1. HPV Testing and Genotyping
What, Why, When
© June 2011

2. What is HPV?
HPV is a virus that likes to attack cells on or near the skin and other surfaces in the body
The full name of this virus is Human Papillomavirus
HPV is very common. About 80% of women will get it in their lifetime. Most of these infections will go away.
There are over 100 different types of HPV.
Different types cause different diseases, like plantar and skin warts, genital warts, & cancers in the genital region such as cervical cancer.

3. How is HPV linked to Cervical Cancer?
Over a dozen different HPV types have been shown to have the potential to cause cervical cancer, as well as vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer.
Most HPV infections will clear up on their own, probably without you even knowing you have HPV.
Most HPV types do not cause cancer, but some types might put you at risk. These ‘high risk’ types are the ones we want to follow more closely.
This presentation provides information on the tests that can help you and your provider keep tabs on any high risk infection.

4. What does HPV do to the cervix?
If a high risk HPV infection does not clear on its own, it is called a persistent HPV infection.
Sometimes persistent HPV infections can lead to changes in the cells on the cervix. Usually, these cervical changes happen slowly, over a period of years.
These cell changes can be treated if they are detected early. But if they are not treated, the infection can grow and become cervical cancer.
There are a number of ways to treat these early cervical changes. Talk to your healthcare provider about best treatment options for you.
Normal cervix

5. How do I find out if I have a persistent HPV infection?
Several different tests screen for HPV infection
The Pap Test tells when there are changes in the cells of the cervix. This test has been used in the US for over 50 years. During this time period, there has been more than a 70% reduction in cervical cancer deaths in the US and other industrialized countries using Pap tests for routine screening.
HPV Tests - New tests are now available to help us learn which HPV infections to treat and which we can watch to see if they clear up on their own.
An HPV test can determine if you have a high risk HPV infection
An HPV genotyping test can determine which HPV types you are infected with
Dr. Georgios Papanicolaou
Inventor of the Pap test

6. How is a Pap test done? There are two methods for Pap tests.
One method involves brushing the cervix with a spatula and broom, and then ‘smearing’ what is collected on a slide.
The second and more commonly used method in the U.S. today involves collecting a specimen with the spatula and broom, and then putting it into a liquid that can be plated onto a slide.

7. How is an HPV test done?
An HPV test (also known as an HPV DNA test) can discover if you have been infected with specific high risk or cancer-causing HPV types.
In some women, infection with these high risk HPV
types can lead to an abnormal Pap test and, if left
untreated, to cervical cancer.
The remaining liquid from the Pap test can be
tested for a number of additional things, including HPV.

8. Why would I get an HPV test?
If your Pap test is borderline abnormal, or considered to be of “undetermined significance” (ASCUS), then an HPV test can help decide if you may benefit from taking a closer look at your cervix with a magnifying scope, which is known as a‘colposcope’
If you are 30 years of age or older, an HPV test may be used in conjunction with a Pap test. The HPV test can determine whether additional testing, such as colposcopy, may help to find abnormal cells.
If you have had a cervical procedure like a LEEP or cone biopsy, an HPV test might provide additional information to guide the management of your cervical cancer screening after you have the procedure.
Colposcopee

9. What is HPV genotyping?
The standard HPV test only tells us if a woman has an HPV infection, not which type or types of HPV are causing the infection.
For instance, if a women has HPV 16 or HPV 18, her HPV test would return only a ‘positive’ result.
HPV genotyping (also known as HPV typing) has recently become available for clinical use. An HPV genotyping test can identify the specific HPV type, not just test for the presence of any type.
For instance, if a woman has HPV 16 or HPV 18, her HPV typing test would return a result of ‘HPV 16’ or ‘HPV 18’
Like the HPV test, this test is often taken from the same sample as the Pap test or by an additional gentle swab of your cervix at the time of a Pap test and performed by a healthcare provider in the office.
Cervical Cancer.
Photo courtesy of Thomas C. Wright, Columbia University

10. Why would my provider recommend that I have HPV genotyping?
It is now known that infection with HPV 16, HPV 18, and some other HPV types carry a higher risk of causing cancer than infections with other HPV types.
HPV genotyping can be used in some cases to gain a better understanding of a woman’s risk of developing cancer. With HPV typing information, it is possible for you and your healthcare provider to make better decisions about your plan for follow-up screening and further testing.

11. When would my provider recommend that I have HPV genotyping?
If you have:
Normal Pap smear and positive high risk HPV test there are two options:
Wait a year and repeat both tests. If the high risk HPV test is still positive, your provider might recommend a colposcopy.
Perform HPV genotyping for HPV 16 or 18 now. If the HPV genotyping test is positive for HPV 16 or 18, your provider might recommend a colposcopy. If the HPV genotyping test is negative for HPV 16 and 18, you can wait 12 months and then repeat a Pap test and HPV test (NOT genotyping).

12. Why would my provider recommend that I NOT have HPV testing or genotyping?
These tests are not for everyone. HPV testing and HPV genotyping are recommended for very few women. There are a number of reasons.
For most Pap abnormalities, HPV testing or HPV genotyping is not useful for informing follow-up or further testing.
If your Pap test shows a true pre-cancerous abnormality, then you can assume your HPV test would be positive because nearly all cases of pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions are associated with HPV. There would be no need for any HPV test because it adds no new information.

13. When would my provider offer an HPV test or HPV genotyping at the time of a Pap test?
If you are 30 or over, your healthcare provider might want to perform an HPV test at the time of a Pap test. If the HPV test is negative and the Pap test is normal, you might not need to repeat either for years.
If you have a normal Pap test and are HPV positive, your provider might want to consider HPV genotyping to help decide whether you need further testing.

14. Why don't I get HPV genotyping before vaccination?
No professional medical or scientific organization recommends HPV testing, either HPV DNA or HPV genotyping testing, prior to getting vaccination. There are a number of reasons:
The test is unnecessary. Whether the test results are positive or negative for HPV, women in the recommended age groups should still get vaccinated.
Requiring the HPV test creates barriers to vaccination. Requiring women to get an HPV test prior to vaccination only adds another barrier that includes an extra visit, extra exam, and an extra cost to getting vaccinated.

15. What if I have a ‘positive’ HPV test or an abnormal Pap test before vaccination?
The likelihood is that you have not been exposed to all the HPV types found in the currently available vaccines.
If you were exposed to one of the types against which an HPV vaccine protects, the vaccines may still protect you against other HPV types.
While an HPV vaccine might not work as well for you as for someone who had not been exposed to the HPV types for which the vaccines are designed, it is likely that you will still get some protection from vaccination.

16. What if I have a ‘negative’ HPV test before vaccination?
There are two cases in which you might receive a ‘negative’ HPV test. In either case, vaccination will provide benefit to you.
If you are a woman who has not been exposed to high risk HPV types, the vaccines will work very well for you.
If you are a woman who has been exposed to high risk HPV types, but cleared them on your own, your body’s natural defenses probably protect you well from HPV.
Vaccines may be helpful in boosting your bodies natural defenses or protecting you from other HPV types

17. HPV Testing and Genotyping Summary
HPV is very common.
Most infections will go away on their own as a result of your body’s immune system getting rid of them.
HPV testing and HPV genotyping can be very useful in informing you and your provider about the best timing and frequency for cervical cancer screening.
HPV testing and genotyping are NOT for everyone.
If you have precancerous cervical changes, you can assume you have been infected with a high risk HPV. Testing for HPV will not change the management of your HPV infection.
HPV testing is not recommended prior to vaccination against HPV.