2. Agenda Introduction to Ablerex Introduction to Harmonics Distortion
Causes of Harmonics
Effects of Current Harmonics Distortion
Ablerex Solution to Harmonics
Q&A

3. Introduction to Ablerex
We help the World to a cleaner & more efficient electrical power
Founded in 1990
Headquarters: Taipei, Taiwan
More than 900 employees Worldwide
Listed in Taiwan Stock Market
2010 revenues: US$120million

4. Introduction to Ablerex
Company Profile:
Record breaking IPO share price when listed in 2009
First Asian company to research and develop Active Harmonic Filter
Frost & Sullivan award best Global Business Development Strategy Leadership in Harmonic Filter market

5. Introduction to Ablerex
R&D Centre – KaohSiung, Taiwan
Factory 1 – Taipei, Taiwan
Factory 2 & 3 – SuZhou, China

6. Introduction to Harmonics Distortion
This presentation we will deal specifically with:
- Harmonics
- Excessive Neutral Current (3rd Harmonics, 150Hz)

7. What is Harmonics?
Generally, electronics equipment drawn current in a non-linear fashion. Especially equipment that utilize switch mode power supply. v i
These non linear current waveforms are at higher frequency and in multiples of the “fundamental” (50Hz) Frequency (eg. 5th Harmonics = 5 x 50Hz = 250Hz). These multiples waveforms will then integrated onto the fundamental and caused the fundamental waveform to become distorted.
i.e. Harmonics is, Its Frequency Components≠ Fundamental

8. Utility +
Impedance
Voltage
Current
Harmonics
Non Linear Load -

9. The source of harmonic currents:Ph N FL Is
1) Single Phase Loads: Phase to Neutral
Normally equipment consist of Switch Mode
Power Supplies.
eg.
These equipment Generate high 3rd harmonic
They contribute to ‘Neutral Currents’ in Electrical System
Fax Machines
Copiers v L R C U r D
2) Single Phase Loads: Phase to Phase
eg. Welders, HID lighting
Generate high 3rd harmonic which flow only in the phase
conductors.

10. The source of harmonic currents:
3) Three-phase loads:
a) Rectifiers / Chargers
b) controlled Graetz bridges
eg. VSD, UPS
These equipment generate high harmonic currents
of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, … L1 Z C L2 L3 e1 e2 e3 i I Is M

11. Predominant Harmonics “signature” of some typical non-linear loads

12. Harmonics problem can be traced to 2 phenomena:
1) Current Distortions
2) Voltage Distortions
Note: Current distortions causes Voltage Distortions.
Network Z Ih Vh + -
Vh = Volt Harmonics Distortion
Ih = Harmonics Current feedback
Z = Impedance
Hence, reduce Current distortions will also reduce Voltage distortions

13. Total Harmonics Distortion-Current
To measure Current Distortion, we use “THDi” (Total Harmonics Distortions Current)
THDi is define as:
THDI is a measure of the amount by which a composite Current waveform is distorted from an ideal Sine Wave
Eg. Typical 6P UPS Rectifier THDi is 30%

14. Effects of Current Harmonics Distortions
Distorted voltage/Current in distribution networks
Decrease utility/Generator efficiency
Possible damage to capacitor banks due to resonance
Overheating to Electronics Systems causing component failure
Overheating to Neutral Conductor *
Overheating to Transformer*
Nuisance tripping of breakers & protective relay*
* Caused by 3rd harmonics in Neutral Conductor – Very Common Problem!

15. Neutral Current Harmonics - 3rd Harmonics Phenomenon
Third (triple-n) harmonics in the phase conductors add into the Neutral conductor:-
Hence Neutral current can be up to 173% of phase currents ( Ineutral-rms = √3 x Iphase-rms ),
Causing>>>
1) Transformer Overheating due to Eddy Current
2) Neutral Conductors Must be Oversize
3) Nuisance Tripping of Breaker

16. 3rd Harmonics Phenomenon – Transformer Overheating / De-rating
Standard transformer does not cancel harmonics!
Neutral Current circulating in the delta winding
To avoid overheating neutral conductor must be 200% rated, But There is No Such Standard Transformer! Hence Transformer need to be oversized
3rd Harmonis current from each phase add to neutral up to 200%

17. Transformer De-rating for Non-Linear Loads
A Transformer carrying 2/3 non-linear load needs to be doubled in size
Sources: (1) BSRIA (2) ANSI/IEEE Std C57.110

18. 3rd Harmonics Phenomenon – Nuisance Tripping of Breaker
Nuisance tripping can occur for several reasons:
1)Current circuit breakers being electromechanical devices, They do not sum high frequency components and therefore can trip spuriously
2)The current flowing in the circuit will be higher than expected due to the presence of harmonic currents. The trip settings may therefore be incorrect.

19. Common Practice and available equipment for Harmonics reduction
1) Bracing
– Eg. Oversized Neutral, Oversized Breaker, K-Factor Transformer or specify limitation of Harmonics produce by equipment
2) Blocking
- Eg. Line Reactor (Choke), Isolation Transformer
3) Filtering
- Eg. Passive Filter (Tunned L/C Filter)
4) Active Phase Shifting & Canceling
- Eg. Active Harmoncis Filter

20. They Do Not Reduce or Eliminate Harmonics
Advantages & Disadvantages of….
1) Bracing
a) Simple & Easy to apply, specify during design stage, but…
Oversized Neutral is good practice, but Breaker has to be oversized too. Many user specify 200% Neutral rated Breaker but
They Do not Exist!
This force manufacturer to supply double-size breaker to protect Neutral (eg. 200A for 80A) thus increasing cost!
b) K-Factor Transformer is relatively low cost and can prevent overheating problem cause by harmonics, but…
They Do Not Reduce or Eliminate Harmonics

21. Advantages & Disadvantages of….
2) Blocking
a) Line Reactor (Choke)
Mostly use in Motor Drive (VFD), relatively cheap if only 1 or few Motor Drives involved and the Drive load is low but…
Not effective enough to reduce harmonics current below the level of causing problem (THDi <5%) when many Drives are presents
b) Isolation Transformer
Easily available and use simple technology but…
They DO NOT remove 5th, 7th, 11th..harmonics. They can only block 3rd & other triple-n harmonics (9th, 15th.. ). 
DIAGRAM (with reactors) C e1 e2 e3 M i I Is

22. Advantages & Disadvantages of….
3) Filtering
Passive Filter (Tuned L/C Filter) is the earliest Harmonics Filter use to eliminate harmonics. It is very low cost and use simple design consisting of Inductors & Capacitors, but…
They can only eliminate 1 single offending harmonics
For example, a 250Hz tuned Filter can elimiate 5th harmonics only.
Require detailed network study to identify the culprit harmonics before designing the correctly tuned filter.
May cause Resonance problem if Capacitor banks are use together in the same network.
Sensitive to Main Utility Frequency & impedance change

23. …Utilize in Enersine™ Active Power Filter (APF) Technology
A Revolution in Solving Harmonic Distortions >>>Active Phase Shifting & Canceling Method….
Composite
+ 180o Phase
Shifted harmonics
=Fundamental
…Utilize in Enersine™ Active Power Filter (APF) Technology

24. Utility +
Impedance
APF
Voltage
Current
Harmonics
Non Linear Load -

25. APF Operation Principle – Step 1
Measure the harmonic current from harmonics loads via auxiliary CTs*
CTs
Ih waveform
* 2 CTs for 3W system, 3CTs for 4W system

26. APF Operation Principle – Step 2
Inject the equal amount of harmonic currents in opposite phase to the load
CTs
If waveform

27. APF Operation Principle – Step 3
The harmonic current of loads is being cancelled and a near perfect sine wave is present (View from Source).
Is waveform
Note! Enersine APF removes the cause of the problem not the effect

28. The Product : Awarded with USA patent no. 6717465
Come in Various Capacity & Configurations
New Modular Type – 30A/module, 120A/system
Floor Standing – 100A, 150A & 200A 2U 3U
Control Module
Power Module
Wall Mount – 25A & 50A

29. The Product : Standard unit configurations: Shunt Connected to Loads
Parallel up to 6 units (Same Capacity) 1 2 6

30. The Product con’t : Modular Configurations :
(1)Vertical parallel > up to 4 x 30Amps per 1 controller
(2) Horizontal Parallel > up to 8 systems with Same or Different capacities
30A
60A
90A
120A

31. APF Unique Features Enersine APF offer 2 types of Control Panel
Advance LCD panel
Simple LED Panel

32. APF Unique Features con’t
Advance LCD panel – only Active Filter in the market with user friendly Blue Back Light display
Main Menu View
Enersine
RUNNING >>>>
LOAD RATE
76% 
DATE
TIME 08:30:00
INFORMATION
METER
CONTROL

33. APF Unique Features con’t
Parameters Display Viee
LOAD_SIDE
KVA= Freq= 50.0Hz PF = 0.83
Vrs = V Vst = V Vtr = V
THD= % THD= % THD= %
Ir = A Is = A It = A
THD= % THD= % THD= %
In = A

34. APF Unique Features con’t
Waveform Display View
WAVEFORM_VIEW
WINDOW 1 = Ir(S)
WINDOW 2 = Ir(L)

35. APF Unique Features con’t
Spectrum Display – Up to 31st order
SPECTRUM_VIEW
VIEW= Ir(L)
H05 = %
THD = 32.44%
Freq = 50.0Hz

36. APF Unique Features con’t
Events Log – Up to 300 events

37. APF Unique Features con’t
Enersine APF allows 2 different CTs configurations to meet various site conditions:
APF o/p CT
APF o/p CT
1 - Load Sensing (Open Loop)
2 - Source Sensing (Close Loop)

38. Product Features VS Benefits
Full DSP technology
Global Compensation from 2nd to 51st orders
Selective compensation up to 12 different harmonic orders simultaneously
Treat Neutral current harmonics up to 3 times of Phase current harmonics
Able to compensate Reactive power
Not affected by Frequency change thus no Resonant Risk
No Overload risk
Benefits:
Dynamic performance
Remove harmonics almost 100%
Able to treat loads with specific harmonic orders more effectively
Neglect the needs for 200% rated Neutral, K-factor transformer,etc.
Improve Power factor (leading or lagging) to loads
Able to work with Gen set and VSD
Does not affect critical operation

39. Although Active Filters can be located in a variety of places, it’s best to locate as close to harmonic source as possible – For Cost effectiveness
APF
UPS
APF
Motor

40. Application Case Study
Generator 800kVA Supplied UPS 300kVA using Enersine 150A APF
To achieve:
Clean Harmonics from UPS
Input Pure Sine-wave
Perfect Voltage Waveform
Stabilize Generator
Reduce Losses of Generator

41. Application Case study con’t – When Enersine Off (Waveforms at Source)
Ch1(red) : Supply Voltage, THDV=17.4%
Ch2(blue): Supply Current, THDI=24.5%

42. Application Case study con’t – When Enersine ON (Waveforms at Source)
Ch1(red) : Supply Voltage, THDV=3.1%
Ch2(blue): Supply Current, THDI=2.3%

43. Application Case Study Con’t - Test Results
Enersine
THDV at Vs
THD at Is
Ihar at Is
THD at Ir
Ihar at Ir
Off
17.4%
24.5%
111A On
3.1%
2.3% 9A
29.9%
137A
Vs: Source Voltage, Ihar: Harmonic Current(rms)
Harmonic Attenuation Ratio = 137/9 = 15.2

44. Application with various brands of VFD – Without Enesine
Frequency(Hz) 30 35 40 45 50
THDi(%) AB
84.59
75.15
58.49
46.82
40.52
ABB
89.84
82.09
73.68
60.25
51.03
Danfoss
94.63
86.41
74.52
60.98
48.12
Vacon
62.88
51.45
40.26
35.82
32.27

45. Application with various brands VFD (motor drive) – With Enersine
VFD+APF
Frequency(Hz) 30 35 40 45 50
THDi(%) AB
4.68
5.6
6.13
5.94
6.24
ABB
5.1
6.44
7.81
7.61
7.05
Danfoss
5.23
6.59
8.04
7.66
7.28
Vacon
4.24
5.31
5.28
5.33
5.46

46. Sizing of Enersine APF (1)
Determine if the goal is to reduce harmonics
from a particular equipment (use 3W APF) such as Rectifier or VFD,
or to reduce the requirement for 200% rated neutrals (use 4W APF) in a electrical network.

47. Sizing of Enersine APF (2) – To use with 3Wire Equipment
Provide us the Data of that particular equipment:-
a) Equipment Rating - KVA/kW/Horse Power
b) Max. Operating Current (if available)
c) Overall Efficiency
d) Existing THDi %
e) Operating Voltage
f) Input Choke Rating (For VFD only)
Alternatively, for Quick selection (Budgetary purpose):-
For UPS = 50% of UPS capacity. Eg. 100Kva UPS use 50A APF
For VFD with i/p Choke = 100% of VFD Horsepower. Eg. 100Hp use 100Amp APF
For VFD without i/p Choke = 150% of VFD Horsepower. Eg 100Hp use 150Amp APF

48. Sizing of Enersine APF (3) – To use with 4Wire (Neutral) Electrical Network (Distribution Boards)
1). For Existing Network, We/Our Distributor
provide on site Harmonic measurement
2). For New Building/Distribution Network –
Rule of Thumb –
(i) 30% of Main Breaker Rating for multiple
IT (switch-mode Power supply) Loads
(ii) 50% of Main Breaker Rating for
combinations of IT Loads, VFD &
Electronics Lightings
90 APF
300A TPN MCCB

49. Enersine APF Installed Base…
6 Storey New Microsoft office, S’pore
Credit Agricole New Office, S’pore
BNP New Office, S’pore
Power Seraya Habour Front Office, S’pore
Visa Call Centre, S’pore
Republic Poly Woodland campus
Pikiran Rakyat Press, Indonesia
Gramedia Indonesia
Tai Pin Hospital, M’sia
Utusan Press, M’sia
Putra Jaya Government offices, M’sia
Emerson UPS, S’pore & M’sia
TSMC FAB14, Taiwan
Chung Hwa Telecom, Taiwan
Quanhai TFT LCD Factory, Taiwan
And Many more….

50. THANK YOU, & HAVE A GREAT DAY!
For more information on this product, please contact Electrotest Ltd on or
THANK　YOU,
&
HAVE A GREAT DAY!