listen to the radio to get information about the level of the floods.
Maintain constant readiness to evacuate.
Don’t panic!
Carefully use bridges and roads.
Don’t drink and eat food that has been in contact with flood water.

5. EFFECTS OF FLOODS: Destroyed houses and farms.
Death of animals and people.

6. WHAT CAUSES FLOODING? Heavy rain
Damming of the river by ice jams or landslides.
Tsunami
Backwater

7. THE BIGGEST FLOODS IN POLAND:
1934r. - The flood covered the Dunajec river basin, Raby, part of the basin Wisłoka and Skawa
1990r. – Flood millennium

8. Volcanoes

9. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC EXPLOSIONS
Reasons:
- Magma clogs the mouth of all possible opennings.
Effects:
- A very large debris.
- Strong pressure gas.
- Runoff and mudslides.
- Borehole.
- Huge boilers.

10. Where they exist in the world
Volcanoes are on the limits of lithospheric plates in places where the oceanic plate pushes under the continental one.
For example, on the western coast of the Americas (Cordillera and the Andes), the east coast of Asia.

11. Ring of fire
Zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that surrounds the Pacific Ocean.

12. Is there a risk of volcano erruption in Poland?
In Poland we have some volcanos but happily they are not active.
The highest Polish volcano is called Ostrzyca Proboszczowicka and has a height of 501 meters.
There are no volcanos which are threatening us.

13. What should you do during an eruption?
Do not panic!
Lock the doors and windows.
Put wet towels under the doors.
Hide your sensitive electrical equipment.
Do not use the phone.
Put on a mask, hold a handkerchief or other material on the nose and mouth, and always wear safety goggles.

14. Parts of a volcano

15. Famous Volcanos

16. Vesuvius

17. Hekla

18. Etna

19. Earthquakes

20. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.

21. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES

22. HUMAN ACTIVITY:
Earthquakes are also caused by human activity: subsidence through mining activites, shock caused by explosions (bombs), building big artificial water reservoirs which affect balance of rock masses.

23. The occurrence of earthquakes
California along the San Andreas fault.
There are also earthquake for instance in Scandinavia.
Frequent earthquakes occur in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

24. Effects of Earthquakes
Cracks and scratches on the surface of the earth
The slots (sometimes depth of up to several meters)
Ground faults ("cutting" the form of the hill on falling rows of blocks of rock)
Horizontal movement along the fault
Raising the coast and the creation of a cliff (as a result of, or actual raising the coast, or dropping the bottom of the water
Separating the coast of the mainland, and the creation of shallow
Dome-shaped lake (caused by disorders of groundwater)

25. The fastest protection is a table or door jamb.

26. Skyscrapers are protected by sphere equivalent.
The first shelters for students were buit in Jerusalem.

27. Photos

28. Earthquake in Japan

29. Earthquake in Japan

30. TSUNAMI
Tsunami

31. Where do tsunamies occur?

32. Reasons why a tsunami occurs:
Underwater earthquakes
Underwater vulcano eruption
Landslide rock mass

33. Could a tsunami be predicted ?
Yes but it is very hard.
Radars can alert people before tsunami. With their help, we can see the power and height of a tsunami.

34. Effects Destruction of cities Death of people and animals
Contamination
Epidemics

35. How to protect yourself from a tsunami?
Making a new system of warnings from a tsunami.
Building breakwaters.

36. Short animation
Other animation:

37. Cyclone

38. A Cyclone What is a cyclone? How does a cyclone occur?
Where do cyclones occur?
What are the effects of a cyclone?
How to protect yourself?

39. What is a cyclone?
A cyclone is an area of rotating winds that occurs on the ocean.
It occurs on the ocean and sometimes moves onto the land.
It looks like a tornado.

40. How does a cyclone occur?
For an cyclone to occur there have to be special condition:
The water has to be 26,5°C
Temperature and humidity should correspond to the development of storm clouds.
The distance from the equater should be at least 500km.
Then the strom clouds meet with hot air and the pressure becomes very high and the air begins to move spiral.

41. Where do cyclones occur?
Cyclones occur near the equator and the tropics. They occur on the ocean but quickly move on to land.
Cyclones, rainfalls, floods

42. What are the effects of a cyclone?
Destruction of cities
Death of people and animals
Floods
Epidemics
Contamination

43. How to protect yourself?
When a cyclone hits you should:
Hide in the strongest part of the building like the celler.
Turn off all electroical divices.
If the building is falling hide under a table or in between the mattress.
If the cyclone hits during the time when you are in your car stop the car and don’t get out.

44. Aftermath of cyclone Yasi

45. Interesting facts Cyclones have names like Cyclone Julia.
A film about a cyclone in Miami:

46. Bibliography Floods: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood Volcanoes:
Earthquakes:
Tsunami:
Cyclone: