1. Agenda: A little more vocabulary C-V-P analysis Thursday’s class
Group problem solving

2. Vocabulary Gross Margin = Revenue - Cost of goods sold.
Contribution margin = Revenue - Variable costs
Gross margin percent = Gross margin/Revenue
Contribution margin percent = Contribution margin/Revenue

3. Gross margin: Cost of goods sold = Direct materials Direct labor
Applied overhead
Applied overhead = Variable overhead +
Fixed overhead

4. Contribution margin:
Variable costs = manufacturing variable costs + non-manufacturing variable costs.
Gross margin + fixed manufacturing overhead - non-manufacturing variable costs = Contribution margin.
Contribution margin + non-manufacturing variable costs - fixed manufacturing costs = Gross margin.

5. Safety margin:
The dollar amount by which sales exceed what is required to break even.
The number of units by which sales exceed what is required to break even.

6. Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: A Simple Model for Evaluating Decision Options
A model is always an abstraction. It is a representation, sometimes mathematical, of what are believed to be the relations among the relevant decision options.

7. Profit () = Revenues - Costs
Simple model:
The fundamental accounting equation
Profit () = Revenues - Costs
Revenue = SP*units sold
SP = selling price
Costs = FC + VC(units manufactured)
FC = fixed cost
VC = unit variable costs. 2

8. We are assuming that units manufactured = units sold.
Within this model:
We are assuming that units manufactured = units sold. 3

9. What if we want to know how much product we must sell to break even?
The breakeven point is the point where profit is zero,
so  = 0
= SP*units sold - FC - VC*units sold
= (SP - VC)*units sold - FC
units sold = FC/(SP - VC)
We will call units sold at = 0: BEunits 4

10. Formula for breakeven point
Note: (SP - VC) = unit contribution margin (CM)
units sold at breakeven point = FC/CM or
BEunits = FC/CM

11. Breakeven revenue Breakeven units (BEunits) * SP, or
SP * BEunits = SP*(FC/CM)
Breakeven revenue = FC/(CM/SP)

12. Assumptions underlying CVP analysis
In manufacturing firms, the inventory levels at the beginning and end of the period are the same. This implies that the number of units produced during the period equals the number of units sold.
The behavior of total revenue is linear (straight line). This implies that the price of the product or service will not change as sales volume varies within the relevant range. 6

13. Assumptions underlying CVP analysis
The behavior of costs is linear (straight line) over the relevant range. This implies the following more specific assumptions.
a. Costs can be categorized as fixed, variable, or semi- variable. Total fixed costs remain constant as activity changes, and the unit variable cost remains unchanged as activity varies.
b. The efficiency and productivity of the production process and workers remain constant. 7

14. Assumptions underlying CVP analysis
In multi-product organizations, the sales mix remains constant over the relevant range.
In multi-product organizations, when we do a single CVP analysis, we assume the products all are sold in the same market. Substitutes.
This means that the product mix does not change in response to changes in production/sales volume. 8

15. Example 1: equation approach
Movie theater: $48,000 monthly fixed costs
$8 ticket price.
$2 variable cost per ticket.
Give breakeven units and revenue 9

16. Example 1
Suppose practical capacity per month is 12,000 tickets and that the movie theater has operated at 60% capacity during December. It is now December 30.
Has the theater made money in December?
If they could capture 1,000 customers by lowering the ticket price to $7 for New Year’s Eve, should they do it? 11

17. Example 2
Data: Air Safety Systems company manufactures a component used in aircraft radar systems. The firm's fixed costs are $4,000,000 per year. The variable cost of each component is $2,000, and the components are sold for $3,000 each. The company sold 5,000 components during the prior year, and budgets 5,000 in sales for the coming year. (Ignore taxes) 12

18. 2. Compute the breakeven point in dollars.
Example 2
FC = $4,000,000; VC = $2,000; SP = $3,000; sold prior yr./budgeted this yr. = 5,000 units
1. Compute the breakeven point in units.
2. Compute the breakeven point in dollars. 13

19. Example 2
FC = $4,000,000; VC = $2,000; SP = $3,000; sold prior yr./budgeted this yr. = 5,000 units
What will be the new breakeven point if fixed costs increase by 10%? 14

20. New breakeven point
New fixed costs = ?
New breakeven point = ?

21. Example 2
FC = $4,000,000; VC = $2,000; SP = $3,000; sold prior yr./budgeted this yr. = 5,000 units
What was the company's operating income for the prior year? 15

22. Example 2
FC = $4,000,000; VC = $2,000; SP = $3,000; sold prior yr./budgeted this yr. = 5,000 units
The sales manager believes that a reduction in the sales price to $2,500 will result in orders for 1,200 more components each year. What will the new breakeven point be if the price is changed? 16

23. Example 2
FC = $4,000,000; VC = $2,000; SP = $3,000; sold prior yr./budgeted this yr. = 5,000 units
The sales manager believes that a reduction in the sales price to $2,500 will result in orders for 1,200 more components each year.
Should the price change be made? 17

24. Example 2
FC = $4,000,000; VC = $2,000; SP = $3,000; sold prior yr./budgeted this yr. = 5,000 units
What is the company's current safety margin?
How many units will Air Safety Systems need to sell if they want to achieve a profit of $2,500,000? 18

25. Example 2 FC = $4,000,000; VC = $2,000; SP = $3,000; sold
prior yr./budgeted this yr. = 5,000 units
Suppose that due to a new labor contract variable costs increase by 10%. What is the new breakeven point?
What will operating income be if sales remain at the same level as last year? 19

26. Example 2 New variable costs = ? New breakeven point = ?
Last year’s sales = ?
Breakeven units = ?

27. Multiple products Parry Sound Diskettes: Economy Standard Premium
Selling price $ $ $25
Less variable costs:
Direct materials
Direct labor
Mfg. Overhead
Selling
Contribution margin $ $ $ 9
Product % of total sales 10% % %
Weighted average contrib. margin (WACM) = ? 20

28. What is expected profit?
Fixed costs:
Manufacturing costs $200,000
Advertising $100,000
Admin. costs $100,000
Total predicted sales 80,000 units
Capacity ,000 units
Expected Profit = E() = ? 21

29. Compute the new expected profit: = ?
Suppose an advertising budget increase of $100,000 is expected to increase sales by 20,000. Should the firm spend $100,000 on additional advertising?
Compute the new expected profit:
= ?
Compare this to profit before the change. 22

30. New weighted average contribution margin: ?
An advertising budget increase of $150,000 is expected to change the sales mix to (.05, .30, .65). Should the advertising budget be increased?
New weighted average contribution margin: ?
E() = ? 23

31. A 2% selling commission increase is expected to increase overall demand by 10, Should they do it?
Selling commissions are variable costs, so unit contribution margins will decline.
Change in variable costs:
Economy:
Standard:
Premium:
The new contribution margins are 24

32. Should Parry Disketts increase selling commissions?
New weighted average contribution margin: ?
E() = ? 25

33. Example 3: Kaplan Co. (a) What is Kaplan’s breakeven point?
FC = $900,000
VC = $12 + $5 = $17
CM = $23 - $17 = $6
BEunits = $900,000/$6 = 150,000 units
(b) Unit sales at target income
= ($900,000 + $240,000)/$6
= 190,000 units

34. Example 3: Kaplan Co. (a) Last year’s income = 185,000 x $6
- $900,000 = $210,000
= target income
(b) Contribution to date = 30,000 x $6
= $180,000
(c) Target contribution margin = $6.50

35. Target contribution margin:
Let CM* = target contribution margin
130,000 units = (($900,000-$85,000) +($210,000-$180,000))/CM*
CM* = $6.50

36. Prestige Using CVP analysis.
A spreadsheet is a good way to tackle the problem.
In addition to the financial analysis, you are asked to consider factors such as mission, marketing, strategy, and financial flexibility. 26

37. Prestige
I have made a worksheet available to you on the homepage to help structure your computations.
Just use it as a guideline for your spreadsheet analysis. 27