1. UNIT IV: Institutions of Government
Warm-Up Activities

2. Unit 4 Learning Log Check
Name:__________________________
Directions: Score each activity below using the guidelines provided. Write your score on the line provided. If you do not have an activity for a day you had an excused absence, write the letter “A” on the line provided, otherwise write a “0”. Then add up your scores.
Total Points (TP) _____ Actual Total (AT) _____ (__ pts.*)
Notes:
Total Points (TP) is the sum of your warm up scores. To determine your TP, add up the scores for all of your warm ups/written activities.
Actual Total (AT) is the sum of a perfect score for each warm-up activity. To determine your AT, add up the scores for all of warm ups you were present for (*the true actual total – perfect attendance).
TOTAL SCORE _____/10

3. Case Notes: Baker v. Carr
Read Supreme Court Case Study 33: The Court’s Role in State Apportionment: Baker v. Carr, 1962, and answer the questions below.
What are the FACTS of the case? (ID 5)
What are the ISSUES of the case? (2)
What are the ARGUMENTS for the petitioner? (Baker – 1-2)
What are the ARGUMENTS for the respondent? (Carr – 1-2)
What was the Supreme Court’s DECISION in the case? (2)
Score: _____ /5

4. What are the FACTS of the case?
Tennessee Constitution called for reapportion-ment of state legislative districts every 10 years based on census
many peop’s in Tenn had moved from rural areas to cities & burbs over 60 years
no redistricting had been done
thus rural areas had more influence (city dwellers felt like “second-class citizens”)
Baker brought suit on behalf of self & Tenn. voters for violation of “equal protection clause”

5. What are the ISSUES of the case?
Does Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provide federal courts jur- isdiction (the right rule & decide) in cases dealing state “malapportionment”?
Can federal courts force states to redraw electoral districts?

6. What are the ARGUMENTS for the petitioner?
Tenn’s apportionment was disproportionally favoring less populated areas
violated 14th Amendment which granted federal courts jurisdiction

7. What are the ARGUMENTS for the respondent?
Article III, Section 2 did not grant federal courts jurisdiction to hear case
the case is a political question not a legal one

8. What was the Supreme Court’s DECISION in the case?
Tenn’s malapportionment was in conflict with U.S. Constitution’s equal protection clause
Thus the court had jurisdiction & could force state to redraw electoral districts

9. FRQ: Baker v. Carr
The decision in Baker v. Carr was the first to hold that federal courts could hear suits challenging voting district reapportionment by states.
What practice did the Baker decision address?
On what grounds did the Supreme Court claim it had a right to rule in the Baker case?
Why do you think Chief Justice Warren called the Baker decision the most important of his court?
Be sure to include details and examples in your answer.

10. SRQ: “Resolution” by Bob Gorrell
Describe what’s going on in the political cartoon (Who? What? When? Where?) [1]
Identify any symbols (ex: an elephant to represent the Republican Party) portrayed in the cartoon and analyze what they represent. [1]
What is the artist’s message in the cartoon? What do you think is its purpose? [1]
Do you agree or disagree with the cartoonist's message? Explain your answer. [2]
In what ways does this cartoon inform us about how Congress works (ex: party leadership, committee function, legislative process)? [1]
Score: _____ /6

11. SSR: Woll Reader – Unit 4a
Reading 56: J. Madison, Federalist 53, 56-58, 62 & 63 – Answer DQs 1-4 & MCs
Reading 58: M.P. Fiorina, The Rise of the Washington Establishment – Answer ALL Qs
Reading 59: L.C. Dodd, Congress and the Quest for Power – Answer ALL Qs

12. FRQ: Congress & The Framers
Summarize Fiorina’s argument about members of Congress and what they strive to accomplish. [1]
Explain how Fiorina’s conclusions are similar to that of Dodd’s and in what ways do they differ, if any. [2]
Determine in what ways Congress operates today according to how the founders had anticipated or intended, and in what ways Congress differs in regards to the framers’ intentions. [2]
Score: _____ /5

13. FRQ: Congress (modified)
Members of Congress are charged with three primary duties—writing laws, overseeing the implementation of laws, and serving the needs of their constituents.
Describe the role of each of the following in lawmaking. [3 – 1 pt. ea.]
Senate filibuster
House Rules Committee
Conference committee
Explain how casework affects members’ attention to legislation. [1]
Score: _____ /4

15. SRQ: First 100 Hours R.J. Matson, New York Observer & Roll Call
Describe what’s going on in the political cartoon (Who? What? When? Where?)
Identify any symbols (ex: an elephant to represent the Republican Party) portrayed in the cartoon and analyze what they represent.
What is the artist’s message in the cartoon? What do you think is its purpose?
Do you agree or disagree with the cartoonist's message? Explain your answer.
In what ways does this cartoon inform us about how Congress works (ex: party leadership, committee function, legislative process)?

16. SRQ: Roles of the President

17. SRQ: Detaining U.S. Citizens as “Enemy Combatants”
As you read and reflect on the article, respond to the questions below.
Habeas Corpus
What is a writ of habeas corpus? [1]
Do you think non-citizens held in custody should be allowed to use a writ of habeas corpus? Why or why not? [2]
The case of Yaser Esam Hamdi v. Donald Rumsfeld
What were the facts in the Hamdi case? [1]
What two issues did the Supreme Court have to decide? [2]
What were the four opinions on each issue? [1]
Which opinion do you agree with? Why? [2]
Enemy Combatant
How would you define an “enemy combatant”? [1]
Do you think the deal to release Hamdi was fair? Explain. [2]
Score: _____ /12

18. Role Play: What To Do? Interrogation of Enemy Combatants
Directions:
The class will be divided two groups: (1) representing the executive branch and (2) representing Congress.
Review the scenario below and follow the instructions related to your group to develop your policy.
When completed, meet with the other branch to present your policy.
Note:
It's likely that your policy and that of the other branch will not be the same and a workable solution will have to be developed.
Each group would like to avoid a public battle over the issue, as that would distract from the more important task at hand, national security. But both groups feel that the actions of the other branch have evoked a potential constitutional crisis.
If the two branches cannot come to some sort of workable agreement they might have to go to the courts. This is not a direction either branch would like to go in; the court might make an unfavorable ruling, so it's important to try and reach a resolution.
Scenario – Interrogation of Enemy Combatants
U.S. military personnel operating outside the United States have captured several hundred enemy combatants considered high-value terrorists.
These individuals are suspected of possessing crucial information on enemy operations and future attacks both abroad and at home.
It is important that this information be obtained to reduce future attacks, destroy enemy operations and provide safety and security for people in the United States, the region and the world.
The Defense Department has written guidelines for interrogation that allows prisoners to be questioned away from U.S. soil using methods that fall short of causing organ failure or death.

19. Guantanamo prisoners
11.2

20. Questions to consider for discussion within your group
What is your group's overall goal?
What policy do you propose for the scenario you reviewed?
What constitutional powers do you claim to take the action you propose?
What further action are you prepared to take if the other branch resists or circumvents your action?

21. Interrogation of Enemy Combatants (1) Executive Branch Role
You are a member of the executive branch and along with the president, you have dedicated your career to being tough on terrorists and doing whatever is necessary to eliminate their threat to the United States and the world. You believe this is a different kind of war, with an elusive enemy that is not part of any nation-state and can harbor itself anywhere in or out of the country. New rules of engagement must be devised to eliminate this threat. As members of the executive branch, you work in concert with the commander in chief to execute the constitutional duties of the presidency.
You believe the powers of the executive branch are broad and allow the president to take EXTRA-ordinary measures in extraordinary times. Speed and a high level of secrecy are essential tools in this endeavor. In many cases there is no time for deliberation or debate. As a matter of common practice, the president can and will issue a signing statement that provides instructions to members of the executive branch on how they are to implement a law according to the constitutional duties of the executive branch. This can mean that the signing statement nullifies the law because the Constitution doesn't permit the legislative branch to pass a law usurping presidential power.

22. Interrogation of Enemy Combatants (2) Congressional Role
You are a member of Congress. You are committed to successfully waging the War on Terror. Within your group are people in both parties who have supported the president's past actions in the War on Terror and feel that generally the policies have been sound. Others in the group, though initially supportive, have become concerned and even critical of the president's actions and policies in conducting the war. Many feel the progress of the war is waning or misdirected, the American people are no safer than when the war started, and world opinion of the United States has degraded.
Many members of Congress feel it is imperative that the executive branch works with Congress, not against it. The opposing political party is now in the majority in Congress and feels it's time to once again be a major player in matters of national security. Some feel the actions of the president have taken on a character dangerously close to unconstitutional. Many members of the minority political party, though still supportive, are also concerned that the president has taken some questionable actions. Members of both parties have begun hearing of some policies for the War on Terror proposed by the executive branch that might violate national and international laws.

23. Procedure for meeting with the other branch of government:
When you meet with the other branch, each side should review the first three bullet points (a-c) from the “questions to consider”.
What is your group's overall goal?
What policy do you propose for the scenario you reviewed?
What constitutional powers do you claim to take the action you propose?
Then identify differences in your policy or positions.
Try to come to some sort of agreement on what the policy will say, how it will be created and how it will be implemented.
What further action are you prepared to take if the other branch resists or circumvents your action?

24. FRQ: War Powers (2007)
Conflicts between Congress and the President over war powers have their origin in the United States Constitution. In 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in an attempt to clarify the balance of powers between the two branches of government.
Describe the primary constitutional conflict between Congress and the President over the decision to go to war. [1]
Describe two provisions of the War Powers Resolution that were designed to limit the President’s power over war making. [2]
The War Powers Resolution has received mixed reviews, but Congress has other powers over war making. Other than the constitutional power that you described in (a), identify and explain two other formal powers Congress has over war making. [4]
Score: _____ /7

25. FRQ: War Powers (scoring)

26. Video Guide: Cheney’s Law
How did the Abu Ghraib incident affect Congress in the terms of prisoner interrogation policy?
What action did Congress take?
What was the vice president's reaction to Congress's action? How did he justify his reaction?
Why did the president's veto threat fail and how did the administration reconcile with Congress?
What effect did the president's signing statement on the torture ban have on the law itself? How did the signing statement affect the balance of power between the executive branch and Congress?

27. What An NSA Domestic Spying Operation Looks Like June 6, 2013 by Jason M. Breslow
Millions of Verizon customers awoke Thursday to learn that the National Security Agency has been secretly collecting their telephone records, under a classified court order granted to the Obama administration in April. According to a report by The Guardian‘s Glenn Greenwald, the order requires Verizon, one of the nation’s largest telecommunications providers, to give the NSA information on calls from within the U.S., as well as between the U.S. and foreign countries on an “ongoing, daily basis.” That information includes the numbers of both parties on a call, location data and the time and duration of the conversation, according to The Guardian. The report has brought flashbacks of the highly controversial domestic surveillance program first initiated by the Bush administration in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. The inside story of that effort was uncovered in 2002 by Mark Klein, a former internet technician with AT&T. In the following clip from the FRONTLINE film Spying On The Home Front, Klein describes how he first pieced together that the NSA was building a massive top-secret data mining operation in a nondescript room just steps from his desk. Eventually, he told FRONTLINE, “it all clicked together to me … ‘Oh, that’s what they’re doing. This is a spy apparatus.’” A senior Obama administration official defended the program Thursday, telling The New York Times that, “Information of the sort described in the Guardian article has been a critical tool in protecting the nation from terrorist threats to the United States, as it allows counterterrorism personnel to discover whether known or suspected terrorists have been in contact with other persons who may be engaged in terrorist activities, particularly people located inside the United States.”

28. Fourth Amendment & Electronic Surveillance
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Olmstead v. U.S. (1928): Wiretapping was not within the confines of the Fourth Amendment which protects one’s property interest in his premises. (1) Wiretapping is not a physical trespass on one’s premises and evidence obtained is secured by “hearing”; (2) interception of a conversation could not qualify as a seizure (conversation is not a tangible item)
FCC Act, Sec. 605 (1934): ''. . . no person not being authorized by the sender shall intercept any communication and divulge or publish the existence, contents, purport, effect, or meaning of such intercepted communication to any person.'‘
Goldstein v. U.S. (1942): No violation when a listening device was placed against a party wall so that conversations were overheard on the other side. But ruled “conversation could be seized”.
Katz v. U.S. (1967) : In ''national security cases'' electronic surveillance upon the authorization of the President or the Attorney General could be permissible without prior judicial approval

29. Role Play: What To Do? Domestic Surveillance
Directions:
The class will be divided two groups: (1) representing the executive branch and (2) representing Congress.
Review the scenario below and follow the instructions related to your group to develop your policy.
When completed, meet with the other branch to present your policy.
Note:
It's likely that your policy and that of the other branch will not be the same and a workable solution will have to be developed.
Each group would like to avoid a public battle over the issue, as that would distract from the more important task at hand, national security. But both groups feel that the actions of the other branch have evoked a potential constitutional crisis.
If the two branches cannot come to some sort of workable agreement they might have to go to the courts. This is not a direction either branch would like to go in; the court might make an unfavorable ruling, so it's important to try and reach a resolution.
Scenario – Domestic Surveillance
In the effort to thwart another attack at home, it is necessary to gather intelligence information from many different sources.
The National Security Agency secretly has been authorized by the president to conduct eavesdropping inside the United States without a court warrant.
Since 1978 the process of obtaining information has been overseen by a special security court, known as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, or the FISA Court, which quickly grants warrants for domestic surveillance.
In 2002, Justice Department attorneys wrote official legal opinions justifying the NSA eavesdropping program, contending that the Constitution gives the president expanded powers in wartime to order warrantless surveillance and arguing that the administration didn't have to go through the FISA Court.
When they became public in 2005, these actions raised concerns about potential violations of the Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures.

30. Questions to consider for discussion within your group
What is your group's overall goal?
What policy do you propose for the scenario you reviewed?
What constitutional powers do you claim to take the action you propose?
What further action are you prepared to take if the other branch resists or circumvents your action?

31. Domestic Surveillance (1) Executive Branch Role
You are a member of the executive branch and along with the president, you have dedicated your career to being tough on terrorists and doing whatever is necessary to eliminate their threat to the United States and the world. You believe this is a different kind of war, with an elusive enemy that is not part of any nation-state and can harbor itself anywhere in or out of the country. New rules of engagement must be devised to eliminate this threat. As members of the executive branch, you work in concert with the commander in chief to execute the constitutional duties of the presidency. You believe the powers of the executive branch are broad and allow the president to take EXTRA-ordinary measures in extraordinary times. Speed and a high level of secrecy are essential tools in this endeavor. In many cases there is no time for deliberation or debate. As a matter of common practice, the president can and will issue a signing statement that provides instructions to members of the executive branch on how they are to implement a law according to the constitutional duties of the executive branch. This can mean that the signing statement nullifies the law because the Constitution doesn't permit the legislative branch to pass a law usurping presidential power.

32. Domestic Surveillance (2) Congressional Role
You are members of Congress. You are committed to successfully waging the War on Terror. Within your group are people in both parties who have supported the president's past actions in the War on Terror and feel that generally the policies have been sound. Others in the group, though initially supportive, have become concerned and even critical of the president's actions and policies in conducting the war. Many feel the progress of the war is waning or misdirected, the American people are no safer than when the war started, and world opinion of the United States has degraded. Many members of Congress feel it is imperative that the executive branch works with Congress, not against it. The opposing political party is now in the majority in Congress and feels it's time to once again be a major player in matters of national security. Some feel the actions of the president have taken on a character dangerously close to unconstitutional. Many members of the minority political party, though still supportive, are also concerned that the president has taken some questionable actions. Members of both parties have begun hearing of some policies for the War on Terror proposed by the executive branch that might violate national and international laws.

33. Procedure for meeting with the other branch of government:
When you meet with the other branch, each side should review the first three bullet points (a-c) from the “questions to consider”.
What is your group's overall goal?
What policy do you propose for the scenario you reviewed?
What constitutional powers do you claim to take the action you propose?
Then identify differences in your policy or positions.
Try to come to some sort of agreement on what the policy will say, how it will be created and how it will be implemented.
What further action are you prepared to take if the other branch resists or circumvents your action?

34. 11.3 What is the main duty of the Council of Economic Advisors?
Advise the president on banking regulations
Advise the president and Congress on trade
Advise the president on economic policy
Advise the president on intelligence
We’ve examined the important units that are part of the EOP. Can you name the function of the Council of Economic Advisors? 34

35. 11.3 What is the main duty of the Council of Economic Advisors?
Advise the president on banking regulations
Advise the president and Congress on trade
Advise the president on economic policy
Advise the president on intelligence
As its name implies, this council advises the president on economic policy. 35

36. The President’s Staff Chief of Staff Deputy Chiefs of Staff
Denis McDonough
Deputy Chiefs of Staff
Rob Nabors
Alyssa Mastromonaco
Counselor to the President
John Podesta
Senior Advisors
Valerie Jarrett
Dan Pfeiffer

37. Presidential Management Styles
Pyramid Model
(Delegation of Power)
Hub (or Wheel)-and-
Spokes Model
Ad Hoc Structure
(Detail-Driven)
Based on a strict military-like chain of command
Emphasizes a powerful Chief of Staff who is highly visible & accessible to the press
Prez sits atop a “pyramid”, removed from advisors & interests below him
COS runs the White House staff w/a great deal of authority & acts as a clearing-house for information & access to the prez
Advantage: Prez is not burdened w/details of running WH; allows the prez to see the big picture w/o becoming over-whelmed w/managing staff
Disadvantage: Prez may not get all info. he might need; COS could neglect to or choose not to send on info.
Examples: Eisenhower & Reagan
Visualized as a circular structure (Prez in the middle)
Based on New Deal WH system of management
Prez plays dominant role in everyday WH happenings
COS has diminished power & importance; less well known to public than in Pyramid Model
Demands that the prez have very strong leadership skills & an eye for detail
Advantage: Prez directly controls his administration & Prez is open to access from staff
Disadvantage: Difficult for Prez to see “forest for the trees”; too much info for one person to act upon
Example: John F. Kennedy (noted for reading several hundred pages of information daily)
Combines leadership and management tactics that the CEO of a large corporation might use
Prez employs committees, task forces, and special advisors to help develop and implement policy
Examples:
Clinton- appointed, Hilary to head health care initiative; appointed VP Gore to spearhead reorganization of federal bureaucracy
Bush- relied Cheney & committee appointments to study gov. problems

38. SRQ: Unit 3 – Campaign Finance
Read the Washington Post article on the recent US Supreme Court ruling and respond to the questions below.
Identify the name of the case the Court recently ruled on, and the case which held precedence. [1]
Identify the facts/history and issues in the recent case. [1]
Describe the Supreme Court’s ruling. [1]
Describe the dissenting justice’s criticism. [1]
Assess the ruling (Do you agree or not? Explain). [2]
Score: _____ /6

39. Intro to Dam Bureaucracies
Bureaucracies were created by government to assist in the creation and administration of policy, and to meet public expectations of an efficient and effective government. A bureaucracy consists of nonelected government officials who specialize in a particular function while adhering to fixed rules and a hierarchy of authority. Many criticize bureaucracies, however, because they are often marked by officialism, red tape, and proliferation. To highlight this point, in December of 1997, David L. Price, the Land and Water Management Division District Representative for Montcalm County, Michigan, sent a letter to Stephen L. Tvedten informing him his actions were in violation of Part 301, Inland Lakes and Streams , of the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act, Act 451. Consequently, Mr. Tvedten was ordered to cease and desist all unauthorized activities on his property and to restore a “free-flow condition” to a stream that had been obstructed on his property by two dams.

40. FRQ: Dam Bureaucracies
Mr. Tvedten felt compelled to write a letter in response to Mr. Price’s accusations and directives.
Read Mr. Tvedten’s “Dam Letter” and respond to the tasks below:
Identify three mistakes Mr. Tvedten claims Mr. Price (and/or the office of Land and Water Management Division) made in his initial letter.
Describe the primary issue involved and why Mr. Tvedten does not feel obligated to follow Mr. Price’s directives.
Based on the letter, explain how bureaucracies are either efficient and effective, or inefficient and ineffective.

41. FRQ: The DMV vs. Mickey D’s
A popular myth is that bureaucracies are only found in governments. But in reality most, if not all, private organizations have bureaucracies too. This is because they also employ people with specific job titles and responsibilities, who work in a hierarchy of authority and within established procedures for operations and governance. Read James Q. Wilson’s article and respond to the tasks below.
According to Wilson, how is McDonalds a bureaucracy. [1]
Explain how the DMV is similar to McDonalds in its bureaucratic structure. [1]
Explain the difference between the two organizations. [1]
Identify the constraints government bureaucracies must operate under. [1]
Describe changes you would make to governmental bureaucracies to improve their performance. [1]
Score: _____ /5

42. Meat From the Jungle “Slunk” calves & “Downers”
Sausage: Europe, room, water barrels, smoked
Animals with Tuberculosis and Cholera
“Steerly” & potted chicken

43. Discussion Question The Bureaucracy of Pizza
What generalizations can you make about the “bureaucracy of pizza” i.e. how involved are federal agencies and departments in the take out and frozen pizza that you eat?
What are the advantages and disadvantages to consumers of pizza (like you) of federal rules and regulations? Advantages and disadvantages for pizza businesses?
Based on what you learned from this activity about the bureaucracy of pizza, would you go into the pizza business? Why or why not?

44. FRQ: The Federal Bureaucracy
The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in implementing governmental policies and programs. Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees who are organized under a merit system. [2010]
Describe one key characteristic of the merit system.
For each of the following, describe one factor that contributes to bureaucratic independence.
The structure of the federal bureaucracy
The complexity of public policy problems
For each of the following, explain one Constitutional provision that it can use to check the bureaucracy.
Congress
The courts
Interest groups

45. FRQ: The Federal Bureaucracy
6 points
Part (a): 1 point
One point is earned for a description of a characteristic of the merit system. Answers may include:
Hiring or promotion based on merit/experience/qualifications
Hiring based on testing
Part (b): 2 points
One point is earned for each of two descriptions of factors contributing to bureaucratic independence. Answers may include:
Structure of the bureaucracy
Large
Specialized units/expertise
Tenure protections/hard to fire
Based on merit
Independent agencies/independent regulatory commissions
Complexity of public policy problems
Delegated authority — because Congress and the president cannot handle everything, they delegate authority to the bureaucracy
Discretionary authority — because legislation lacks details, the bureaucracy can fill in the gaps
Part (c): 3 points
One point is earned for each of three explanations of a constitutional provision that can check the bureaucracy. Answers may include:
Congress Appropriations — can reward or punish agency
Legislation — can pass legislation affecting the bureaucracy
Rejection of presidential appointments to the bureaucracy
Impeachment of executive officials
Courts Court rulings that limit bureaucratic practices
Judicial review — can declare bureaucratic actions unconstitutional
Injunctions against federal agencies
Interest groups
Use of the First Amendment: Lobbying; Protests; Media usage; Speech
Litigation

46. Identification: Congressional Checks on Supreme Court Decision-Making
It is said that Supreme Court decisions are final and absolute, however, Congress possesses (and has used) a number of powers/methods to “overturn” a Supreme Court decision or show their disapproval.
Identify seven (7) checks Congress has over Supreme Court decision-making.

47. FRQ: Confirmation of SC Justices
The confirmation of Supreme Court justices is often a contentious process.
Define what is meant my “the advice and consent of the United States Senate.” [1]
Discuss TWO of the following and their relationship to the debate regarding judicial appointments: [2]
original intent
“Borked”
Roe v. Wade
Explain how the judicial terms of “good behavior” might affect the confirmation process. [1]
Score: _____ /4

48. FRQ: U.S. Supreme Court [2011]
The United States Supreme Court receives many appeals, but it hears and rules on a small percentage of cases each year. Numerous factors influence the actions of the Court, both in deciding to hear a case and in the decisions it hands down.
Define judicial review. [1]
Explain how judicial review empowers the Supreme Court within the system of checks and balances. [1]
Describe the process through which the Court grants a writ of certiorari. [1]
Explain how each of the following influences decisions made by individual justices when deciding cases heard by the Court.
Stare decisis [1]
Judicial activism [1]
Score: _____ /5

50. FRQ: Fiscal vs. Monetary Policy Unit V
Fiscal policy and monetary policy are two tools used by the federal government to influence the United States economy. The executive and legislative branches share the responsibility of setting fiscal policy. The Federal Reserve Board has the primary role of setting monetary policy.
Define fiscal policy
Describe one significant way the executive branch influences fiscal policy.
Describe one significant way the legislative branch influences fiscal policy.
Define monetary policy.
Explain two reasons why the Federal Reserve Board is given independence in establishing monetary policy.