1. Uses solar energy to build sugar from CO2 & H2O
Photosynthesis
Water & CO2 are inorganic – sugar is a high energy organic molecule.
Photo – sun, Synthesis - build
Uses solar energy to build sugar from CO2 & H2O

2. Carbon dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen
Solar energy
Carbon dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Overall equation – VERY IMPORTANT.
Remember respiration continues all day. Photosynthesis occurs only during daylight.
Chlorophyll

3. Granum (stack of thylakoids)
Chloroplast
Outer Membrane
Intermembrane space
Extensively folded to increase surface area
Inner Membrane
Stroma lamellae
Thylakoid
membrane with chlorophyll
Granum (stack of thylakoids)
Stroma
fluid with enzymes

4. + Pigments Pigments absorb solar energy
electrons in pigment become ‘excited’
 high energy electron - +
Green pigment chlorophyll reflects green light – absorbs blue and red

5. H2O CO2 Chlorophyll in Calvin Cycle Thylakoid Carbon fixation membrane
Light-dependent Phase
Light-independent Phase
H2O
CO2
NADP+
Chlorophyll in
Thylakoid
membrane
ADP + Pi
Calvin Cycle
Carbon fixation
Stroma
ATP
NADPH2
Glucose O2
from water

6. More chloroplasts in the upper palisade cells, mostly around the edges of the cells

7. MENU Quick Quiz Key Words Videos Stages of photosynthesis Recap
Application questions
Quick Quiz
Key Words
Videos
Stages of photosynthesis
Recap
Exercises
MCQ
Extension

8. Key words photosynthesis plant chloroplast autotrophic chlorophyll
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photosynthesis
plant
chloroplast
autotrophic
chlorophyll
pigment

9. QUICK QUIZ
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Answers
Modified True/False If false, change the identified
word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
1.  ADP is one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy
2. If you grind up the chloroplasts found in spinach leaves into a liquid solution, the solution will have a green color.
3. The light-dependent reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 and ATP.
One word answers
4. Photosynthesis requires light, water, CO2, and ____ 
5. The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by _____ molecules
6. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis ____ when the weather becomes very cold

10. QUICK QUIZ
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1.  F - ATP is one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy
2. T - If you grind up the chloroplasts found in spinach leaves into a liquid solution, the solution will have a green color.
3. F - The light-dependent reactions supply the Calvin cycle with NADPH2 and ATP.
One word answers
4. Photosynthesis requires light, water, CO2, and chlorophyll  
5. The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by water molecules
6. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis slows down when the weather becomes very cold (because enzymes become less active)

11. Application
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A student prepared two beakers with identical sprigs of a water plant as shown below. She placed one beaker in the shade and the other beaker beside a fluorescent lamp. She then systematically changed the distance of the beaker from the lamp. She counted the bubbles given off by each sprig of the water plant.
1. If she later tested the air bubbles collected in the test tube, what would she find they are made of? How do you know?  
2. What do the student’s data show?  
If the lamp were placed closer than 5cm from the water plant, would the plant give off many more bubbles?
Why or why not?

12. Application Answer
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If she later tested the air bubbles collected in the test tube, what would she find they are made of? How do you know?
Oxygen – given off by photosynthesis
2. What do the student’s data show?  
As the light is moved further away, the rate of photosynthesis decreases.
If the lamp were placed closer than 5cm from the water plant, would the plant give off many more bubbles?
Why or why not?
If the light was too close the plant might get too hot and the enzymes would become denatured.

13. Revision question
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1. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions? 2. What are the products of the Calvin cycle? 3. What chemical is converted to sugar?

14. Revision question
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What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
ATP, oxygen and NADPH  
2. What are the products of the Calvin cycle?
sugars, NADP, ADP
3. What chemical is converted to sugar?
CO2 and H2O

15. Exercise Workbook pp73-7 Pathfinder pp49-50 q 1, 2, 6 Extra READING
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Workbook pp73-7
Pathfinder pp q 1, 2, 6
Extra READING
Pathfinder p50, Excellence in Biology

16. Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xNwZCk2CHY
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17. √ Question 1 a. adenine b. ribose c. chlorophyll d. phosphate
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Which of the following is NOT a part of an ATP molecule?
a. adenine
b. ribose
c. chlorophyll
d. phosphate √

18. √ Question 2 Energy is released from ATP when
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Energy is released from ATP when
a. a phosphate group is formed
b. adenine bonds to ribose
c. ATP is exposed to sunlight
d. a phosphate group is removed √

19. Question 3
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Different plants are placed under a bell jar with a burning candle. The candle remains lighted for different periods of time. What would be a logical conclusion from these experiments?
a. different plants require different amounts of water
b. different plants require different amounts of oxygen
c. different plants require different amounts of carbon dioxide
d. different plants require different amounts of light √

20. Question 4
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Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into
a. oxygen and high energy sugars
b. high energy sugars
c. ATP and oxygen
d. oxygen √

21. Question 5
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Which of the following are used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis?
a. carbon dioxide
b. water
c. light
d. all of the above √

22. √ Question 6 All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT
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All of the following are parts of an ADP
molecule EXCEPT
a. structure D
b. structure C
c. structure B
d. structure A √

23. Question 7
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In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide result in six molecules of
a. glucose
b. oxygen
c. water
d. ATP √

24. Question 8
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Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called
a. pigments
b. thylakoids
c. glucose
d. chloroplasts √

25. √ Question 9 The stroma is the space that surrounds a. plant cells
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The stroma is the space that surrounds
a. plant cells
b. chloroplasts
c. thylakoids
d. all of the above  √

26. √ Question 10 Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
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Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
a. in the stroma
b. in the thylakoid membranes
c. outside the chloroplasts
d. only in chlorophyll molecules √

27. √ Question 11 The Calvin cycle takes place in the
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The Calvin cycle takes place in the
a. chlorophyll molecules
b. photosystems
c. thylakoid membranes
d. stroma √

28. Question 12
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How does the Calvin cycle differ from the light-dependent reactions?
a. It requires light
b. It takes place in chloroplasts.
c. It takes place in the stroma.
d. It takes place in the thylakoid √

29. Question 13
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Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? √

30. Question 14
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If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant’s production of high-energy sugars?
a. More sugars will be produced.
b. Fewer sugars will be produced.
c. The same number of sugars will be produced but without carbon dioxide.
d. Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of high-energy sugars in plants. √

31. Back to menu 31
Correct

32. Back to menu 32
Incorrect

33. Light Dependent Reaction
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Find definitions for the following terms:
Photoionisation, photophosphorylation & photolysis.
Where do these processes take place?
What is the difference between cyclic & non-cyclic phosphorylation.
EXTENSION

34. Carotenoids EXTENSION Yellow – orange Transfer energy to chlorophyll.
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Yellow – orange
Transfer energy to chlorophyll.
Often not reabsorbed during autumn
EXTENSION

35. Back to menu
EXTENSION
Both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain DNA & may have arisen from endosymbiosis

36. Solar energy
oxygen as a waste product
Inorganic molecules
organic molecule with chemical potential energy

37. Chlorophyll Absorbs all wavelengths except green
Reflects green light  appears green
Reabsorbed before leaves fall

38. Photolysis - light dependant stage
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Chlorophyll in grana
NADP
Splits water
oxygen
hydrogen
by-product
NADPH2
Energy
 light-independent phase
ADP + Pi
ATP

39. Electron Transfer Electrons excited by solar energy
Transferred down a chain of receptors
Release energy with each transfer
ADP  ATP
energy in ATP used to make sugars

40. Electron Transfer Chain
2 electron passed along from carrier to carrier
4 electron passed to NADPH
NADPH
ATP
1 electron excited by solar energy photon
ATP
ATP
3 electron excited by solar energy photon e-
Electron Transfer Chain

41. from light-dependent phase
Carbon fixation
- light independent stage
from air
CO2 4 3 5 6 1 2 4 3 1 5 6 2 H2
NADPH2
Calvin Cycle
(carbon fixation)
In the stroma
from light-dependent phase
Light-independent stage - light not required (used to be called dark phase, but it doesn’t only occur in the dark)
CH2O
C6H12O6
Energy
ATP
6 cycles needed to make C6H12O6

42. Photosynthesis & Respiration in plants

43. Draw an overview of photosynthesis
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Draw an overview of photosynthesis
Work through NCEA questions
Summarise the factors needed
Pair up and teach each other
Highlight key ideas in the workbook

44. Back to menu
THE END