1. LIFE CYCLES AND GROWTH OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

2. How do plants reproduce? When a plant grows, it goes through
a series of stages. The stages that a
living thing goes through are called a
LIFE CYCLE.
Most food that we eat comes
from plants.
As consumers of plants we need to
understand the life cycle of plants.

3. Most plants grow from seeds. First, a seed is placed in soil, so
it can sprout.
Next, the plant grows until it
reaches maturity. A mature plant may
grow flowers or cones.
Then, these structures make more seeds.
The cycle continues.

5. Number the sequence of the plant
life cycle.

6. There are about 274,000 different kinds of plants on Earth.
Almost 90% of them reproduce
by making seeds.
Most seed-producing plants make
seeds in the flowers.

7. Only about 760 plants make seeds
in structures called
cones.

8. In plants with cones, sperm are made in male cones and eggs are
made in female cones.

9. Most cone-bearing plants are trees. Pines, spruces, and cycads are
all cone-bearing plants.

10. reproductive structures. They produce reproduction sex cells.
Flowers and cones are
reproductive structures.
They produce reproduction sex cells.
Reproduction sex cells are used during
sexual reproduction.
Male reproductive cells are called sperm.
Female reproductive cells are eggs.

11. The male organ in the flower is called the stamen.
It consists of a thin
stalk topped by a saclike anther.
The anther produces pollen.

12. FERTILIZATION Fertilization is the process of a
sperm and an egg cell joining together.
A fertilized egg grows into a new
plant inside a seed.

13. In plants with flowers, sperm are contained in grains of pollen
produced in the anthers.

14. Eggs are made in a structure called a pistil. Most flowers have
both anthers and a pistil.

16. PLANT REPRODUCTION

17. Everything the new plant needs in contained within the seed’s coat.
Even a drop of water.
Plant cell

18. Petals are the outer parts of the flower
Petals are the outer parts of the flower. They are usually bright colors to attract insects.
The male organ is the stamen. It is a thin stalk topped by a saclike anther, which produces the pollen.

19. In order for an egg to be fertilized, pollen has to move from the male
POLLEN POWER
In order for an egg to be fertilized,
pollen has to move from the male
parts to the female parts.

20. Plants reproduce through pollination.
POLLINATION is the process of pollen
moving from a male plant part to a
female plant part.
There are several ways this can happen.
POLLEN

21. Sometimes wind can blow the pollen from one plant to another.

22. Other plants are pollinated by pollinators. Bees, birds,
and butterflies, and other
animals can be pollinators.
A butterfly goes from flower to
flower drinking nectar.
The pollen on the stamens
rubs off on the butterfly.
As the butterfly visits flower
after flower, pollen drops off and falls on the pistil.
If this happens the flower will be pollinated.

23. Many water plants,
such as rushes,
are pollinated by
water. Flowing water
carries the pollen
from one plant
to the next.

24. Wind and water pollinate the other 25%.
Animals pollinate 75% of
seed-making plants.
Wind and water pollinate the other 25%.
Use this information to create a circle graph.

25. The base of the pistil of some flowers grows into a big fruit that
Animals pollinate 75%
of seed-making plants.
The base of the pistil of some
flowers grows into a big fruit that
contains the flower’s seeds.
When an animals eats the fruit, the
seeds pass through the animal’s body
before being deposited elsewhere.

26. Bats are super seed movers.
So are birds.

27. Other animals will find and bury seeds.
Think of squirrels.
Squirrels bury acorns
so they will have food
in winter. They dig up
and eat most of the
acorns, but they will
forget a few. These
will grow into new oak trees.

28. Seeds such as burs travel when they stick to an animals body.

29. Ever hear of VELCRO?
Nature got there first!

30. Plants are used to make food, clothing,
medicine, furniture and so much more.
We would not survive without plants.

31. Because we are dependant on plants
for our survival, it is vital that we
know how plants reproduce.
Knowing about plant life cycles
helps farmers provide what people
need and want.

32. Farmers need to pollinate their plants. BEES are great pollinators.
- Millions of plants -
BEES are great pollinators.

33. Bees not only pollinate our plants but provide a bonus of honey.

34. Quick Check PISTIL MOVEMENT POLLINATORS MALE GERMINATES INSECTS
STAMENS FEMALE
WIND, WATER, ANIMALS NEW PLANT

35. Label the parts of the plant

36. Quick Check cone cycle fertilization flower germination
maturity pollen pollination seed
1. What process happens when a sperm joins with an egg? _________
2. What stage has a plant reached when it can reproduce? __________
3. What process happens when a small root and plant begins to grow out of a seed? ___________________________________________
4. What are the structures that contain a plant’s male sex cells? _____
5. What structure do pine and spruce trees use to reproduce? _______
6. What forms after a plant egg is fertilized? _______________________
7. What process happens when pollen falls on a flower’s pistil? ______
8. All of the stages a plant goes through is called its life ____________.
9. What structure do rose bushes and apple trees use to reproduce?
____________

37. THINK!

38. B

39. Set up a formal experiment about seeds. What is your QUESTION?
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
Set up a formal experiment about seeds.
What is your QUESTION?
What is your HYPOTHESIS?
What MATERIALS will you use?
What PROCEDURE will you follow?
Will you DRAW pictures?
Will you make CHARTS or GRAPHS?
Will you SUMMARIZE your data?

40. HOW DO ANIMALS REPRODUCE?

41. Like plants, animals have a life cycle.
Animals are born and then they grow
to become an adult. When animals are
adults they have young of their own.
The circle of life continues on and on
forever…

42. When a bird reaches adulthood, it mates with another bird.
After mating, a female bird lays eggs.
Birds hatch from eggs.
After the eggs hatch, the parents
feed the young birds.
Over time, the birds grow and
become independent.
Soon they can live on their own.
And the cycle continues….

43. Most animals reproduce sexually. During sexual reproduction, sperm
from a male joins an egg from a female.
The fertilized egg can then develop
into a new animal.
This fertilized egg
with grow into a
tiny mouse.

44. In some animals, such as many kinds
of fish, the eggs are fertilized outside
of the female’s body.
In other animals, like birds, the
eggs are fertilized inside the female’s
body.
After the eggs are fertilized, the female
bird lays the eggs.
Birds will protect the eggs until they
have hatched.

45. After the young are born, they begin to grow and change.
Over time, newborns develop into youths.
Youths continue to develop until they
grow into adults.

46. Adult animals mate with one another to produce offspring.
An animal’s life cycle ends when
the animal dies.
But that animal’s offspring will have
offspring and the life cycle repeats
again and again.

47. and spiders hatch from eggs.
Like birds, many
other animals hatch
out of eggs.
Most fish, reptiles,
and spiders hatch from eggs.

48. What happens after
an animal is born?
Some animals, such
as turtles, are
on their own as
soon as they
hatch from their
eggs.
Their parents do
not help them.

49. Other animals, like
penguins, give their
young a great deal
of care.
They keep their young
warm and fed
until the young grow
strong enough
to care for themselves.

50. Animals such as deer, bear, and rabbits take care of their young by
feeding them milk.
These animals may stay with their
parents for months or even years.
Animals that feed
their babies milk
are called mammals.

51. Tigers give birth to live young. Young cats drink their mother’s milk.

52. When a kangaroo is
born, it is about
the size of a dime.
They crawl from the
birth canal to their
mother’s pouch.
The milk glands
are inside the pouch.

53. Raccoons usually
give birth to
3 to 5 young
at one time.
Raccoons only
have one litter
each year.

54. WHAT ABOUT US? Just like other animals, humans go
through stages of development.
After a human egg is fertilized,
it grows inside the mother.

55. After nine months, the baby is born. When babies are born they drink
their mother’s milk.

56. Newborn babies have no teeth, and they are not able to walk.
It is up to the adult to care for them.

57. Babies grow into
toddlers.
Toddlers learn to walk.
They also start to
learn how to speak.
Humans get their
first set of teeth
when they are

58. As a child develops, the first set of
teeth, or baby teeth, are replaced by
permanent teeth.
The child is growing
and developing many
physical and mental
skills during this
time.

59. During the teenage years, boys and girls start looking more like
the adults they will become.

60. During adulthood, people reach maturity.
Often, adults marry and have children
of their own.

61. As an adult ages, they lose some of their physical abilities.
The body changes in other ways, too.
The hair turns grey
or it may fall out.
Or they may need
glasses.

62. COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS
A young frog, or tadpole,
has a long tail and no legs.
As it grows, its tail becomes
shorter, and it begins to
grow legs. An adult frog has
no tail, but it has legs.
These changes are known as
METAMORPHOSIS.

63. Butterflies go through complete METAMORPHOSIS.
An adult butterfly lays an egg.
The egg hatches into a larva.
The larva of a butterfly is called
a caterpillar.
The caterpillar grows into a pupa.
Inside a chrysalis the pupa becomes
an adult butterfly.

65. In many animals, the young look similar to the adults. But in other
animals, the young look very different.
In complete metamorphosis, an animal
goes through four different
stages in its life cycle.

66. The egg hatches into larva The larvae looks like a worm
The larvae develops into a pupa
The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon
While in the cocoon the
pupa develops into the adult.
The adult splits its cocoon and flies out.

68. Grasshoppers go through incomplete metamorphosis.
Young grasshoppers hatch out of eggs
as nymphs. A nymph grows and molts.
The grasshopper will molt five times
before they reach the adult stage.

70. Some insects, such
as dragonflies
and termites, go
through a different
series of changes.
In incomplete
metamorphosis,
an animal only goes
through three
different stages of
the life cycle.

71. First, the animal hatches from the
egg as a nymph. Nymphs look like tiny
adults, but they don’t have wings.
As a nymph grows larger, it molts.
Molting happens when an insect sheds
its hard out skeleton, or exoskeleton.
After several moltings, the insect, which
now has wings, reaches its adult stage.

72. QUICK CHECK 1. Most animals grow from a fertilized _______ cell.
2. Some animals, give birth to live young and care for
the young by feeding them _______________.
3. After human babies are born, they develop into
______ and eventually grow into ______ and then adults.
4. Animals that have a larva stage and a pupa stage undergo _________ metamorphosis.
5. Animals that have a nymph stage undergo
_________ metamorphosis.

73. Some animals are endangered. Scientists study the life cycles of
WHY DO WE CARE?
Some animals are endangered.
Scientists study the life cycles of
endangered animals to try to save
them and help them increase
their numbers.
Sea turtles are endangered.

74. Sea turtles have been hurt by hunting, pollution and beach erosion.
To help sea turtles, people have
learned about their life cycle.
They have used what they learned
to protect the sea turtles and help
them survive and flourish.

76. Each of these little guys needs our help.

77. HEREDITY – INSTINCTS
LEARNED BEHAVIORS

78. Have you ever noticed how children often look like their parents?
This happens because of a process
known as heredity.
The passing of traits from parents
to their offspring is called
HEREDITY.

79. Look at the girl’s traits.
The eyes are The hair is
___________ ___________
The ear lobes The chin is
are _________ __________
The tongue can
___________

80. When you look in the mirror the you that looks back is a reflection of
your parents’ traits.
A trait is a feature of an individual,
such as brown eyes.
You inherit your eye color from your parents.
You inherit your skin color and your
hair color and even freckles from
your parents.

81. The children look like the parents.

82. Heredity happens in other living things
as well. As you can see, flowers
inherit their color from their parents.

83. Birds inherit their beak shape and their feather
color from their parents.
They also inherit their
body shape and their
feet shape.
Offspring will always
look like their parents.

84. What controls the traits you inherit?
It’s in the GENES.
What controls the traits you inherit?
Every living thing contains chemical
instructions for traits.
These instructions are known as
GENES.

86. Genes are found inside cells. When sex cells unite, the new cell
has genes from both the sperm
and the egg.
This chicken’s feather color is inherited.

87. Half of your genes came from your mother. The other half came from
your father. Because of this, you
have a mixture of traits from both
your parents.

88. Remember that a sperm is the male sex cell. It contains genes from
the father.
An egg is a female sex cell.
It has genes from the mother.
When the two cells join, the resulting
cell has genes from both parents.

89. Scientists have learned a lot about how genes control traits. Today,
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Scientists have learned a lot about
how genes control traits. Today,
scientists can take genes from one
living thing and put them in another.
They can change colors of vegetables.

90. This is called genetic engineering. Scientist use genetic engineering
to change a living thing’s traits.
For example, they can make a potato
plant poisonous to caterpillars.
Scientists can also make goat milk
with medicine in it. This technology is
very new. Because of this, nobody
knows what the effects will be.

91. What do you think are three possible benefits of genetic engineering
What do you think are three possible benefits of genetic engineering? What are some possible problems?
BENEFITS
PROBLEMS

92. Genes + Environment = YOU! Your genes alone do not control all
of your traits. The environment you
live in affects your traits, too!
Skin color can be changed by the
environment. Staying in the sun can
make your skin darker. Too much sun
is dangerous. Always wear sunblock.

93. These hydrangea flowers are pink. But if you want blue flowers all you
need to do is change the acidity of
the soil. You can change the acidity
of the soil by adding nails to the soil.

94. Some traits are caused when your genes and environment interact.
Your height is controlled by your genes.
But it is also controlled by the kinds
of foods you eat.
If you do not eat nutritious food,
you will not grow as tall as you
could on a healthy diet.

95. What other traits could be affected by the environment?

96. Plants grow toward the light. No matter where you put a plant, it will
Other living things have traits caused by a mix of genes and the environment.
Plants grow toward the light.
No matter where you put a plant, it will
always grow
toward the light.

97. The environment can change living things in other ways, too.
A tadpole is a frog larva that swims
in the water. If the pond the tadpoles
are living in begins to dry up, the
tadpoles will undergo metamorphosis
at a faster rate.
They will become adult frogs faster
than tadpoles in deep ponds.

99. The sex of alligators is affected by temperature. If an alligator egg
develops at 30 degrees Celcius or
less, it will be a female.
If it develops at 34 degrees Celcius
or more, it will be a male.

100. LEARNING LESSONS You know how to do many things.
You were not born knowing
Everything you need to know.
You LEARNED them.

101. You know how to tie your shoes, how to read an analog clock and
a digital clock. You know how to
read a book and add numbers together.
You know lots and lots about
lots of things.
But you weren’t born knowing how
to do all of these things.

102. The ability to learn hlps an animal survive. This is called
Think of how learning keeps you safe. You know to stop and look both ways before crossing the street.
The ability to learn hlps an animal survive. This is called
LEARNED BEHAVIOR.
Learned behavior is something an
animal learns from experience or by
watching other animals.

103. This chimpanzee is using a tool to get
ants to eat. It probably learned to do
this by watching other chimpanzees.

104. Playing baseball is a learned behavior.
You have to learn the rules of the
game. You also have to learn how
to hit the ball with a bat.
Playing baseball is a learned behavior.
You have to learn the rules of the
game. You also have to learn how
to hit the ball with a bat.

105. Many animals are able to learn things. Have you ever seen baby ducks
following their mother?
When the ducks first hatch, they learn
to recognize their mother. After this,
everywhere the mother goes, the
babies follow. This is called imprinting
and it keeps the ducklings safe.

106. Can you think of other learned behaviors?
If you have a pet, think of all the
things you have taught your pet to do.

107. Think about behaviors of working animals, such as horses and
rescue dogs.

108. INSIGHT INTO INSTINCTS
But not all behaviors are learned.
Animals are born knowing how
to do some things.
Behaviors animals are born with
are called
INSTINCTS.

109. Human babies have an instinct to cry Humans also have an instinct to
when they are hungry.
Humans also have an instinct to
speak a language.

110. But the instinct to speak is influenced by your environment.
You must learn to speak a particular
language, such as English, Spanish,
or Chinese. In this way, many
behaviors are a mix of learning
and instincts.

111. Earthworms have an instinct to burrow in the ground.
Calves are born with the instinct to nurse by drinking milk from their mother.

112. Other behaviors may be instinct alone
Other behaviors may be instinct alone. Very soon after a baby horse is born, it is able to stand up. Within a few hours, he can walk and run. The horse does not need to learn these behaviors. It is pure instinct.

113. Spiders have an instinct to spin webs.
Geese have an instinct to migrate
south in the winter.

114. RACEHORSE RUNNING ON RACETRACK
Look at the behaviors below. Which are learned and which are instinctive?
BEHAVIOR
LEARN/INSTINCT
PARROT SAYING, “HELLO”
RACEHORSE RUNNING ON RACETRACK
BEE BUILDING A HIVE
HIBERNATING SQUIRREL
FISH SWIMMING

115. Living things inherit most of their traits
REVIEW
Living things inherit most of their traits
from their parents. Inherited traits are
controlled by genes. Traits can also be
controlled by the environment.
In animals, traits include behaviors.
Instincts are behaviors that an animal is
born knowing how to do. Many animals
are also able to learn behaviors. They learn
through experience or by watching others.

116. gene heredity instinct instinctive offspring traits learned behavior
Check What You Know
gene heredity instinct instinctive
offspring traits learned behavior
Passing characteristics from parents to their young is know as ___
An example of ___________ __________ is a child learning to read.
A chemical instruction for a trait is known as a ________________.
Green eyes and red hair are examples of _____________________.
A bird chirping is an example of an __________________________.
A living thing’s children are also known as its _________________.
Mice, squirrels, and many other animals become inactive during the winter. This is a type of ________________________ behavior.

117. Check What You Know Explain how living things inherit traits.
List 3 examples of physical traits affected by the environment.
Draw and label a picture showing a learned behavior and draw and label a picture showing an instinctive behavior.