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Investigative Techniques in Blood Banking
Deborah Baudler MS, MT(ASCP) SBB Assistant Professor University of Illinois-Springfield Patchwork Conference April 15, 2014
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University of Illinois-Springfield
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UIS CLS Students
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Objectives Identify common problems that occur in day to day blood banking Discuss various techniques for problem-solving Apply new knowledge to case studies for resolution
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Sherlock Holmes “The science of deduction and analysis is one which can only be acquired by long and patient study...”
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Common Problems That Can Occur
ABO Discrepancies Weak Positive Antibody Screen……no antibody identified Miscellaneous Reactivity showing up on the antibody panel Incompatible Crossmatch when antibody screen is negative
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Common Solutions Available
Cry a little Start over, hoping the problem will just go away Shake the tubes harder Pretend the weak reactions don’t exist Call your blood bank supervisor at 2 am to see if she/he is reading a good book Leave it for the next shift to resolve!
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ABO Discrepancy A discrepancy occurs when the red cell testing does NOT match the serum test results In other words, the forward type does NOT match the reverse. What is the discrepancy here? Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 2+ 4+ 1+
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What we do know…. Recall: the production of ABO antigens is controlled by the genes we inherit ABO forward and reverse reactions are typically very strong: 3+ to 4+. Where do we start? Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 2+ 4+ 1+
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Discuss the Possibilities
Most of the time, the problem is technical Failure to add patient plasma Reversed the A1 and B cells in the rack Reagent contamination Incubation time too short Clot in specimen Interpretations not accurately recorded
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Forward vs Reverse Grouping Forward Reverse
Courtesy of School of Health Related Professions University of Mississippi Medical Center Grouping Forward Reverse Missing/Weak Extra Mixed Field A/B Subgroup Disease (cancer) Acquired B B(A) Phenotype O Transfusion Bone Marrow Transplant Young Elderly Immunocompromised Cold Autoantibody Anti-A1 Rouleaux Alloantibody
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Reasons for Red Cell Discrepancies
If you have extra reactivity: Recent Bone Marrow/ Stem Cell Transplant: check medical history Excess protein coating red cells or Rouleaux: Wash red cells and retest Strong cold agglutinin coating cells: Treat cells with 0.01 M DTT Antibody coated red cells causing autoagglutination: can be seen in HDFN. Perform DAT and Incubate cells and wash several times with 37°C saline
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Reasons for Red Cell Discrepancies
Acquired B antigen: occurs in Group A individuals with gram neg sepsis. True group A cells will not agglutinate with patient’s own Anti-B in plasma Acetyl group D-Galactose Enzyme cleaves off acetyl group
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Reasons for Red Cell Discrepancies
If you have missing or weak reactivity: Subgroup of A: test cells with A1 Lectin, Anti-A,B and Anti-H Massive red cell transfusion: check transfusion history Cancer or Chemotherapy: require longer incubation period
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Reasons for Plasma Discrepancies
If you have extra reactivity: Rouleaux: Check for “stack of coins” and perform Saline Replacement Cold or RT alloantbody: Antibody ID and repeat reverse cells with antigen negative cells Cold or RT autoantbody: Antibody ID and pre-warm plasma and reverse cells in separate tubes, combine and read
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Reasons for Plasma Discrepancies
If you have extra reactivity: Issoagglutinins: Passive ABO antibodies: check recent transfusion history Subgroup of A: A1 Lectin and antibody ID with A1 cells
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Reasons for Plasma Discrepancies
If you have missing or weak reactivity: Check age of patient: Newborn: no antibody production until 4 mos Elderly: extend incubation or increase serum/cell ratio Hypogammaglobulinemia: extend incubation or increase serum/cell ratio Chemotherapy or recent Bone Marrow Transplant: check medical history
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Back to Our Case We have extra reactivity on the plasma side
Most frequent cause for ABO discrepancy Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 2+ 4+ 1+
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In This Case Patient has never been transfused and is not pregnant
Patient is here for elective surgery Antibody Screen is negative, Auto control = 0 Checked under the scope, no Rouleaux What’s left to do? Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 2+ 4+ 1+
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Solution 1. Recall: 20% of group AB individuals are actually A2B. 25% of A2B will make an alloantibody called Anti-A1 2. Test patient’s red cells with A1Lectin. A2B will not agglutinate with A1Lectin 3. Test patient’s plasma with several lots of A1 cells to confirm that the antibody is Anti-A1 A1 cells Agglutination A2 cells No Agglutination
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In This Case Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A2 cells B cells 2+ 4+
Patient is an A2B Pos with Anti-A1 Solution: Use A2 reverse cells to eliminate extra reactivity and resolve discrepancy Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A2 cells B cells 2+ 4+
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Weak Antibody Activity
2. Weak Positive Screen: Negative Antibody ID Get the Patient’s Medical History Possible Solutions: Repeat antibody screen and ID by a second method Check expiration dates of reagents Increase serum/cell ratio Increase incubation time Contact the manufacturer How should this be reported?
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Miscellaneous Antibody Activity
3. Positive Screen: No specific antibody identified All alloantibodies have been ruled out! D C E c e K Fya Fyb + Jka Jkb M N S s Lua + Lub IS AHG cc + nt √
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What Should You Do?
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Miscellaneous Antibody Activity
3. Positive Screen: No specific antibody identified Possible Solutions Check lot number of antigrams! Check expiration dates of reagents Repeat antibody screen and ID by a second method Increase serum/cell ratio Increase incubation time
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Miscellaneous Antibody Activity
Highlight positive reactions Check for Dosage D C E c e K Fya Fyb + Jka Jkb M N S s Lua + Lub IS AHG cc + nt √
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Miscellaneous Antibody Activity
Additional Suggestions: Get the Patient’s Medical History Enzyme panel Check Direct Coombs Perform an Eluate
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Benefits of an Eluate For a DAT to become positive: > 200 molecules of IgG on red cell Purpose of an eluate: Removes an antibody that’s coating the red cell Concentrates antibody Allows identification of newly forming or weak antibodies Can be positive even when DAT is negative
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Miscellaneous Antibody Activity
What antibody is detected? D C E c e K Fya Fyb + Jka Jkb M N S s Lua + Lub AHG ELU cc + nt √
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Incompatible Crossmatch When Antibody Screen is Negative
Possibilities: Perform clerical check on specimen Check agglutination under scope if <2+ Specimen at room temp or out of refrigerator Age of specimen: protein precipitation If Reactivity is 3-4+ Repeat patient’s blood type Strong Cold Agglutinin
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Incompatible Crossmatch When Antibody Screen is Negative
Other Possibilities: Patient has an antibody to a Low Incidence antigen on unit Unit has positive DAT Most likely Return unit to blood center Solution: Try another unit
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Let’s do some Investigating
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Case 1 71 yr. old woman comes through the ER on a Friday night with a 6 g Hb. While her antibody screen is incubating, you get the following blood type: Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 4+ 2+
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Thoughts? ABO discrepancy present Most probably blood type?
What should we do next? Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 4+ 2+
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Oh No! Next thing you know, her antibody screen comes up positive, YIKES! D C c E e K Fya Fyb Jka Jkb M N S s IS AHG cc 1 + √ 2 3 nt
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Let’s Do the Cross-out Technique
Which Antibodies Could Possibly be Present? D C c E e K Fy a Fyb Jk a Jk b M N S s IS AHG cc 1 + √ 2 3 nt
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Antibody ID Results Which Antibody is Present? D C E c e K + + cc + nt
Fya Fyb + Jka Jkb M N S s Lua + Lub IS AHG cc + nt √
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Are We Done? Antibody identified as Anti-M
Anti-M can possess both IgM and IgG components Phenotype patient for M if not recently transfused Test B Neg, M Neg cells with patient plasma Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 4+
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Case 2 62 yr. old man comes through the ER on a Saturday night with abdominal pain. He is rushed to surgery for a possible bowel obstruction While his antibody screen is incubating, you get the following blood type: Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 3+ 4+
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The Antibody Screen Results
Patient’s medical history indicates he had cardiac by-pass surgery 4 weeks ago and received 3 units of prbcs Perform cross-out technique Which antibodies can not be ruled out? D C c E e K Fya Fyb Jka Jkb M N S s IS AHG cc 1 + nt 2 √ 3
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The Antibody Screen Results
Anti-C, e, Fya, Jka, N and Anti-S are not ruled out D C c E e K Fya Fyb Jka Jkb M N S s IS AHG cc 1 + nt 2 √ 3
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Antibody ID Results Conclusion? What is the next step? D C E c e K + +
Fya Fyb + Jka Jkb M N S s Lua + Lub IS AHG cc + nt √ + + + nt √
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Antibody ID Results Repeated panel with PeG. Who is the culprit? D C E
K Fya Fyb + Jka Jkb M N S s Lua + Lub IS AHG cc + nt √ + + + nt √
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Case 3 27 yr. old man is medevac to your facility from a small community hospital. The patient has been in a motor vehicle accident and is bleeding internally. He is being prepped for the OR.
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Case 3 So you perform a STAT Type and Screen
While the antibody screen is incubating, you record the following results for the blood type: Any problems? Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D A1 cells B cells 2+mf 4+
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The Antibody Screen Results
The patient’s antibody screen results are Negative! Now what? D C c E e K Fya Fyb Jka Jkb M N S s IS AHG cc 1 + √ 2 3
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Check Medical History Patient received: 10 units Group O Negative rbcs
4 Group O Single Donor Platelets
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Resolution Patient’s ABO discrepancy was due to massive transfusion of out of group blood products. Important Clue: Mixed-field agglutination Information from transferring hospital confirmed that patient was AB Positive What blood type of rbcs should be transfused?
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