1. CONTENTS 13-1 Verb + gerund 13-2 Go + -ing 13-3 Verb + infinitive
Verb + gerund or infinitive
Preposition + gerund
Using by and with to express how something is done
Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive
It + infinitive: using for (someone)
Expressing purpose with in order to and for
13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough

2. She keeps worrying about her husband.
13-1 VERB + GERUND
She keeps worrying about her husband.

3. (a) I like be with you. ing verb gerund -ing form of a verb
used as a noun
object of the verb
gerund

4. (b) They enjoy eating pizza. (c) They have finished working on a big
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(b) They enjoy eating pizza.
(c) They have finished
working on a big
project.
(d) My sister never stops
talking on the phone.

5. (e) I wish they would quit arguing.
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(e) I wish they would quit arguing.

6. (f) Would you mind taking my picture?
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(f) Would you mind taking my picture?

7. (g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the last minute.
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the
last minute.
(h) Many people put off doing their taxes until
the last minute.

8. (i) They have to keep (on) working until the project is finished.
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(i) They have to keep (on) working until the project is finished.

9. (j) They are considering breaking up.
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(j) They are considering breaking up.
(k) They are thinking about breaking up.

10. (l) They discussed breaking up.
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(l) They discussed breaking up.
(m) They talked about breaking up, but they decided to stay together.

11. (n) She is considering not going to work today.
13-1 VERB + GERUND
(n) She is considering not going to work today.
not + gerund = negative form

12. They are ____________ ______ out to play. thinking about going
13-1 LET’S PRACTICE
They are ____________ ______ out to play.
thinking about
going
think about go

13. Do you want to _________ _______ a new house? talk about buying
13-1 LET’S PRACTICE
Do you want to _________
_______ a new house?
talk about
buying
talk about
buy

14. Would you _______ ______ us less homework this week? consider giving
13-1 LET’S PRACTICE
Would you _______ ______ us less homework this week?
consider
giving
consider
give

15. It’s a beautiful day. Let’s go canoeing.
13-2 GO + -ING
It’s a beautiful day. Let’s go canoeing.

16. (a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?
13-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

17. (a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? (b) We went camping on the beach.
13-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?
(b) We went camping on the beach.

18. (a) These guys are going skydiving soon.
(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately.

19. go + gerund (a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?
13-2 GO + -ING
(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?
(b) We went camping on the beach.
(c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately.
go + gerund
certain expressions about activities
INCORRECT: I like to go to dancing.

20. Mr. Anders loves to ___ ________.
13-2 LET’S PRACTICE go
fishing
Mr. Anders loves to ___ ________. go
fish

21. My parents love to ___ ________.
13-2 LET’S PRACTICE go
dancing
My parents love to ___ ________. go
dance

22. I expected you to be here an hour ago.
13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
I expected you to be here an hour ago.

23. 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
(a) I hope to graduate
this year.

24. I hope to graduate this year (b) He intends to study hard this year.
13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
I hope to graduate this year
(b) He intends to study hard this year.
to + simple form of verb = AN INFINITIVE

25. I hope to graduate this year (b) He intends to study hard this year.
13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE
I hope to graduate this year
(b) He intends to study hard this year.
(c) She decided not to attend medical school.
negative = not + infinitive

26. At their wedding, they ________ ___ ____ together forever. promised
13-3 LET’S PRACTICE
At their wedding, they ________ ___ ____ together forever.
promised
to stay
promise
stay

27. I _____ _____ _____ _____ on a cruise, but I can’t afford it. would
13-3 LET’S PRACTICE
I _____ _____ _____ _____ on a cruise,
but I can’t afford it.
would
love to go
would love go

28. I ______ ___ ___ out of money. seem to be
13-3 LET’S PRACTICE
I ______ ___ ___ out of money.
seem to be
seem be

29. 13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE
I love to go
fishing with my dad.

30. (a) All of a sudden, it began raining.
13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE
(a) All of a sudden, it began raining.
(b) All of a sudden, it began to rain.
gerund or
infinitive
some
verbs

31. I _____ ___ _____ in line. hate to wait
13-4 LET’S PRACTICE
hate
wait
I _____ ___ _____ in line.
hate to wait
I _____ _______ in line.
hate
waiting

32. I ______ __________ yesterday, but I quit. began studying
13-4 LET’S PRACTICE
begin
study
I ______ __________ yesterday, but I quit.
began studying
I _____ _____ _____ yesterday, but I quit.
began to study

33. testifying at the trial.
13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
She is nervous about
testifying at the trial.

34. (a) Some people are afraid of driving.
13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
(a) Some people are afraid of driving.

35. (a) Some people are afraid of driving.
13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
(a) Some people are afraid of driving.
(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project.

36. (a) Some people are afraid of driving.
13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND
(a) Some people are afraid of driving.
(b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project.
(c) She apologized for being
rude to her mom.

37. Angie is good ___ (teach) ________ math. at teaching
13-5 LET’S PRACTICE
Angie is good ___ (teach) ________ math. at
teaching

38. They are planning ____ (study) __________ all afternoon for the test.
13-5 LET’S PRACTICE
They are planning ____ (study) __________ all afternoon for the test. on
studying

39. They are excited ______ (start) _______ their new project. about
13-5 LET’S PRACTICE
They are excited ______ (start) _______ their new project.
about
starting

40. It takes six hours to get from Baltimore to Seattle by air.
13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE
It takes six hours to get from Baltimore to Seattle by air.

41. (a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the
13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE
(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the
number of minutes and pressing the ON button.

42. (a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the
13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE
(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the
number of minutes and pressing the ON button.
how something
is done
By + a gerund

43. (b) I love travelling by train.
13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE
(b) I love travelling by train.

44. (b) I love travelling by train. (c) Many people eat with chopsticks.
13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE
(b) I love travelling by train.
(c) Many people eat with chopsticks.

45. (b) I love travelling by train. (c) Many people eat with chopsticks.
13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE
(b) I love travelling by train.
(c) Many people eat with chopsticks. by OR
with
how something
is done
+ noun

46. Some people in London get around ___ double-decker bus. by
13-6 LET’S PRACTICE by
with
Some people in London get around
___ double-decker bus. by

47. Most students don’t write their reports _____ hand anymore. by
13-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Most students don’t write their
reports _____ hand anymore. by
with by

48. Floors can be cleaned _____ a mop. with
13-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Floors can be cleaned _____ a mop.
with by
with

49. Riding a motorcycle can be exciting.
13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT INFINITIVE
Riding a motorcycle
can be exciting.

50. (a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous.
13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT INFINITIVE
(a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous.
(b) It is dangerous to ride motorcycles.
same
meaning

51. (c) Visiting other countries is fun.
13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT INFINITIVE
(c) Visiting other countries is fun.
gerund subject
a gerund is singular verb is singular
(d) It is fun to visit other countries.
it subject
it to visit other countries

52. It is important to do well in school.
13-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Gerund as subject
It is important to do well in school.
________________ is important.
Doing well in school

53. It can be helpful to study with a friend.
13-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Gerund as subject
It can be helpful to study with a friend.
_____________________________.
Studying with a friend can be helpful

54. Is it scary to climb mountains?
13-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Gerund as subject
Is it scary to climb mountains?
Yes, _______________________.
climbing mountains is scary

55. It is a good idea for everyone to get a flu shot.
13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
It is a good idea for everyone to get a flu shot.

56. (a) You should get a flu shot.
13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(a) You should get a flu shot.
(b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot.
similar
meaning

57. (a) You should get a flu shot.
13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(a) You should get a flu shot.
(b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot.
(c) He should be careful.
(d) It is important for him to be careful.
it is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive
phrase

58. (e) We don’t have to go to work today.
13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(e) We don’t have to go to work today.
(f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today.

59. (e) We don’t have to go to work today.
13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE)
(e) We don’t have to go to work today.
(f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today.
(g) A dog can’t drive a car.
(h) It is impossible for a dog to drive a car.

60. World leaders should be honest.
13-8 LET’S PRACTICE
World leaders should be honest.
It is important ________________________.
for world leaders to be honest

61. In some cultures, brides wear red.
13-8 LET’S PRACTICE
In some cultures, brides wear red.
In some cultures, it is appropriate
___________________.
for brides to wear red

62. It is impossible _______________. for snakes to run
13-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Snakes can’t run.
It is impossible _______________.
for snakes to run

63. I am going to college in order to get a good education.
13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR
I am going to college in order to get a good education.

64. - Why are you going to college?
13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR
- Why are you going to college?
I am going to college because I
want a good education.
(b) I am going to college in order to
get a good education.
(c) I am going to college to get a
good education.
same
meaning
in order frequently omitted
In order to purpose

65. (d) I am going to college for an education.
13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR
(d) I am going to college for an education.
for purpose
preposition noun

66. (d) I am going to college for an education.
13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR
(d) I am going to college for an education.
(e) I am going to college to get an education.
INCORRECT:
I am going to college for to get an education.
INCORRECT:
I am going to college for getting an education.

67. ? I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money. CORRECT OR INCORRECT
13-9 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money.

68. ? I went to the ATM for to withdraw money. CORRECT OR INCORRECT
13-9 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
I went to the ATM for to withdraw money.

69. ? I went to the ATM for withdrawing money. CORRECT OR INCORRECT
13-9 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
I went to the ATM for withdrawing money.

70. This dessert is too delicious to resist.
13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
This dessert is too delicious to resist.

71. (a) Hang gliding is too scary to try.
13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
TOO + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE
(a) Hang gliding is too scary to try.
(b) Hang gliding is too scary for me to try.
(c) Hang gliding is too scary for Sue to try.

72. too + adjective negative result
13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
Hang gliding is too scary to try.
Don’t even think of trying it.
too + adjective negative result

73. Hang gliding is too scary. I can’t do it.
13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
COMPARE
Hang gliding is too scary. I can’t do it.
Flying is very scary, but I can do it.

74. (d) I don’t have enough time to mop the floor.
13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE
(d) I don’t have enough time to mop the floor.
(e) Do you have enough time to do it?

75. (g) Are you strong enough to do it?
13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE
I’m not strong
enough to mop
the floor.
(f)
(g) Are you strong enough to do it?

76. I am too clumsy. I can’t be a waitress.
13-10 LET’S PRACTICE
I am too clumsy. I can’t be a waitress.
I am ______________________.
too clumsy to be a waitress

77. These shoes are too small for me.
13-10 LET’S PRACTICE
These shoes are too small for me.
These shoes aren’t ________________.
big enough for me

78. Hang gliding takes a lot of courage.
13-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Hang gliding takes a lot of courage.
enough courage
I don’t have ______________ to try it.

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