1. Water
One of Our Basic Needs

2. Water What are the concerns about water quantity?
What are the concerns about water quality?
Give them time to answer…

3. Major Points How much fresh water is available?
Understand the water cycle (components and flow)
Understand where we our fresh water comes from

4. Water – Salt or Fresh?
What percent of the Earth’s water is fresh water?

5. Fresh Water
Fresh Water – 2.4%
Salt water – 97.6%

6. Fresh Water What percent of fresh water is: Groundwater?
Surface water?
Ice & snow?

7. Fresh Water Fresh, surface water – 0.8% Groundwater – 12%
Ice and snow – 87.2%
Question: Where is the earth’s fresh, surface water found?

8. Liquid Fresh Surface Water
Liquid fresh (surface) water is found in:
Atmosphere
Ground water (soil moisture)
Lakes & reservoirs
Moisture in plants and animals
Rivers and streams
Wetlands
Rank these 6 fresh water sources (above)
The most fresh water (1) to the one that has the least fresh water (6)
Estimate the percentage of each of the 6 sources
Put on board…

9. Liquid Fresh Surface Water (where & how much?)
Lakes & reservoirs %
Ground water %
Moisture in plants and animals %
Atmosphere - 4.8%
Rivers and streams %
Wetlands - 1.3%

10. The Water Cycle What are the major components of the water cycle?
Why don’t they show runoff??? I added #4
Also, no wetlands

11. The Water Cycle Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Runoff
Transpiration
Infiltration
Groundwater

13. Watershed What is a watershed?
Why do we discuss/study/use the term watershed?

14. Watershed
Watershed - an area or region of land that drains into a lake, stream or river.
Ridges of higher land on the ground separate watersheds from each other.
The quantity and quality of water in streams, rivers, or lakes are dependent on what happens in its watershed.

15. Indiana Watersheds Where the water goes. *
* Kankakee watershed, draining to IL River (straightened to drain wetlands for crops)

16. Indiana Water Use
What percent of Indiana’s drinking water comes from surface water?

17. Indiana Water Use
What percent of Indiana’s drinking water comes from surface water?
40% of Indiana households drink surface water.
60% of Indiana households use ground water, including everyone who uses a well.
Public water systems use both ground and surface water, depending on where they are located and what is available.

18. Wells Where do wells pull water from?
What type of geologic formations are used (2 most prominent)?

19. Wells pull water from aquifers
Wells draw water from aquifers that hold water
The two prominent types of geologic formations used:
Sand or sand & gravel formation that stores water in the spaces between particles
Rock formation that stores water in fissures or cracks and joints

20. Aquifers can be unconfined or confined

21. Wells How can wells become contaminated?
What can you do to protect your well?

22. Potential Sources of Well Contamination
This shows potential sources and one type of aquifer. The geology can come in any combination of unsaturated/saturated/confining layer. Discuss/draw my well.

23. Protecting Your Well Zone of Management Zone of Exclusion Well
Zone of Exclusion: r = 50 feet, minimum
Zone of Management: r = 200 feet, minimum

24. Potential Sources of Well Contamination
Typical required
separation distances
Septic tank and absorption field ft
Above-ground storage tanks with secondary containment (increase separation distance for tanks without secondary containment)
10 ft
Manure storage or application area
200 ft
Pesticide mixing or loading area
100 ft
Landfill, garbage dump
Existing properly constructed well or properly sealed abandoned well
Surface water (streams, lakes, ponds)
25 ft
Any structure
Outer boundary of any road
20 ft
Property boundary
15 ft

25. Well Maintenance & Life Span
Protect the well casing
Inspect the casing and cap regularly
Keep well records and know where they are
Protect the well from contaminants
Landscape around the well to protect it from lawn mowers and other equipment
Follow all manufacturer maintenance recommendations
Well life span is usually 20 to 30 years

26. Drought
How did the 2012 drought affect you/your family/friends water supply?

27. Across the U.S.
The January-July period was the warmest first seven months of any year on record for the contiguous United States. The national temperature of 56.4°F was 4.3°F above the long-term average.
More than 40,000 daily heat records were broken during the six hottest months.
The first seven months of 2012 were drier than average, ranking as 15th driest January-July on record.

28. Across the U.S.
The hot, dry summer followed a warm winter. In many Western river basins, snowpack — the lifeblood of rivers and essential for irrigation — was a fraction of the historical average.
Not even the stereotypically wet Southeast was spared. Central Georgia is mired in its second historic drought in the last five years, and the Flint River, vital for the state’s agricultural corridor, is seeing its lowest July flows ever.

29. Instruments on NASA’s Terra satellite compare plant growth in the first part of July to average conditions over the last decade. Green areas show vigorous growth, whereas brown areas indicate stunted crops.
(Image courtesy NASA)

30. Hydrologic Demands
When the demands on a hydrologic system increase — when cities grow, when farming becomes more intensive and when water withdrawals increase— the consequences of heat and cloudless summer months are magnified.
In other words, a moderate dry period may now produce more serious effects than it would have in the past. A city of 100,000, for instance, is much more vulnerable than a city of 40,000, if water-use behaviors remain the same.

31. Drought and the Water Supply
Dr. Jane Frankenberger
YouTube video
What can this drought teach us?

32. Water Consumers Worldwide Agriculture uses:
There are three categories of water users: agricultural, domestic, and industrial.
What percent % does agriculture use?
What agricultural practice uses the most water?
Agriculture uses:
67% of water withdrawn (total amount removed for any purpose)
85% of consumption (water withdrawn for human use)

33. Water Consumers
The agricultural practice that uses the most water is irrigation (particularly inefficient methods)
Why is this inefficient? (Remember the water cycle and evaporation….)

34. Indiana’s Water Shortage Plan
History:
1988: Drought focused attention on need for statewide plan to minimize impacts of a water shortage
1991: Indiana General Assembly enacted HB which required DNR to develop Water Shortage Plan
1994: Water Shortage Plan completed with input from Industry, Agriculture, Public Water Supplies, Municipalities, Environmental Groups, Government Agencies, etc.

35. July 10, 2012

36. Indiana’s Water Shortage Plan
Developed by a Task Force (as required by the state Senate Enrolled Act No. 369)
Suggested Model Ordinance
Development of a “Water Management Strategy” by Local Unit of Government
Adoption and Implementation of Ordinance for Effective Management of Water during Temporary Water Shortage
Development of Water Shortage Plan Web Page,

37. Water Management Strategies
Increase public awareness of value of water
Increase public knowledge of wise water use
Provide economic incentives for desirable water management practices
Enhance sum of net benefits from water resources
Reduce frequency, duration, and severity of water shortages
Provide economic development consistent with water supply outlook

38. Baseline Steamflow Policy
Ecological protection is understood to be one of the recognized “beneficial uses” of water in the State.
Therefore, the Water Shortage Task Force recommends that the 80-Percent Flow Duration (Q80) stream discharge for the months of May through October be used as a trigger to initiate a local action process to protect aquatic and riparian habitat by monitoring minimum streamflow in surface waters during a shortage.

39. Water Use Priorities
First Priority is for domestic purposes described in IC
Second Priority is for the use of health and safety
Third Priority is for power production with contingency planning provisions
Fourth Priority is for industry and agriculture with contingency planning provisions
Fifth Priority is for power production, industry and agriculture without contingency planning provisions
Sixth Priority is for any other purpose

40. Task Force Recommendations
Encourage the Legislature to establish a sustainable Water Planning Task Force to coordinate regional water supply and demand planning, and data collection efforts
Improve regional water conservation, allocation and management throughout Indiana
Protect public health and safety during water shortages

41. Task Force Recommendations
Implement policies and programs that encourage efficient use, including conservation of water in wet, normal, and dry years, and allocation during water shortage
Study the supply and demand by establishing water use databanks that are standardized and shared through metering and reporting requirements
Promote installation of accurate water metering devices at all withdrawal and/or end use points

42. Water Shortage Warning
July 17, 2012
To: Owners/Operators of Significant Water Withdrawal Facilities
Applicable to all counties in Indiana
Issued by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources and the Indiana Department of Homeland Security
Requested a voluntary reduction of current water use of 10-15%

43. Example: The Ogallala Aquifer
Center-pivot sprinklers are commonly used in the High Plains
Large quantities of groundwater pumped from the Ogallala Aquifer allows these semiarid western lands to yield abundant harvests

44. The Ogallala Aquifer
Water is being extracted 100 times the natural replacement rate (recharge)
Water level in the aquifer dropping at the rate of five feet per year
Eight states draw water from the aquifer:
Colorado
Kansas
Nebraska
New Mexico
Oklahoma
South Dakota
Texas
Wyoming

45. Report, 2012
The High Plains Underground Water Conservation District says that agriculture producers are drawing water from the Ogallala Aquifer at unsustainable rates
They predict that the aquifer will dry up within the next 30 years
Cotton producers said the Conservation District is using its report to justify regulations to restrict groundwater and aquifer usage
Ag producers said the report has been manipulated to take control of the resource, not to conserve it

46. Many major aquifers have reduced yields due to over-pumping
Ref. Hightower, 2006
Many major aquifers have reduced yields due to over-pumping
Over-pumping also causes significant ground water quality issues

47. A Note about Bottled Water
In 2004, Americans, on average, drank 24 gallons of bottled water
Consumption of bottled water is growing more quickly than that of soft drinks and has more than doubled in the past decade
This year, Americans will spend around $9.8 billion on bottled water, according to the Beverage Marketing Corporation.
Ounce for ounce, it costs more than gasoline
Bottled water costs 250 to 10,000 times more than tap water. Globally, bottled water is now a $46 billion industry

48. FYI: bottled water industry
Why has bottled water become so popular? “Companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi, with their Dasani and Aquafina bottled water products, spend millions of dollars on ads that depict fresh mountain springs and nature... when in fact both of these, like many other leading brands, use municipally treated tap water as the source.”
--National Resources Defense Council

49. Surf Your Watershed EPA – Environmental Protection Agency
Information available
Name
Other counties sharing this watershed
Watersheds upstream
Watersheds downstream
Stream flow information
Impaired waters
Website:

50. Assignment Surf Your Watershed Read the general instructions
Complete the assignment
Due: Wednesday, Aug. 28