1. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D.
These slides ©2001 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.
CHAPTER 17:
Treatment
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

2. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Treatment
Psychological Therapies
Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Medical Interventions
Chapter outline
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

3. Psychological Therapies Professionals Involved in Therapy
Treatment
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Psychological Therapies Professionals Involved in Therapy
Clinical Psychologists
Ph.D. in psychology, conducts testing, diagnosis, treatment, and research
Counseling Psychologists
Ph.D. in counseling, help people with marital, family, and minor adjustment problems
Psychiatrists
M.D., does a residency in psychiatry and can prescribe medications
Psychiatric Social Workers
Master’s degree in social work with special training in counseling
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

4. Psychological Therapies Psychoanalytic Therapies
Treatment
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Psychological Therapies Psychoanalytic Therapies
Uncovering, resolving unconscious conflicts
Orthodox Psychoanalysis
Free association
Dream Analysis
Resistance
Transference
Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

5. Psychological Therapies Psychoanalytic Therapies
Treatment
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Psychological Therapies Psychoanalytic Therapies
Free association
A basic technique of psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatever comes to mind-freely and without censorship
Resistance
The tendency for patients to actively block, or “resist,” psychologically painful insights
Transference
The tendency of patients to displace intense feelings for others onto the therapist
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

6. Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Treatment
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Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Behavioral-therapy or Cognitive-behavioral Therapy
Techniques used to modify disordered thoughts, feelings, and behaviors through the principles of learning
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Flooding, Systematic Desensitization, Aversion Therapy
Operant-Conditioning Techniques
Reward and Punishment, Token Economy, Biofeedback, Social Skills Training
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

7. Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Treatment
3/31/2017
Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Classical-Conditioning Techniques
Flooding
Technique in which the patient is saturated with a fear-provoking stimulus until the anxiety is extinguished
Systematic Desensitization
Technique used to treat anxiety disorders by pairing gradual exposure to an anxiety-provoking situation with relaxation
Aversion Therapy
Technique for classically conditioned people to react with aversion to alcohol and other harmful substances
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

8. Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Treatment
3/31/2017
Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Therapeutic Effects of Exposure & Response Prevention
These are Baseline-Instruction-Response Prevention (RP) cycles from a woman with a hand-washing compulsion.
After a few cycles, the woman was washing less often and getting fewer urges to wash.
Hand Washing
Figure 17.2 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Mills, H. L., Agras, W. S., Barlow, D. H., & Mills, J. R. (1973). Compulsive rituals treated by response prevention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28,
Urges
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

9. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies Aversion Therapy to Treat Alcoholism
From
Davis, S.F., & Palladino, J.J. (1997). Psychology, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Identical to Figure 17.3 from Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Alcohol is paired with a chemical that causes nausea and vomiting.
Person should learn to associate alcohol with nausea.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

10. Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Treatment
3/31/2017
Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies
Operant-Conditioning Techniques
Reward and Punishment
Token Economy
Biofeedback
Procedure in which people learn to control physiological responses with the help of “feedback” about their internal states
Social Skills Training
Used to teach interpersonal skills through modeling, rehearsal, and reinforcement (e.g., assertiveness training)
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

11. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Psychological Therapies Behavioral Therapies Biofeedback and the Tension Headache
Sensors on the head detect muscle activity.
System converts signal to visual display.
Patient watches the display, learns to relax forehead muscles.
Figure 17-4 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

12. Psychological Therapies Cognitive Therapies
Treatment
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Psychological Therapies Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Therapy
A form of psychotherapy in which people are taught to think in more adaptive ways
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
A form of cognitive therapy in which people are confronted with their irrational, maladaptive beliefs
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Uses a gentler, more collaborative approach to cognitive therapy
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

13. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Psychological Therapies Cognitive Therapies Ellis’ A-B-C Theory of Emotional Distress
Emotional distress is caused by irrational thoughts and self-defeating beliefs.
Activating Event - Beliefs - Consequences
Emotional consequences then help sustain the irrational beliefs.
Figure 17-5 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

14. Psychological Therapies Humanistic Therapies
Treatment
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Psychological Therapies Humanistic Therapies
Removing impediments to personal growth
Person-Centered Therapy
Involves a warm and accepting environment to foster self-insight and acceptance
Founded by Carl Rogers
Therapists show empathy, unconditional positive regard, and use reflection
Gestalt Therapy
Therapy in which clients are aggressively prompted to express their feelings
Founded by Fritz Perls
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

15. Psychological Therapies Humanistic Therapies Group-Therapy Approaches
Treatment
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Psychological Therapies Humanistic Therapies Group-Therapy Approaches
Group Therapy
The simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group setting
Each approach to psychotherapy has a form of group therapy, e.g., transactional analysis is used by psychoanalysts.
Family Therapy
Form of psychotherapy that treats the members of a family as an interactive system
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

16. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Perspectives on Psychotherapy The Bottom Line: Does Psychotherapy Work?
The Benefits of Psychotherapy
Figure 17-6 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. (1980). The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Based on the results of 475 studies (Smith et al., 1980), the average psychotherapy client shows more improvement than 80% of those in the no-treatment control group.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

17. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Perspectives on Psychotherapy Improvement in Psychotherapy: The More The Better?
With additional therapy sessions, the percentage of people who improve increases up to 26 sessions.
Rate of improvement then levels off.
At one session per week, six months appears to be the ideal of amount of time.
Figure 17-7 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Howard, K. I., Kopta, S. M., Krause, M. S., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1986). The dose-effect relationship in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 41,
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

18. Perspectives on Psychotherapy Are Some Therapies Better Than Others?
Treatment
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Perspectives on Psychotherapy Are Some Therapies Better Than Others?
All approaches are equally effective.
However for some disorders, certain types of therapy tend to be more successful.
Examples: behavioral therapy for phobias, person-centered therapy for raising self-esteem, and cognitive therapy for depression
There is no universal “best” type of therapy.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

19. Perspectives on Psychotherapy What are the Active Ingredients?
Treatment
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Perspectives on Psychotherapy What are the Active Ingredients?
Three common, nonspecific factors are apparent in all types of psychotherapy.
Supportive Relationship
A Ray of Hope
Placebo Effect (the curative effect of an inactive treatment that results simply from the patient’s belief in its therapeutic value) operates but it is not as effective as real psychotherapy.
Opportunity to Open Up
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

20. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Perspectives on Psychotherapy What is the Future of Psychotherapy? Orientations of Psychotherapists
Figure 17-8 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Smith, D. (1982). Trends in counseling and psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 37,
Eclectic: Borrowing ideas and techniques from different approaches
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

21. Medical Interventions Drug Therapies
Treatment
3/31/2017
Medical Interventions Drug Therapies
Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on psychological processes and disorders
Section outline
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

22. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
Treatment
3/31/2017
Medical Interventions Drug Therapies Antipsychotic Drugs & Hospitalization Trends
Figure 17-9 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

23. Medical Interventions Types of Drug Treatments I
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Medical Interventions Types of Drug Treatments I
Antianxiety Drugs
Tranquilizing medications used in the treatment of anxiety
Trade names: Librium, Valium, Xanax, BuSpar
Antidepressants
Drugs that relieve depression by increasing the supply of norepinephrine, serotonin, or dopamine
Trade names: Tofranil, Prozac
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

24. Medical Interventions Types of Drug Treatments II
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Medical Interventions Types of Drug Treatments II
Mood Stabilizer
Calms mania; may reduce bipolar mood swings
Trade Name: Lithium Carbonate
A drug used to control mania and mood swings in people with bipolar disorder
Antipsychotic Drugs
Drugs used to control the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Trade names: Thorazine, Clozaril, Risperdal
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

25. Medical Interventions Perspectives on Drug Therapies
Treatment
3/31/2017
Medical Interventions Perspectives on Drug Therapies
Drugs have helped numerous people who once lived in psychiatric institutions.
People may not respond well to psychotherapy.
However, some drugs produce unpleasant or dangerous side effects and may lead to a physical and/or psychological addiction.
Thus, patients become passive in the healing process.
Neither psychotherapy nor drug therapy has been found to be generally more effective.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

26. Medical Interventions
Treatment
3/31/2017
Medical Interventions
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Electric-shock treatments that often relieve severe depression by triggering seizures in the brain
Psychosurgery
The surgical removal of portions of the brain for the purpose of treating psychological disorders
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

27. How To: Beating the Winter Blues Seasonal Differences in SAD
Treatment
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How To: Beating the Winter Blues Seasonal Differences in SAD
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is depression linked to certain times of year.
Symptoms are lethargy, withdrawal, increases in sleeping and eating
People with SAD feel even worse than most people do in the winter.
Light therapy can ease their suffering.
Figure from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Kasper S., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1989). Anxiety and depression in seasonal affective disorders. In P. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinct and overlapping features, San Diego: Academic Press.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

28. Where People Turn for Help
Treatment
Where People Turn for Help
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Figure from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Consumer Reports (1995, November). Mental health: Does therapy help?
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

29. Treatment
3/31/2017
©2001 Prentice Hall