1. What kind of plays?
During Shakespeare’s career, fashions and tastes in drama changed.
He wrote mostly comedies and history plays during the Elizabethan period –
Tragedies and tragicomedies during the reign of King James –

2. What Kind of Plays? Tragedy
Ends in the death of one or more of the main characters.
Most of his tragedies involve historical individuals and events

3. What Kind of Plays? Comedy Usually has a happy ending
Can also include jokes, farce and innuendo
His are usually love stories
Settings are far away from England

4. What Kind of Plays? Tragicomedy A mixture of tragedy and comedy
Seems to move toward a tragic ending but a twist in the plot saves the characters.

5. What Kind of Plays? History plays
Usually tell the stories of great leaders and kings
He sometimes altered what he found in the history books to suit his own dramatic purposes and make the plays more exciting.

6. Aristotle and his Principles of Tragedy – The Poetics
Tragedy is a representation of an action, which is serious, complete in itself and of a certain length
Acted and not narrated
Excites pity or fear and allows catharsis - a healthy release for such emotions
Tragic heroes are virtuous and good men whose misfortune is a tragic flaw in character and not a vice
Tragic plot is from happiness to misery – fall from a great height

7. Aristotle’s Poetics
The philosopher Aristotle said in his work Poetics that tragedy is characterized by seriousness and dignity and involving a great person who experiences a reversal of fortune. Tragedy results in a catharsis (emotional cleansing) or healing for the audience through their experience of these emotions in response to the suffering of the characters in the drama.
According to Aristotle, "the structure of the best tragedy should be not simple but complex and one that represents incidents arousing fear and pity--for that is peculiar to this form of art." This reversal of fortune must be caused by the tragic hero's hamartia, which is often mistranslated as a character flaw, but is more correctly translated as a mistake. According to Aristotle, "The change to bad fortune which he undergoes is not due to any moral defect or flaw, but a mistake of some kind." The reversal is the inevitable but unforeseen result of some action taken by the hero. It is also a misconception that this reversal can be brought about by a higher power (e.g. the law, the gods, fate, or society.

8. In addition, the tragic hero may achieve some revelation or recognition. Aristotle terms this sort of recognition "a change from ignorance to awareness."
According to Aristotle :Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is admirable, complete (composed of an introduction, a middle part and an ending), and possesses magnitude; in language made pleasurable, each of its species separated in different parts; performed by actors, not through narration; effecting through pity and fear the purification of such emotions.
Common usage of tragedy refers to any story with a sad ending, whereas to be an Aristotelian tragedy the story must fit the set of requirements as laid out by Poetics

9. Shakespearean tragedy
Shakespeare wrote tragedies from the beginning of his career. One of his earliest plays was the Roman tragedy Titus Andronicus, which he followed a few years later with Romeo and Juliet. However, his most admired tragedies were written in a seven-year period between 1601 and These include his four major tragedies Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, along with Antony & Cleopatra, Coriolanus, Julius Caesar and Troilus and Cressida.

10. Shakespearean Tragedy
Though he had no more than common education, followed no set of rules or patterns.
Prof.Bradley said..”Shakespeare had no conception of tragedy nor had any philosophy”, he had only ‘a sense for tragedy’,‘ genius is not bound by rules, he makes his own rules and depicts life as he sees it ‘
A Shakespearean tragedy is a story of exceptional suffering leading to the death of a man, occupying high position , with other characters also

11. Shakespeare’s conception of Tragedy
A Tragedy: a dramatic representation of serious and important actions end in a disastrous conclusion for the protagonist
It started with Aristotle in his Poetics (4th c) with its elements:
Catharsis : purgation
Hamartia : Tragic-flaw
Tragic hero: of high rank ,suffers misfortunes because of his hamartia, ends in death.
In his early tragedies, Shakespeare was influenced by Aristotle, Seneca as well as by Marlowe and kyd, by the time he came to write his great tragedies he deviated radically from the influence of the Aristotelian norms to follow his own style and rules

12. Shakespearean Tragedy
Evil and the corruption of man’s heart by evil.
Hamlet: fighting against the outside evil;
Othello: an outward evil causes a man’s fall;
King Lear: man’s mistakes set free the evils;
Macbeth; an outward evil destroys a hero.

13. The elements of a Shakespearean tragedy
The Hero, a Person of High Rank
The element of Melodrama
A Defect in the Hero’s Character
Element of Fate
The Element of Conflict
Development in the Hero’s Character
Comic Elements in a Tragedy

14. The Hero, a Person of High Rank
The tragic hero must be a man holding a lofty position and commanding respect; and the suffering or misfortune must be of an exceptional or extraordinary kind so as to produce strong tragic feelings, especially of pity, awe, and terror.
Hamlet is primarily and chiefly the tragedy of Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark. Hamlet was a well-known, honored, and well-beloved figure of the political life of Denmark
The play depicts the mental suffering and torture which Hamlet endures as a result of what he rightly considers to be the shameful conduct of his mother in remarrying within two months of the death of her first husband, and in marrying this time a man who is in every respect inferior to her first husband
Hamlet’s mental suffering is intensified by the revelation which the Ghost makes to him and by the task which the Ghost now imposes on him. Unable to avenge the murder of his father because of a temperamental inability, Hamlet undergoes even greater mental suffering till ultimately he dies as a result of the wound that he sustains in a fencing-match with Laertes, but not before he has stabbed the murderer of his father and thus at last taken his revenge.
Apart from the conduct of his mother in having re-married hastily, and apart from the Ghost’s shocking revelation, what distresses Hamlet is what he believes to be Ophelia’s betrayal of his love for her and of his trust in her.

15. The Element of Melodrama
There is always in Shakespeare’s tragedies an element of melodrama which contributes to the feeling of terror. In Hamlet, we have several melodramatic elements:
First of all, the appearance of the Ghost. Indeed, the appearance of the Ghost is a blood –curdling sight.
The murder of Polonius:The Queen is stricken by awe and grief and says to Hamlet:”Oh me, what hast thou done? Oh, what a rash and bloody deed is this?” This is a murder committed on the stage before the very eyes of the audience.
The scene of Laertes’s revolt against the King has a melodramatic element
Laertes’s Leaping into the grave that has been newly dug for the burial of Ophelia, followed by Hamlet’s leaping into it.
Finally, of course, there are the various murders which bring the play to a close .These several deaths on the stage have obviously a melodramatic character
A Defect in the Hero’s Character
The tragedy of Hamlet is due mainly to defect in his own character. This defect is his incapacity for quick decisions. Hamlet is certainly capable of impulsive action, but he is not capable of planned or premeditated action. The result is that he goes on delaying his revenge till ultimately the initiative is taken by his enemy against him. Hamlet is by nature given to reflection and meditation. This delay of his revenge, this irresolution, this shrinking from what he has already called his duty, constitutes a serious flaw in his character and chiefly responsible for his tragedy

16. Element of Fate
Fate or destiny also plays a part in the tragic dramas of Shakespeare. The appearance of the Ghost, therefore, arouses a sense of mystery and creates a feeling that fate is playing a deliberate part in human affairs. Hamlet again sees the Ghost, this time in his mother’s closet, and is told by it that it has come to “whet thy almost blunted purpose.” The sense of fate is further deepened in us by the incident of a pirate vessel attacking the ship by which Hamlet is proceeding to England under the command of the King. The sense of fate in this play receives further emphasis by the words of Hamlet in Act V, when he says that there is divinity which shapes human ends, and that there is a providence even in the fall of a sparrow.

17. The Element of Conflict
Conflict is the essence of a Shakespearean tragedy. This conflict is of two types: (a)outward conflict among the various characters, and (b) inner conflict, in the mind of the hero. Both these types of conflict exist side by side in a Shakespearean tragedy. In Hamlet, the outward conflict takes place between Hamlet and Claudius. Towards the end of the play an outward conflict also takes place between Hamlet and Laertes.
The inner conflict takes place in the mind of Hamlet, and is revealed to us in Hamlet’s successive soliloquies. Almost every soliloquy of Hamlet contains a mental debate. The most celebrated of these soliloquy is the one that begins:” To be or not to be-that is the question” which contains perhaps the most agonizing debate in Hamlet’s mind.

18. Development in the Hero’s Character
In a tragedy the hero normally comes to the realization of a truth of which he had been unaware. There is , a Aristotle says, “a change from ignorance to knowledge”. There is a transformation in the character of the hero. When we first meet Hamlet, he is in a state of depression. The world to him is “an unweeded garden” from which he would willingly depart. He has found corruption not only in the state but in existence itself. We soon learn that he had not always been so. Ophelia tells us that he had been the ideal Renaissance prince-soldier, scholar, courtier. And though we catch glimpses of his former self in his conversations with Horatio, his state of depression continues. By the final scene, however, his composure has returned. In the course of the action he has grown in stature and wisdom. He is no longer troubled by reasoning doubts. Earlier in scene (Act V, Scene ii, Lines 8-11) he had said:
Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well
When our deep plots do pall, and that should learn us
There’s divinity that shapes our ends,
Rough-hew them how we will
It is the realization that man is not totally free agent. With this realization Hamlet can face the fencing-match and the King’s intrigues without concern for self. What matters at the end of an important tragedy is not success or failure, but what a man is.

19. Comic Elements in a Tragedy
In Shakespeare the comic and the serious are not dissociated.
A hall-mark of Shakespeare’s mature work is the presentation of things and their opposites at the same time. In Hamlet, we laugh at the affected and superficial Osric and we are amused by Polonius , whose inadequate worldly wisdom stands in contrast to the deeper truths the play reveals. But the most central use of comedy is Hamlet’s cynical wit.

20. Hamlet: An Introduction First major tragedy (1600 or 1601)/36 years old

21. Hamlet : An introduction
Hamlet belongs to a genre of plays often called “revenge tragedies”. These were popular in Elizabethan England and in them a hero was called upon to punish an evildoer for a crime he had committed. Often in such plays therewas a ghost who could not rest until the person who had caused his death was killed. The ghost in Hamlet is thus a traditional figure whose role was to urge the hero to avenge an evil deed.

22. - Revenge play and the influence of Seneca
Seneca, a Roman playwright and a philosopher
Took incidents from Greek mythology for his tragedies
Included horror, bloody action and ranting and high-flown speeches to produce tragic effects
Introduced a ghost: a restless spirit urging the avenger to take action and achieve vengeance
Shakespeare in Hamlet adopted the dramatic tradition of the revenge tragedy
Revenge theme needs exiting, fast-moving plots.
A stock element of the revenge is the ghost, appearance of a spirit feeling restless because of a desire for vengeance against the person who had caused suffering

23. Conventions of revenge tragedy as seen in Hamlet
The central theme is revenge
The appearance of a ghost
Melodramatic action: violent, bloody, terrifying scenes
Several deaths on the stage
Feigned madness  
A play within a play

24. Hamlet: An Introduction
The Source
Shakespeare didn’t invent the plot of his play’s he borrowed them and made them his own, he didn’t hesitate to use whatever source he had.
The first literary treatment of Hamlet is that of a Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus who wrote in the 12th century Historiae Danicae, an account of his country’s past in Latin, printed in 1514, included the story of Amleth. The story, may be based on historical legend probably taken place in the 10th century
It is unknown whether Shakespeare knew Hamlet story from reading Saxo or not. His main source was probably a lost Elizabethan play called the Ur-hamlet which may have been written by Thomas Kyd ( ) the author of the successful revenge play The Spanish Tragedy (1589)

25. Hamlet: An Introduction
Language
abroad range of linguistic forms: from complex and beautiful poetry,
to prose filled with puns and other comic words.
Hamlet uses different forms: verse in his great soliloquies, with Horatio in contrast he uses prose when he talks with Rosencrantz & Guildenstern, and in his sarcastic conversations with Polonius.
The play employs many similes, metaphors and puns which were very popular in Shakespeare’s day. For example
Hamlet :(Aside) a little more than kin, and less than kind

26. Hamlet: An Introduction
Characterization
Much of the play’s greatness is attributed to the presentation of the characters in the play, especially the central character of Hamlet a number of questions about the nature of characters are left unanswered, and continue to fascinate new generations of readers of the play and audiences in the theatre
None of the characters is entirely straightforward they all react in different ways to different situations
The range of reactions shown by the characters is realistic of human nature
Ex: Hamlet, within the play’s fast moving action, seems at times to rush into unpremeditated action in a highly emotional way, whereas at other times he restrains himself when he might have acted.
This variation of Hamlet’s tempo is a mark of his intellectual and complex nature

27. Setting
The story takes place in the country of Denmark in the late medieval period.

28. The Story
The raw material that Shakespeare appropriated in writing Hamlet is the story of a Danish prince whose uncle murders the prince's father, marries his mother, and claims the throne. The prince pretends to be feeble-minded to throw his uncle off guard, then manages to kill his uncle in revenge.

29. 5 Acts 1. Beginning: Ghost orders revenge
2. Rising action: Hamlet acts mad
3. Climax: Hamlet does things (puts on a play, berates his mother, kills Polonius)
4. Counterstroke: Events conspire against Hamlet while he sails to England (Fortinbras, Ophelia, Laertes)
5. Catastrophe: Hamlet apologizes, kills king, dies.

30. THE STORY
HAMLET, the prince of Denmark, returns home from college for the funeral of his father, KING HAMLET. He finds that his mother, QUEEN GERTRUDE, is now married to the new king, CLAUDIUS, brother of the old king, and Hamlet’s uncle. The ghost of Hamlet’s father visits Hamlet, claims he was murdered by Claudius, and commands Hamlet to avenge him. Hamlet is uncertain of the right course of action, and so feigns madness as he ponders the deed. His unusual behavior alarms those around him, including his girlfriend OPHELIA. To test Claudius’s guilt, Hamlet stages a play that includes the exact details of the murder. When Claudius storms out of the audience, Hamlet is convinced of his guilt and plans to kill him. He later discovers Claudius praying but decides not to kill him. Then, while Hamlet is talking with his mother, the queen, he discovers that someone is hiding behind the curtains. Thinking it’s Claudius, Hamlet stabs him — only to discover that he has killed Claudius’s advisor, POLONIUS, father of Ophelia and Laertes .

31. Cont.
Claudius banishes Hamlet to England, with a secret plan to have him executed on arrival. Hamlet learns of the plot and escapes. Upon returning home, he finds that OPHELIA has drowned herself. LAERTES, Ophelia’s brother and Polonius’ son, teams up with Claudius to devise a plan to kill Hamlet during a duel with a poison tipped sword. The plan backfires: Queen Gertrude dies, Laertes dies, and Hamlet is fatally stabbed. Before succumbing to his wounds, Hamlet slays Claudius. FORTINBRAS, the Prince of Norway, takes over as the new king.

32. Acts and Scenes
- ACT 1 Scene 1: The ghost appears outside the castle. Scene 2: Hamlet grieves for his dead father. Scene 3: Polonius and Laertes warn Ophelia about Hamlet. Scene 4: Hamlet meets the ghost. Scene 5: The ghost commands Hamlet to avenge him. - ACT 2 Scene 1: Hamlet’s behavior frightens Ophelia. Scene 2: Plans are made to watch Hamlet. - ACT 3 Scene 1: The “To be or not to be” scene. Scene 2: The “play within a play” scene. Scene 3: Hamlet doesn’t kill Claudius as he prays. Scene 4: Hamlet kills Polonius thinking that he is Claudius.

33. Cont. - ACT 4 Scene 1: Claudius decides to banish Hamlet to England.
Scene 2: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern retrieve Hamlet.
Scene 3: Claudius announces Hamlet’s banishment.
Scene 4: While on the way to England, Hamlet encounters
Fortinbras.
Scene 5: Ophelia goes mad.
Scene 6: Horatio finds out that Hamlet has escaped.
Scene 7: Claudius and Laertes plot to kill Hamlet. Ophelia dies.
- ACT 5
Scene 1: Gravedigger’s scene and Ophelia’s funeral.
Scene 2: The duel: all but Horatio die. Fortinbras becomes the
new king.

34. Hamlet, Act I Scene 1: The Ghost, the setting & context
Scene 2: Claudius, Gertrude, & Hamlet
Scene 3: Laertes, Ophelia, & Polonius
Scenes 4 & 5: Hamlet and the Ghost

35. Act1, SCI: The appearance of the ghost of the late king of Denmark
The play opens at castle of Elsinore
The ghost , an important supernatural element in the play, appears and seen by the officers of the guard and by Horatio
The appearance of the ghost regarded as a kind of evil-omen for the state of Denmark [Denmark is threatened by young Fortinbras, the son of the dead king of Norway , who had been defeated and killed by old Hamlet]
The ghost as foreshadowing a coming event
the belief that disturbances in nature foretell and accompany disturbances in human affairs has its sources in Astrology and religion and this belief was current in Shakespeare’s time: Something is Rotten in the State of Denmark
In line(170 / p.17) the hero’s name is introduced to us :”Let us impart what we have seen to-night/unto young Hamlet”
The scene leaves us with a haunting sense of unexplained evil troubling both the dead and the living

36. Hamlet’s first soliloquy (lines 129-59 PP.25 -27)
It shows his melancholic state of mind before his interview with the ghost
It shows the meditative nature of Hamlet and prepares the audience for the prolonged delay in taking action for revenge
It throws light on Hamlet’s dead father, an excellent King and a loving husband, showing Hamlet’s a attachment to his dead father
Hamlet’s references to Hyperion, Niobe, and Hercules show him to be well versed in classical literature
It shows Hamlet’s tendency to generalize,” Frailty, they name is woman”, a tendency which appears frequently in his soliloquies
Unfavorable impression of both the King and the Queen

37. Hamlet’s first soliloquy(Cont.)
In presenting Hamlet first to audience Shakespeare uses an interwoven series of references to the world, the state, and the individual in Hamlet’s first soliloquy
The hasty remarriage of his mother , and the fact that the kingdom is in the hands of an unworthy man shatter his picture of the world , the state, and the individual. His sense of evil in all three spheres is closely interwoven:
The general uselessness of the world :
How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world
……….’Ti an unweeded garden (Lines 33-5)
The excellence of his father as a King compared to his ‘stayr-like uncle’
The lustfulness of his mother who has violated the natural law by the brevity of her grief and the hastiness of her marriage :
O God ! a beast , that wants discourse of reason
Would have mourned longer (Line )

38. Act 1, SC2 : A room of state in the castle
Characters: King, Queen, Hamlet, Polonius, Laertes
Messengers sent to the king of Norway
Hamlet , questioned by the King and Quean
Hamlet’s grief at his mother’s hasty remarriage – Hamlet’s first soliloquy
Hamlet informed about the appearance of the ghost
Critical comments:
Hamlet’s Character Revealed
Hamlet’s two most striking qualities:-
His melancholic state of mind
His reflective nature
Hamlet uses bitter irony and sarcasm in his conversation with the present King
He uses a pun: “I am Too much in the sun” (Line 67,p.21)has a double meaning
Hamlet’s soliloquies reveal his reflective and poetic nature

39. Act 1 , SC3: A room in polonius’s, house Polonius ,Laertes, Ophelia
Laertes is ready to depart to France
Both, Polonius and Laertes advise Ophelia not to encourage Hamlet’s advances to her expressing distrust of Hamlet’s love for her
- Critical comments
Laertes as an affectionate loving brother
Ophelia as a simple –minded girl with a submissive and obedient nature
Polonius’s love of words produces comic effect

40. Act 1, SC4 The platform in front of the castle at Elsinore
Hamlet , Horatio, Marcellus
The ghost seen by Hamlet
Hamlet follows the ghost who wants to speak to him privately
- Critical comments: Character Revelation; Atmosphere of Horror
The King, described by Hamlet, is a drunkard
The ghost appears, the atmosphere of horror is created: “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark”, is a significant comment by Marcellus

41. Act1, SC5: The Ghost Disclosure to Hamlet Another part of the Platform
Hamlet , the Ghost ,Horatio, Marcellus
The ghost revelation forms the basis for the action of the rest of the play
The ghost, the dead King’s spirit, tells Hamlet about his murderer who poisoned him, took his crown and his wife
The ghost asks Hamlet to take revenge
Hamlet swears Horatio and his companions to secrecy
Hamlet decides to put on an “antic-disposition

42. Critical comments: The most important scene in Act1
Hamlet ,shocked and stunned by the ghost’s disclosure ,had never suspected his uncle of having murdered his father and his mother of infidelity
In his 2nd soliloquy, Hamlet decides to wipe out everything from his memory and only to preserve in it the ghost’s words (P.57 Lines )
The way Hamlet speaks of never forgetting the ghost’s words makes us think that he will soon take an action against the murderer
Hamlet seems aware of his inability for the grave responsibility imposed upon him. In the closing speech of the SC., he feels sorry that :
“The time is out of joint.
O cursed spite
That ever I was born to set it right!”
The SC., throws light on the character of the present King who is a perfect villain. We begin to hate him as much as Hamlet does
Another important point is Hamlet’s decision to pretend madness and put on an “antic-disposition”
Hamlet’s tendency for generalization:
“That one may smile , and smile, and be a villain”

43. Hamlet, Act II Scene 1: Polonius and Reynaldo Scene 2:
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
Polonius, Gertrude, and Claudius
Polonius and Hamlet
Hamlet and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern
Hamlet and the Players

44. Hamlet, Act II (cont.)
Ophelia’s account of Hamlet’s Strange Behaviour -Sc1
Polonius’s Character Further Revealed- Sc1
Two Courtiers, Deputed to Probe Hamlet’s Mind –Sc2
Polonius’s Interpretation of Hamlet’s Madness-Sc2
Method in Hamlet’s Madness, According to Polonius-Sc2
Hamlet’s correct Guess About the Two Courtiers-Sc2
The News About the Arrival of a Company of Actors-Sc2
The Actors Engaged by Hamlet to Stage a play- Sc2
Hamlet’s Decision to Catch the Conscience of the king –Sc2
Hamlet’s 3rd soliloquy :(Act2- Sc2 Lines /pp )
The Character of Hamlet Further Revealed –Sc2

45. Hamlet, Act III Scene 1: The plot thickens; Hamlet and Ophelia
Hamlet and the Players
Hamlet and Horatio
Hamlet and Ophelia
The Play within a Play
Scene 3: Claudius’s Prayer
Scene 4: Hamlet & Gertrude; Polonius slain

46. Act III, Sc (Cont.)
Two important soliloquies in Sc1:The King&Hamlet
Hamlet &Ophelia Relationship
Analysis of Hamlet’s most famous soliloquy: To Be Or Not To Be
The king, Upset by The Mousetrap
Hamlet, Convinced of the king’s Guilt- Sc2
The King Troubled by his conscience
An opportunity for Revenge, Missed, Sc.3
Hamlet’s Lack of Will and Determination
Hamlet’s Stinging Words to His Mother
Hamlet,Capable of Impulsive Action, The Murder of Polonius-Sc4:The Turning Point
11-The Second Appearance of the Ghost :The Queen’s Closet
12-Reading aloud a brief part of Hamlet’s Soliloquy: To Be Or Not To Be

47. Hamlet, Act IV Scene 1: Disposing of the corpse
Scene 2: Hamlet and Rosencrantz & Guildlenstern
Scene 3:
In search of the corpse
Hamlet and Cladius
Hamlet departs for England

48. Hamlet, Act IV Scene 4: Fortinbras marches; Hamlet reflects Scene 5:
Ophelia’s “madness”
Laertes “storms” the castle
Laertes and Ophelia
Scene 6: Letter from Hamlet re: pirate ship
Scene 7:
Cladius and Laertes conspire
Ophelia dies

49. Act IV SC (Cont.)
The King shocked by Polonius’s Murder – Sc1
The king secret plan to have Hamlet killed- Sc3
Hamlet’s soliloquy in Sc4, a critical comment
An encounter between Laertes and the king- Sc5
Reasons of Ophelia’s Madness, A heart-Rending Scene -Sc5
The king’s Intrigue against Hamlet is a failure -Sc5
Another scheme, devised by the king for the Murder of Hamlet-Sc7

50. Hamlet, Act V Scene 1: Scene 2: Clown and gravedigger
Hamlet and Yorick
Ophelia’s burial
Scene 2:
Hamlet explains his trick
Osric invites Hamlet to fencing match
Madness and mayhem ensue
Fortinbras claims Denmark

51. Act V. Sc 1+2 (cont.)
A scene in the Grave-yard : Comic Relief in the 1st. Part of Sc.1.
In the Grave-yard scene Hamlet reaches the Moment of Realisation, and his sense of Fate
The Grief of Hamlet and Laertes
Hamlet’s Desire for Revenge-Sc2
A Fencing-Match Arranged by the king-The King’s Strategy
Then Deaths of all the Principal Characters : Revenge at Last, But at a Heavy Cost
The Arrival of Fortinbras

52. Critical Analysis Critical Analysis on the Following Topics:
The Use of Soliloquies in Hamlet: Analysis & Evaluation
The Problem of Delay In Hamlet. How Is It Linked With the Theme Of Revenge
The Characteristic Of Hamlet As a Tragic Hero:
Hamlet’s Tragic Flaw :‘Character is Destiny” How Far is this Applicable to Hamlet ?
The Development in the Character of Hamlet As a Tragic Hero in the end of the Play
Hamlet’s Madness: Real or Feigned?
Comic Elements In Hamlet: The Grave-Diggers’ Scene & Osric
The Presentations of Laertes , Horatiio, Claudius and Fortinbras as Foils to Hamlet.

53. CHARACTERS Hamlet Prince of Denmark Horatio Hamlet’s friend
The Ghost of Hamlet’s Father
Apparition of Hamlet’s
late father, King Hamlet
Claudius
Hamlet’s uncle, and the new
King of Denmark
Gertrude
Hamlet’s mother, and
Queen of Denmark

54. Cont. Laertes Son of Polonius Ophelia Daughter of Polonius,
Hamlet’s girlfriend
Polonius
The Lord Chamberlain,
advisor to Claudius, and
father of Ophelia
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
Hamlet’s friends who
escort him to England
Fortinbras
Prince of Norway

55. Hamlet
The Prince of Denmark, the title character, and the protagonist. About thirty years old at the start of the play, Hamlet is the son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet, and the nephew of the present king, Claudius.

56. Hamlet continued
Hamlet is melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle's scheming and disgust for his mother's sexuality. A reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the University of Wittenberg, Hamlet is sometimes indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.

57. Claudius
The King of Denmark, Hamlet's uncle, and the play's antagonist. The villain of the play, Claudius is a calculating, ambitious politician, driven by his lust for power, but he occasionally shows signs of guilt and human feeling—his love for Gertrude, for instance, seems sincere.

58. Gertrude
The Queen of Denmark, Hamlet's mother, recently married to Claudius. Gertrude loves Hamlet deeply, but she is a shallow, weak woman.

59. Polonius
The Lord Chamberlain of Claudius's court, a pompous, conniving old man. Polonius is the father of Laertes and Ophelia.

60. Horatio
Hamlet's close friend, who studied with the prince at the university in Wittenberg. Horatio is loyal and helpful to Hamlet throughout the play. After Hamlet's death, Horatio remains alive to tell Hamlet's story.

61. Ophelia
Polonius's daughter, a beautiful young woman with whom Hamlet has been in love. Ophelia is a sweet and innocent young girl, who obeys her father and her brother, Laertes.

62. Ophelia continued
Dependent on men to tell her how to behave, she gives in to Polonius's schemes to spy on Hamlet. Even in her lapse into madness and death, she remains maidenly, singing songs about flowers and finally drowning in the river amid the flower garlands she had gathered.

63. Laertes
Polonius's son and Ophelia's brother, a young man who spends much of the play in France. Passionate and quick to action, Laertes is clearly a foil for the reflective Hamlet.

64. Fortinbras
The young Prince of Norway, whose father the king (also named Fortinbras) was killed by Hamlet's father (also named Hamlet). Now Fortinbras wishes to attack Denmark to avenge his father's honor, making him another foil for Prince Hamlet.

65. The Ghost
The specter of Hamlet's recently deceased father. The ghost, who claims to have been murdered by Claudius, calls upon Hamlet to avenge him.

66. The Ghost continued
It is not entirely certain whether the ghost is what it appears to be, or whether it is something else. Hamlet speculates that the ghost might be a devil sent to deceive him and tempt him into murder, and the question of what the ghost is or where it comes from is never definitively resolved.

67. Renaissance version
It’s about a man called on to exact revenge for the murder of his father.
Problems:
The murderer is a king.
The source of the information is a ghost.
The revenge must be honorable.
There are spies everywhere.

68. Zeffirelli Theory
This is a play about a man who reminds one of Mel Gibson’s “mad max.”
Problem:
How can a man remain a hero in a world of random violence?

69. Zeffirelli alterations
Zeffirelli (Mel Gibson version) and Olivier leave out Fortinbras, reducing the political dimension of the play, and leave out the long speeches.
Branagh, whose version uses the complete text, adds scenes to maintain interest in the long speeches by the ambassador and the player (on Priam’s death)

70. How Other Characters View Hamlet
Polonius: Hamlet has gone mad from frustrated love.
Claudius: Either his father’s death upsets him, or Hamlet is cunning and stirs up trouble.
Laertes: Hamlet has insulted his family and deserves to die.
Horatio: Friend Ophelia: Model courtier/man
Fortinbras: Hamlet was a good soldier.

71. Hamlet’s doubts
Why should his mother remarry such an unattractive man?
What does the appearance of his father’s ghost mean?
Why has he lost his mirth?
Did his uncle kill his father?
Why doesn’t he kill his uncle right away?
Why do women behave the way they do?

72. Themes
Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.

73. Themes in Hamlet Revenge and Death Disease and Corruption
Appearance vs. “Reality”

74. Death
In the aftermath of his father's murder, Hamlet is obsessed with the idea of death, and over the course of the play he considers death from a great many perspectives.

75. Aftermath of Death
Hamlet ponders both the spiritual aftermath of death, embodied in the ghost, and the physical remainders of the dead, such as by Yorick's skull and the decaying corpses in the cemetery. Throughout, the idea of death is closely tied to the themes of spirituality, truth, and uncertainty in that death may bring the answers to Hamlet's deepest questions, ending once and for all the problem of trying to determine truth in an ambiguous world.

76. Revenge
Since death is both the cause and the consequence of revenge, it is intimately tied to the theme of revenge and justice—Claudius's murder of King Hamlet initiates Hamlet's quest for revenge, and Claudius's death is the end of that quest.

77. Suicide
The question of his own death plagues Hamlet as well, as he repeatedly contemplates whether or not suicide is a morally legitimate action in an unbearably painful world. Hamlet's grief and misery is such that he frequently longs for death to end to his suffering, but he fears that if he commits suicide, he will be consigned to eternal suffering in hell because of the Christian religion's prohibition of suicide.

78. Motifs
Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text's major themes.

79. Decay of the Human Body
This latter idea is an important motif throughout the play, as Hamlet frequently makes comments referring to every human body's eventual decay, noting that Polonius will be eaten by worms, that even kings are eaten by worms, and that dust from the decayed body of Alexander the Great might be used to stop a hole in a beer barrel.

80. Symbols
Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.

81. Yorick’s Skull
Hamlet is not a particularly symbolic play, at least in the sense that physical objects are rarely used to represent thematic ideas. One important exception is Yorick's skull, which Hamlet discovers in the graveyard in the first scene of Act V.

82. Different Aspects of Death
As Hamlet speaks to and about the skull of the king's former jester, it becomes a symbol of several different aspects of death, including its inevitability and its disintegration of the body. Hamlet urges the skull to "get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this favor she must come"—no one can avoid death. He also traces the skull's mouth and says, "Here hung those lips that I have kissed I know not how oft," indicating his fascination with the physical consequences of death.

83. Soliloquy
A soliloquy is a dramatic device which allows a character to reveal his thoughts to the audience but not to the other characters in the play. In Shakespeare’s time soliloquies were widely used. When an actor was alone on the stage he could speak aloud his thoughts, thus giving the audience clear insights into his character and his intentions.

84. Common Elizabethan Dramatic Devices Soliloquy & Aside
Soliloquy: A long speech given by a character when alone on stage, by which he utters his thoughts, motives and intentions aloud
Hamlet’s soliloquies are ones of the most famous, celebrated, and quoted lines in English drama
The soliloquy :Dramatic significance
A means of reading the inner working of the mind of a character
Used by a dramatist to communicate to the audience or the readers the secret thoughts of a character while at the same time preserving the secrecy of those thoughts from the other characters in the play
It throws some light on another character(s)
It may contribute to the development of the plot by acquainting us with what the speaker proposes to do.
Aside
Another related stage device is the aside in which a character expresses his thoughts in a short speech which is unheard by the other characters on the stage.

85. II. Background Information
The soliloquy is used quite frequently in Hamlet. The Prince addresses the audience directly on six occasions
(lst: in Act I, Scene2, when he is oppressed by the problems surrounding him, his father’s death and his mother’s fickleness; 2nd: in Act II, Scene2, when he contrasts his failure to respond to his father’s murder with the actor’s expression of grief for imaginary characters;

86. II. Background Information
6th: in Act IV, Scene 4, he reveals his firm intention to take his vengeance at the earliest possible opportunity while at the same time he condemns his earlier inactivity. )
(cf. Monologue: more often than not, a poetical device, e.g. My Last Duchess by Robert Browning ).

87. II. Background Information
3. Some of the Problems Troubling Hamlet:
(1) His father was murdered by his uncle who has become the king of Denmark;
(2) His mother was married to his uncle right after his father’s death;

88. Oh, that this too too sullied flesh would melt (1.2.129)
Upset by his mother’s remarriage to his nasty uncle, Hamlet contemplates suicide and sees the world as an “unweeded garden.”

89. What a piece of work is man
What a piece of work is man. How noble in reason, how infinite in faculties ( )
Hamlet tells R & G that he is melancholy (depressed), does not exercise, the world seems diseased, however noble seem the heavens.
“Man delights not me--no, nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so”
The audience is not privileged in this play, where soliloquies merge with speeches.

90. Oh, what a rogue and peasant slave am I! (2.2.55)
Hamlet berates himself for doing nothing, even when motivated by a ghost, in comparison to the player whose emotions run away with him due to nothing but a fiction. So he plans the Mousetrap.

91. Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it, trippingly on the tongue (3.2.1)
Hamlet instructs the actors
Relevant to theme of play (words, appearances, exposure of Claudius) but not to Hamlet’s state of mind (not a soliloquy)

92. ‘Tis now the very witching time of night (3.2.387)
Hamlet is in the mood for murder (having exposed Claudius’s guilt) when on the way to his mother.

93. How all occasions do inform against me (4.4.33)
Just as he was moved by the player to berate himself, Hamlet is moved by Fortinbras to take action, even for nothing.
Yet he meditates on the difference between men and beasts (unsaid: sense of right and wrong, which makes the play so powerful)

94. To what base uses we may return, Horatio
To what base uses we may return, Horatio! Why may not imagination trace the noble dusty of Alexander ( )
Hamlet raises issue that too much thinking is bad for anyone.
Hamlet, like the play, strangely finds consolation in the grave-yard, not more melancholy.

95. There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow
There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ‘tis not to come The readiness is all ( )
Beautiful, but ironic, since Hamlet seems very unready to face the king’s threat.
As philosophy, this sounds consoling but fatalistic. A dangerous combination.
Hamlet’s tragedy: he tries to accept the world, and it kills him.

96. Use of Words
The sinister uses of words are represented by images of ears and hearing, from Claudius's murder of the king by pouring poison into his ear to Hamlet's claim to Horatio that "I have words to speak in thine ear will make thee dumb". The poison poured in the king's ear by Claudius is used by the ghost to symbolize the corrosive effect of Claudius's dishonesty on the health of Denmark. Declaring that the story that he was killed by a snake is a lie, he says that "the whole ear of Denmark" is "Rankly abused….".

97. Hamlet Full Title The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke
Author
William Shakespeare
The Bottom Line
Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, wants to avenge his father’s death,
but his thoughtful, indecisive nature leads to tragedy.
Setting
Denmark, around the time it was written
Date Written
Around 1600 or 1601