1. Society and Sports from a Sociological Perspective
SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS
Society and Sports from a Sociological Perspective

2. SPORTS: FROM SPARE TIME ACTIVITY TO ITS MODERN MEANING
Desportare: (Latin) having fun, hanging around
Desport: (French) to entertain, to amuse
Sport: (English) using spare time, entertainment, hobby

3. DEFINITION OF SPORT
A physical and spare time activity with a set of rules and institutions, resembling both a game and a profession, applied in a form of competition (Georges Magnane)
An institutionalized physical activity based on competition which lies in a place between game and profession (G. Luschen)

4. DEFINITION OF SPORT
A worship of intensive and habitualized muscular activity which depends on the will for progress and even for risks which might lead to situations including danger. (Pierre de Coubertin)
Physical practices which possess their own values, rules and rituals in a form of joyful competition. (Carl Diem)

5. INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SPORTS
Rules of the activity gets standardized.
Organizing actors supervise the application of and obedience to these rules
Increasing significance of the organizational and technical sides of the activity
Formalisation of acquiring game skills

6. WHY STUDY A SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS?
Sports as a part of human social life.
Sports as a cultural determinant
Many actors within the realm of sports, with direct or indirect participations and roles.

7. GENERAL THEMES SPORTS AND SOCIAL CLASS SPORTS AND GENDER
SPORTS AND POLITICS
SPORTS, IDEOLOGY AND PROPOGANDA
SPORTS, ETNICITY AND NATIONALISM
SPORTS AND ECONOMY

8. GENERAL THEMES SPORTS AND GLOBALISATION SPORTS AND IDENTITY
SPORTS AND VIOLENCE
SPORTS AND IMPERIALISM
SPORTS AND EDUCATION

9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
HEINZ RIESSE AS THE FIRST TO USE THE TERM “SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS” (1921)
JOHANN HUIZINGA: HOMO LUDENS (THE PLAYING HUMAN), 1938
INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SPORT SOCIOLOGY (1966)

10. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE
HARRY EDWARDS
JAY COAKLEY
NORBERT ELIAS
ERIC DUNNING
JEAN MARIE BROHM

11. SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS IN TURKEY
MUSTAFA ERKAL’S “SPORTS FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE” (1978) AS THE FIRST STUDY IN TURKEY.
İBRAHİM ARMAĞAN’S “SOCIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS” (1981)
YILMAZ ÇOBANOĞLU’S “SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS” (1996)
CAN İKİZLER’S “SPORTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES” (2000)

12. HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORT
The Neolithic Age: Survival and the need for physical strength
Social division of labor and the warriors class.
Specialization and professionalisation in warfare (archery, horseback riding...)
Settled communities and the phenomenon of spare time.

13. HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORT
Spare time as a consequence of the slave mode of production
Ancient Greek city states: birthplace of first organized sports activities.
In addition to spare time, struggle against nature and other societies contributed to the genesis of sports
Defensive-offensive sports as the first sporting activities (wrestling, boxing, archery...)

14. ANCIENT GREEK EXPERIENCE
Gender dimension: Masculine monopoly
Social class dimension: Male citizens only
Philosophical dimension: Ideal state with an education system based on sports as well as philosophy, arts and sciences.
The Gymnasium
The Palaestra

15. FIRST ORGANIZED SPORTS: THE OLYMPICS (776 B.C.)
In addition to local competitions held in sacred festivals in various Greek city states, the Olympic games is considered to be the first organized sports activity.
Olympics as worship: dedication to the Olympians (Gods and Goddesses)
Olympics as a tool for sacred truce in the Hellenic world (Ekecheiria)
Only male Greek citizens allowed to watch and attend the Games
Naked status of sportsmen

16. MYTHOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS AND BODY IMAGE
Age of Heroes and the strong hero image
Hercules (Herakles) as the forthcoming hero of mascular strength
Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) and the legend of Pheidippides
Atalante: the she-warrior
Odysseus and his bow

17. ANCIENT ROMAN EXPERIENCE
Sports for the entertainment of the free citizens
Slave warriors: gladiators
Ex-slave trainsmen
The audience, the arena and social control

18. MIDDLE AGES The Feudal system and two sides of sports
Knighthood competitions
Noble sports for the aristocracy
Common sports for spending spare time for the peasants
Pre-modern forms of football

19. RISE OF THE EUROPEAN BOURGEOISIE AND SPORTS
Rise of modern sports
More disciplined, organized and with rules
Sports as a uniting tool for promoting the ideals of Western liberalism: freedom, brotherhood, equality and coexistence.
Sports: a reflection of the capitalist way of life; competition.
Common “team” sports for the proleteriat: football

20. THE BIRTH OF FOOTBALL
British imperialism and the UK as the global exporter of sports
British bureaucrats as sports missionaries all around the Empire.
Sports and imperialism: sports imperialism

21. THE BIRTH OF FOOTBALL
Revival of a middle-age common spare time activity among Cambridge students (1848)
Popularisation of football in a short period
More spare time for the proleteriat by means of legal regulations on work hours
Weekend off after Saturday afternoon
Advancements in public transport

22. Sports and class: the UK case
Working class and football
The Roman Method: canalization of the energy of the ordinary masses
Good and loyal citizens via a collective belonging
While elite sports in the UK remained to be
mostly individual sports; common sports like football rose as team sports.
First football clubs founded by trade unions or simply workers of single factories
Church teams (Aston Villa,Birmingham,Bolton,Everton)

23. EXPORT OF FOOTBALL TO CONTINENTAL EUROPE
1878: Copenhagen
1887: Hamburg
1888: Paris
1885: Vienna
1893: Genova
1886: Budapest

24. THE MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
1896 First Olympic Games in Athens

25. THE USE OF OLYMPIC GAMES AS A POLITICAL TOOL
Internationalisation of sports and use of sports as a tool of international politics
1920 Anvers Games
1936 Berlin Games
1948 London Games
1972 Munich Games
1980 Moscow Games
1984 Los Angeles Games

26. OLYMPISM and its CRITIQUES
Olympism as an ideal for sports and society both on the national and global scales
Critiques of olympism as the tool of European capitalism and imperialism
The anti-democratic status of the Olympic administrative organs
Coubertin’s anti-feminism

27. SPORTS BRANCHES Individual and team sports
Survival sports and spare-time sports
Elite sports and common sports

28. BOXING
Civilizing process and sports: Boxing as a good example regarding this context (N.Elias)
Historical origins date back to ancient Mesopotamia
Classical Boxing in ancient Greece and Rome

29. EARLY BOXING & MODERN BOXING
Rules (from a no-rule and no-referee violent showgame to modern boxing): punchable body parts, standart durations for rounds and breaks, points earned, medical staff...etc.
Weight divisions (no divisions in former)
Use of accessories (from bandages and wooden spikes to gloves and headguards)
Ethics: from warrior ethos of honor to fairplay
From a fully offensive game towards an offensive/defensive one

30. BOXING AND CONTROL OF VIOLENCE
N.Elias: Civilizing society, civilized ways of settling personal disputes among males rather than gun duels.
Use of the fists as a more civilized way
Modern society, social rules and its reflection on sports: modern boxing
Violence limited and controlled by game rules

31. TENNIS Historical roots in medieval France Badminton and croquet
Field tennis in Britain as an elite sport
The significance of the lawn in elite activities
From the field to the lawn: Walter Clopton Wingfield as the founder of modern tennis (1873)

32. TENNIS BECOMING WORLDWIDE
Mary Outerbridge and the import of tennis to USA (1874)
The First Wimbledon Championships (1877): local British tournament
Tennis goes international: The Davis Tournaments of 1900
International Lawn Tennis Federation (1912)

33. TENNIS AND CLASS
Pacification of the British upper classes in the 18th century.
Pacification of political conflicts among upper classes and pacification in other areas of social life
Combination of rural customs and upper-class manners: elite sports like cricket and tennis

34. BASEBALL Bat-and-ball games From Britain to USA
Alexander Cartwright as the founder of modern baseball (1845)
The 19th century: popularization of baseball in the US and becoming a national sport.
National League established in 1876

35. BASEBALL Negro National League in 1933
Jackie Robinson as the first black player in the US National League (1947)
Races united dating from the 60’s
Babe Ruth League (1947) for the popularization of baseball among the American youth

36. BASKETBALL James Naismith as the founder of basketball (1891)
A team sport available indoors during cold winter
Colleges and the popularization of basketball as a common sport
Foundation of the NBA (1949)
Afro-Americans and basketball