Challenges and Evaluation in Physics

Challenges and Evaluation in Physics
N.K. Sehgal November 2013

Physics The subject of Physics is a beautiful amalgamation of philosophical thinking, reality and practical utility. It aims to understand and explain a vast variety of natural phenomenon and observations, in the physical world, through a relatively small number of principals, rules and laws. Nature and physical universe do not appear to yield their secrets readily. However, the human mind has always struggled and tried to gain an understanding, and perhaps even a mastery, over nature. The curiosity to understand nature and natural phenomenon, and to seek explanations, of the vast variety of everyday observations and happenings, has been the guiding and motivating force behind all sciences in general and physics in particular.

Physics In broad terms, one may say that the role of physics is to provide a logically consistent picture of universe that is in agreement with experience, i.e., a picture that, in a way,’ saves the phenomenon’. We may consider Physics as the branch of science concerned with the discovery, and logical characterization, of universal laws which govern matter, energy, space and time.

Physics The teaching of physics is both a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge lies in dispelling the common notion, and fear, that ‘Physics is perhaps the most difficult of all sciences’. The opportunity lies in making the students realize that the basic principles of physics have helped mankind to develop ,and use, the vast variety of devices - heat engines, electricity generators, wireless communication, lasers, television, air conditioners, computers, robots, ultrasound, MIR and PET imaging, mobile phones nuclear reactors and artificial satellites, to name but a few - that have changed the culture and functioning of the human society as a whole.

Physics Physics is thus very much a part of the world around us and is relevant and important for all of us. It has perhaps been rightly said, “A basic, and almost fundamental requirement, for an informed and enlightened citizenship of the 21st century, is to have a basic understanding of the principles by which the physical world operates.” As teachers, and more importantly, as students of physics, we all have to constantly put in our intellect, ingenuity, dedication, hard work and perseverance, together to have more and more of citizens meeting the above basic requirement. We now have a vast, complex and exciting picture of the universe----from its atomic to extragalactic range. However the words of Sir Issac Newton, put forward almost three hundred years ago, are very much relevant even now and perhaps forever.

Physics Newton is reported to have said
“ I do not know what I may appear to the world but, to myself, I seem to have been like a little boy ,playing on the sea shore and diverting myself, now and then, in finding a smoother pebble, or a prettier than ordinary shell, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.” The challenge of finding ‘smoother pebbles’, ‘prettier shells’ and ‘exploring undiscovered oceans of truth’ is still there for all of us. And we need to continue to encourage the ”STUDENT” in all of us to complete as much as possible of this ‘intellectually satisfying’ and ‘practically useful’ never ending task.

Career Options The study of Physics – apart from providing us with intellectual and philosophical thrill and satisfaction – enables the individual to choose from a vast variety of useful and rewarding careers. A graduate , or a post graduate in Physics can join any one of the fields of engineering , Industry , Astronomy , Information Technology , Robotics , Economics , Software development and programming , research , education , space travel , medical physics and so on . Physics not only has a lot of interfacing, interaction and overlapping with other sciences but also promotes process skills and problem solving abilities in the learners. These features, along with its vast industrial and technological applications should make every student and learner of Physics to feel good and fortunate in having had a chance to study and understand this fundamental, beautiful and fascinating subject (With inputs from the “Internet” and FACETS OF PHYSICS (A Conceptual approach) – by Roger B. Culver . Acknowledged with grateful thanks.)

Typology of questions in 2014
S.No Typology Weightage in Marks Weightage in Percentage 1 Knowledge based 14 20 2 Conceptual understanding 21 30 3 Inferential type 4 Reasoning based 11 15 5 Skill based 10 Total 70 100

Typology of Questions in 2015

ELECTROSTATICS

Conceptual Clarity – ‘Points’ To Be Highlighted
Coulomb’s law – The direction of the force on charge 2 due to charge 1 is along the position vector ( ) of charge 2 w.r.t. charge 1. Calculation of the relevant unit vector; permittivity Quantized nature of charge significant only at the microscopic level; ‘Quark’ dilemma? Superposition Principle – significant principle : mutual inter action between two charges is unaffected by the presence or otherwise of other charges.

Electric Field – defined mathematically, can be associated with a physical meaning and provides an elegant way of understanding the ‘electrical characteristics’ of a system of charges. Accelerated charges produce e.m. waves/electro magnetic fields which are regarded as ‘physical quantities’ : speed of propagation of e.m. waves = c Electrical field line – an institutive non mathematical way of visualizing electric field; ‘properties’ are associated with them. Electrical Flux - concept ‘carried over’ from hydrodynamics; associated with ‘rate of flow’. Flux is ‘non-zero’ through a closed surface only if it contains a ‘source’ or a ‘sink’.

Electric Dipole – A very useful ‘entity’ for understanding behavior of matter at molecular/atomic level. Field varies as ; faster than that of a point charge. A dipole experiences only a torque in a uniform external electrical field ; however, there is both a torque and a force in a (highly) non-uniform field. Gauss’s law : An alternative way of stating Coulomb’s law. A consequence of the ‘inverse square nature’ of Coulomb’s law; we can have a Gauss’s law for other inverse square fields’ also. We use Gauss’s law to calculate electric field, form electrical flux. Hence its application gets limited to special, symmetric charge distributions.

Electrical Potential : A useful scalar quantity for describing / mapping an electric field.
Not defined uniquely; choice of ‘zero’ is arbitrary. Can be viewed as a measure of the P. E. per unit charge. Relation between potential and electrical field need to be viewed carefully. Component of electrical field, in any direction, equals the negative of the rate of change of potential in that direction. Comparison of the variation of potential (as ) with that of the electric field (as ). P.E. of a system of charges equal the work done in assembling the configuration and would depend upon whether, or not, an external electrical field is also present.

Question No.1 : A (source) charge, Q , and a (test) charge, q , are located at the points (2, 3) and (4, 5) respectively. Keeping charge Q fixed in its position, the charge q is moved to the point (0, 1). How does the magnitude and direction of the force, experienced by q, change due to this shift in its position?

Question No.2 : A parallel plate capacitor has the space between its plates filled with a dielectric. Whose dielectric constant varies with distance (from the negative plate) as per the relation? K(r)= Ko + α r Show that the capacitance, C, of the capacitor, is given by

Question No.3 : A charged solid sphere of radius R has a radial charge density ρ(r) = k r Draw graphs showing the variation of the electric field due to this sphere, with the distance r, of the field point from its centre. At what point does the field have its maximum value? Where does the field become zero?

Question No.4: The x- component of the electric field , of a charge distribution varies with distance, along the x-axis in the manner shown. a) What is the potential differences between the points x = 2m and x = 10m? (b) Find the change of potential energy of a charge of 10C as it is moved from x = 4m to x = 8m.

Question No.5: (on Dielectrics and Capacitors)
A dielectric, of dielectric constant K, is introduced between the plates of a capacitor so that it fills 3/4th of the separation between them. If a similarly modifier originally similar capacitor is now just is parallel with it, the capacitance of this combination becomes n times that of either of the original unmodified capacitors. Obtain an expression for K in terms of n.

Current Electricity

Definition of Electric current Concepts of ‘drift velocity’ and ‘random thermal velocity’. Mobility equals drift velocity / charge. The establishment of current in a conductor is caused by ‘local electron drifts’ resulting form an almost instantaneous establishment of ‘electric field’ in the conductor. Current density vector and its significance Understanding Ohm’s law – concept of relaxation time.

Understanding the difference in the resistivity change behavior of conductors and semi conductors.
Electrical Energy & Power; how does transmission at high voltages help in reducing transmission power losses. Special properties of resistor combinations in series and in parallel. Cells; their combinations in series & parallel; internal resistance ; difference between terminal p.d and emf. For the parallel combination : Physical significance of Kirchoff’s rules; their use in practical situations and adoption of an appropriate ‘sign convention’.

Wheat stone Bridge; meter bridge; relevant problems.
For a ‘balanced Wheat stone bridge’ there is no current in the detector arm. Principle of a Potentiometer; two simple practical applications. Two causes for ‘one sided deflection in a potentiometer and understanding the practical difference in the two cases. Using potentiometer (along with Ohm’s law) to measure ‘currents’ and resistances. Increasing the sensitivity of a potentiometer.

Magnetic effects of Current and Magnetism

Basic source of magnetic field – moving charges or currents. Charges – static or moving – always produce an Electric field. However, it is only moving charges that, in addition, also produce a magnetic field. Charges – static or moving – always experience a force in an external electric field. However, it is only moving charges, that, experience a magnetic force, i.e. a force due to a magnetic field. Magnetic force in given by the expression Its direction can be worked out by using the standard coordinate axis system and the well known relations for the cross products amongst the unit vectors

We can use the above force expression to define (i) the direction of the magnetic field at a point and (ii) the unit of the magnetic field. Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor General helical nature of the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field; radius of helix = ; pitch of helix Time period / frequency are both independent of the velocity / energy as well as the radius. Concept of cyclotron frequency ; principle of a cyclotron. Understanding how an electron field can be used to cancel the force on a moving charge due to a magnetic field and how this idea can be used to design a ‘velocity selector’.

Ampere’s Circuital law; realizing it as an alternative form ‘of the Biot-Sarvart law. Its ‘similarity’ with Gauss’s law in Electrostatics. Understanding the reasons for the limited possible use of Ampere’s circuital law. Understanding the significance of the term “Enclosed current’. Solenoid and Toroid ; Using Ampere’s law for both. Uniform nature of the ‘near-axis’, ‘near centre’ field of a long thin solenoid. Understanding the similarity in the expressions for the magnetic fields of a long solenoid and a toroid.

Combining the results for the (i) magnetic field due to a long straight current carrying wire and (ii) force experienced by a current carrying wire in a magnetic field. Force between two long parallel current carrying wires. Understanding clearly why ‘like currents attract ‘ and ‘unlike currents repel’. Arriving at the definition of ‘ampere’. Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field; it use in the design of a moving coil galvanometer. Basic design and construction of the moving coil galvanometer ; significance of having a ‘radial field’ in it. Ammeter and Voltmeter; Understanding why the resistance of an ideal ammeter should be zero while that of an ideal voltmeter should be infinite.

Errors introduced by finite values of ammeter / voltmeter resistances.
How to ‘convert’ a given moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter or voltmeter of desired range? Equivalence of a ‘current loop’ to a ‘magnetic dipole’ – using the analogy with an electric dipole’s electric filed. Associating an equivalent ‘orbital’ magnetic moment with an electron orbiting around the nucleus. Understanding the difference between the current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer.

Writing expressions for the axial and equatorial fields of a magnetic dipole – from the corresponding expression for the electric field of an electric dipole at a point in the plane of the loop, at a distance x from the centre(x >> R, the radius of loop) equal nearly Any planar current loop, of area A, is equivalent to a magnetic dipole of magnetic moment Looking at the possible applications of this result.

Magnetism Magnetism was initially studied as a subject in its own right. It was only in the early part of the 19th century that Oersted, Ampere, Biot and Savart correlated it with moving charges or currents. The ‘bar magnet’, is in many ways, considered similar to an electric dipole. Results for a bar magnet are not ‘derived’; they are simply ‘arrived at’ by comparison and co-relation with an electric dipole. Magnetic field lines help us to have a visual and intitutive ‘picture’ of a given magnetic field. The ‘closed curve’ nature of magnetic field lines is a significant difference from the ‘start from positive charge and end at a negative charge; nature of electric filed lines.

Electromagnetic Induction

Optics

Dual Nature of Matter

Atoms and Nuclei

Atoms How did the concept of a ‘structure of the atom’ evolve?
Discover of electron as a common constituent of all elements. Overall neutrality of the atom as a whole : Hence elements must contain a positive charge also. Basic requirements from a model of the atom: Electrical neutrality Stability Characteristic spectra of elements – line spectra

Atoms Suggestion : First by J J. Thomson in 1898 – The Plum Pudding Model Rutherford’s suggestions on studying the scattering of alpha particle by atoms to investigate the atomic structure Geiger and Marsdene’s experiment in 1911 – The importance of the observed back scattering Rutherford’s nuclear model – the entire positive charge and most of its mass is concentrated in the nucleus with the electrons some distance away. Experimental suggestion – nuclear size ~ m to m

Atoms Significance of the distance of closest approach – estimate of nuclear size but not quite. Electron orbits – only one condition to determine ‘v’ and ‘r’. Hence a wide range of continuous choice for ‘v’ and ‘r’. Two major drawbacks of Rutherford’s model: Conflict with em theory, no proper explanation of atomic spectra details Very short lived stability Balmer’s mathematical studies of the observed spectrum data of hydrogen.

Nuclei The unit for atomic masses is 1/12 th of the mass of one carbon 12 atom = 1 u = * 10^-27 kg (it is useful to remember that 1 u = Mev) Proton – Electron model of the nucleus was not compatible with experimental facts / theoretical concepts Discovery of the neutron in 1932 by James Chadwick through study of the effects of bombardment of alpha particles on berylium nuclei.

Nuclei The proton neutron model of the nucleus.
Isotopes, Isobars, Isotone Nuclear size (R) are proportional to the cube root to the mass number (A). Hence the largest nucleus would be nearly six times the size of the smallest nucleus. Nuclear density is nearly constant (has very high value) for all nuclei. Neutron stars have comparable density values.

Nuclei Concept of nuclear binding energy.
An increase in B.E/nucleon implies release of energy and vice versa. Characteristics of nuclear force: charge indefinite and short ranged nature. Must change from a attractive to repulsive if the distance between two nucleons decreases below a certain value (~0.8 fm) No simple mathematical formula now understood in terms of QUARK picture of the nucleon.

Radioactivity Why was radioactivity regarded as a nuclear property?
Radioactivity is the spontaneous continuous decay of some unstable nuclei. Exponential nature of the law of radioactive decay. Decay rate R (= -dN/dt), is linked with the activity of the sample. Decay rate is measured in the units of becqurel (Bq). 1 Bq equals 1 decay per second.

Radioactivity Concept of half life and mean life and their correlation with the decay constant [half life = (0.6931) mean life = /decay constant] Useful tip for solving radioactive decay problems – To find number of atoms left over in time t, calculate p (= t/T, T= half life). The number left over is two to the power minus p of the original number. For calculating the time t in which n out of N atoms are left over, calculate p through the equation 2^-p = n/N. t then equals p times T where T= half life

Radioactivity Essential details of alpha, beta and gamma decay – change of mass number, atomic number and release of energy. Understanding beta decay through inter conversion of proton and neutron, Necessity of neutrino. Production of nuclear energy through nuclear fission and fusion. Q value of a nuclear reaction equals (average final B.E / nucleon – average initial B.E/ nucleon) * initial total number of nucleons. Nuclear reactor and fusion reactions in stars.

Examples Question No.1: A nucleus of mass number200 initially at rest emits an α-particle. The Q-factor of reaction is 5 MeV. What is the kinetic energy of emitted α-particle? Let mα and mn denote mass of α-particle emitted and the daughter nucleus. Let vα and vn be the speed of the two. From law of conservation of linear momentum mα vα + mn vn = 0 or vn = - (mα /mn ) vα (1) From law of conservation of energy

Examples mα vα 2 + mn vn 2 = 5. 0 MeV
Or mα vα mn [ (mα /mn ) vα ] 2 = 5.0 Or mα vα 2 [ 1 + (mα /mn ) ] = 5.0 Kα = K.E of emitted α- particle = mα vα 2 Also mα =4; mn = 200-4=196 Therefore Kα [1 + (4/196)] = 5.0 Or Kα = 5 x 196 /200 MeV = 4.9 MeV

Examples Question No.2: Hydrogen atom in ground state is bombarded with a particle having energy (a) 8.0 eV (b) 11.0 eV. In each case how much energy is transferred to the hydrogen atom? Is collision elastic or inelastic? The allowed energy states of hydrogen atom are En = - eV E1 = eV, E2 = -3.4 eV , E3 = – 1.51 eV,……. =0

Examples Case (a) Since hydrogen atom is in its ground state its energy is eV. The total energy of hydrogen atom it gains the complete energy of incident particle will be ( ) eV = -5.6 eV. There is no allowed energy state corresponding to this value. The electron in hydrogen atom has no allowed energy state if it absorbs a part or whole of the energy of the incident particle. Therefore it accepts no energy from the incident particle. Therefore it accepts no energy from the incident particle. In other words energy transferred to hydrogen atom is zero. The total K.E. of hydrogen atom and incident particle is conserved, therefore collision is Perfectly elastic.

Examples Case (b) The energy of incident particle is 11.0eV. The hydrogen atom absorbs 10.2eV of energy and goes to the first excited state. The energy of incident particle after collision is =0.8eV. The total K.E. is not conserved in this collision. The collision, therefore, is inelastic.

Examples Question No.3:A hydrogen atom in its first excited state returns to ground state by emitting radiations of wave length λ 1. The wave length of emitted radiations is λ 2 if it returns from 2nd excited state to 1st excited state. What is the wave length of radiations emitted if it returns from 2nd excited state to ground state in one go? From Bohr’s second postulate En1- En2 = hν = hc/ λ The first excited state corresponds to n = 2 For ground state n = 1.Therefore E2 – E 1 = hc / λ (i)

Examples For second excited state corresponds to n = 3. Therefore
E3 – E 2 = hc / λ (ii) For ground state n = 1. Therefore Let λ be the wave length of emitted radiations when electron jumps from second excited state (i.e.n = 3), to the ground state (i.e. n=1).Then E3 – E 1 = hc / λ (iii) From eq. (i), (ii) and (iii)

Examples Question No.4: The allowed energy states of some hypothetical atom is given by En = - eV Where k is a positive constant. In this atom photon of energy 2 eV is emitted when electron jumps from first excited state to ground state. What is energy of photon emitted due to transition from second excited state to ground state? This photon is incident on a photo sensitive material having work function of 1.07 eV .What is stopping potential of emitted photoelectron? The transition from first excited state to ground state corresponds to n1 = 2 to n2 = 1.

Examples

Examples When this photon of energy 2.37eV is incident on photo-sensitive surface; the maximum K.E of emitted photoelectron is K max = hν – w min = =1.3 eV. Let Vs be the stopping potential of the emitted photoelectron; then K max = eVs. Hence Vs = 1.3 V.

Examples Question No.5: A nucleus of 236Ra 88 decays to 222Rn 86 by the emission of an α-particle of energy 4.8MeV. What is recoil energy of radon? Let m; m1 and m2 denote mass of radium, radon and α- particles respectively. Before emission the radium nucleus is at rest. Let v1 and v2 be the speed of radon and α - particle after emission. From law of conservation of linear momentum 0 = m1 v1 + m2 v2

Examples

Examples Question No.6: An electron is contained in a hollow tube. The electron’s potential energy in one half of tube is zero, while in the other half it is l0 eV. The total energy of electron in tube is 15eV. What is the ratio of the de Broglie wave length of the electron in the two halves of the tube? The de Broglie wave length λ, of electron is

Examples

Examples Question No.7: In hydrogen like atom 47.2 eV of energy is required to excite electron from first excited state to the next higher energy state. What is Z of the atom? What is kinetic energy, potential energy and the angular momentum of the electron in the first permitted orbit? The energy En; in nth allowed orbit of a hydrogen like atom having atomic number Z is

Examples The first excited state of atom corresponds to n1= 2. The next energy state corresponds to n2 = 3. Given

Examples

Examples From Bohr’s quantization condition
mvnrn = nh/2π (iii)

Examples

Examples Question No.11: A photon of energy 10.2 eV collides inelastically with a hydrogen atom in ground state. After a few microseconds another photon of energy 16.oeV collides inelastically with the same hydrogen atom. What is recorded in a suitably placed detector? The different allowed energy states of a hydrogen atom are

Examples Therefore E1 = eV, E2 =- 3.4 eV, E3 = eV, When a photon of energy 10.2eV collides inelastically with hydrogen atom in ground state; the photon is absorbed. The hydrogen atom goes to first excited state. The second photon collides with hydrogen atom after few microseconds. In the mean time the excited hydrogen atom returns to its ground state emitting a photon of 10.2eV. The energy of second photon (= 16.0 eV) is more than the ionization energy of hydrogen atom in the ground state. This photon causes ionization of hydrogen atom and the emitted electrons has a kinetic energy of 16 – 13.6 = 2.4eV. The detector, therefore, detects a photon of energy 10.2eV and an electron having a kinetic energy of 2.4eV.

Electronic Devices

Electronic Devices Pure semiconductors (intrinsic) and controlled impure semiconductors (extrinsic) Remember: A bulk sample of either an n-type of a p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral. ne nh = n i 2 Forbidden energy gaps for carbon, silicon and germanium are 5.4 ev, 1.1ev, 0.7ev respectively. It is 0.0ev for tin. Hence the difference in their behaviors. Formation of pn junction. It is not a joining of a p-type slab with a n-type slab.

Electronic Devices Formation of depletion layer or region. This is a region devoid of free charges but is a space charge region (immobile negative charge region on the p-side and positive charge region on the n-side) ‘Space charge regions’ cause the development of a ‘Barrier Potential’ Even very small potential differences , across the junction, can cause very strong electric fields over the ‘depletion layer’ because the thickness of this layer is of the order of 10-7 m. P-N junction diode: Important – effective barrier height (under a forward/reverse bias V) equals original barrier height minus/plus V.

Electronic Devices The reverse current, due to the minority charge carriers, can increase considerably if the reverse bias exceeds its characteristic critical value. Concepts of threshold voltage and Reverse Saturation currents for a diode. ‘Breakdown’ of a diode under reverse bias. Rectifying Action: Half wave + Full wave rectifiers Special Purpose Diodes Zener Diode – Much heavier doping Breakdown – Due to internal ‘field emission’ Difference - between Avalanche + Zener Breakdown

Electronic Devices Optoelectronic junction devices – carriers are generated by photons Three types : Photodiodes (for detecting optical signals) LED’s (for getting light from electricity) and Photovoltaic cells or solar cells (for getting electricity from optical radiation) Minimum energy of photons needed in a photodiode should exceed its band gap. Reverse biasing is preferred. LEDs are heavily used p-n junction diodes which, under forward bias, emit radiation spontaneously. Visible light semiconductors have a band gap of at least 1.8ev.

Electronic Devices Solar cells – no external bias applied and the junction area is kept much larger than in a photodiode. Requirements – band gap (1.0 to 1.8 ev), high optical absorption, good electrical conductivity, availability, cost. Transistor – symbols and types Two differences between ‘emitter’ and ‘collector’ – ‘doping’ and ‘contact size’. Active state of the transistor – Emitter-base action acts as a low resistance while the base collector acts as a high resistance.

Electronic Devices Circuit for transistor characteristics and shape of these characteristics. AC parameters of a transistor – input resistance (~ a few hundred to a few k Ω) output resistance (~ 100 k Ω)and current amplification factor (β) (= ∆ Ic / ∆ IB). We also define (βdc) (= Ic / IB). Three regions in the transfer characterstics: cut off region (Vi , threshold voltage), active region, saturation state.

Electronic Devices Amplifier action :
Vo = Vcc – Ic Rc, Vi = IB RB + VBE ∆ Vo / ∆ Vi = - Rc/ RB (∆ Ic / ∆ IB ) = - βac (Rc/ RB) Feedback + Oscillator action Analog + Digital signals Basis of Logic Gates: (basic circuits that process the signal in a specific manner) NOT gate, OR gate, AND gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, combination of gates.

Communication Systems

Basic elements – Transmitter, channel (medium), Receiver Basic Terminology – Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater Bandwidth of signals –why is it there? Bandwidth of transmission medium Different methods of propagation of em waves

Ground waves or surface waves – wave glides over the surface of the earth and is constantly attenuated Sky waves involve ionospheric reflections have a upper limit (~30 MHz) Direct straight line travel from transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. Line of sight communication. Maximum Range = √2RhT + √2RhR

Television Broadcast, Microwave links, Satellite communication are all examples of space wave mode of propagation. Modulation – its meaning and necessity Three important reasons: size of the antennae, effective power radiated, and Mixing up of signals. Amplitude Modulation and Modulation Index. Production and Detection of AM waves. Recent amazing advances in Communication systems.

Value based Education

VALUE BASED EDUCATION

“Live ,so that when your children think of fairness and integrity, they think of you.” H. Jackson Brown “Do not erase the design the child makes in the soft wax of his inner life.” Maria Montessori

Need for strengthening a system of value oriented education
Ancient education had a ‘code of ethical conduct’ and education of the pupil was centered around such a code. But ,over the years, the educational system, for one reason or another , has lost sight of its value culture. Recent thinking has led to the realization that we need to ensure ‘quality’ along with a ‘quantitative expansion’ of education.

Continued… It needs to be realized that we can have a just, systematic and orderly society only when VALUES are made an inseparable part of human being. There is ,therefore, an urgent need for strengthening a system of value oriented education and the recent step, of CBSE, of making Value Based Questions a part of the question papers, of all subjects, is a meaningful step in that direction.

DEFINITION OF “VALUE” Several definitions of the term ‘Value’ :
‘A broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others’. ‘A value is a belief upon which humans act by performance’. ‘Values are ideals, beliefs, morals or spiritual principles which need to be an important and integral part of our living’.

Continued … There are certain ‘values’ which have been generally accepted and followed, all over and which can, therefore, be viewed, as approaching a ‘universal’ and ‘absolute’ nature. We generally think of mainly these “values” when we lay emphasis on “VALUE EDUCATION”.

SOME STANDARD VALUE TERMS:
HONESTY COURESTY CIVIC SENSE JUSTICE COURAGE FAIRNESS INTEGRITY SELF DISCIPLINE HUMAN DIGNITY

SOME STANDARD VALUE TERMS:
CIVIC SENSE SOCIABILITY RESPECT FOR OTHERS COMPASSION TIME MANAGEMENT TRUTHFULNESS EMPATHY EQUITY AIMING HIGH

DEFINITIONS OF SOME STANDARD VALUE TERMS
FORGIVENESS : Ceasing to have bad feelings against another for what they may have done to you. COMPASSION:Feeling sorrow or pity for others in difficulties. ENTHUSIASTIC:Having a strong and eager interest in a particular area.

Continued… STEADFASTNESS: Being firm in purpose, faith and loyalty.
INTEGRITY : Being honest and following your principles. THANKFULNESS:Being able to express feelings of gratitude through words or actions.

Continued… PATIENCE: Being calm when waiting.
GENEROSITY:Unselfish and ‘always ready to give’ and ‘to share ‘with others. TRUTHFULNESS:Being genuine and honest in all things you say.

Continued… THOUGHTFULNESS: Being ,at all times, considerate and kind to others. FLEXIBILITY: Having the ability to change or adapt to new things. CREATIVITY: The ability to think and create in an original way.

IMAPCT OF VALUE EDUCATION
TRAINING OF INTELLECT TRUTH AT INTELLECTUAL LEVEL PEACE AT EMOTIONAL LEVEL

BUILDING POSITIVE CHARACTER STRENGTHING SELF ESTEEM BECOMING TOLERANT AND HUMBLE PROFESSIONALS

INCULATION OF A SPIRIT OF SERVICE, EQUALITY AND SCIENTIFIC TEMPERAMENT RIGHTEOUS CONDUCT AT THE PHYSICAL LEVEL BECOMING HONEST AND DEDICATED WORKERS

CONCLUSION In short, value based education helps “A child to evolve into a complete human being and not just a social or biological entity”. The society as a whole, but parents and teachers , in particular, play a pivotal role in understanding of values of in a student and helping him/her to develop all dimensions of his/her personality and evolve into a perfect human being.

CONCLUSION One can say, A VALUE HAS A VALUE ONLY IF ITS VALUE IS VALUED. The need of the hour, therefore, is to: REVIVE and REINFORCE the spirit of human values and to restore faith in the eternal truths.

LOUD THINKING: SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

Loud Thinking : Some suggestions For Value Based Questions
Suggested Situation/ Link i) Can be linked with time management. ii) Can be linked with the dimensions and values needed in life. Physics Concept Unit 1: i) Need for units. ii) Dimensions.

Suggested Situation/ Link
Physics Concept Unit 2 i) Different types of motions take place different circumstances or forces on a system but the basic relations between displacement, velocity and acceleration always remain intact. Suggested Situation/ Link i) We need different kinds of behavior and values in different circumstances but we need to ensure that our basic or core values always remains intact.

Continued… ii) Projectile motion Same range achieved through different paths but with changes in the trajectory, time of Flight and maximum height. Maximum range achieved when the angle of projection is 45°. ii) We can achieve our goals through different approaches. The satisfaction and appreciation achieved, however, is maximum when we stick to basic core values.

Physics Concept Unit 3 Inertia: Definition and need of and external force for bringing about a change in state of motion. iii) Impulse : Change in momentum. Suggested Situation/ Link i) Tendency of making ‘Inertia’ a usual part of our life; its likely positive and negative impacts. ii) Impact of external causes (value based) on our life.

CONTINUED… iv) Conservative and non conservative forces v) definition of momentum. vi) Conservative laws : iii) Correlation with a Positive( sudden ) thought and change caused by it. iv) Positive and negative values v) Effect of one (mass) or other (velocity relates) change on the momentum of our life. vi) Need for conservation of values

Suggested Situation/ Link Physics Concept Unit 4
i) Correlation with some appropriate life situation. ii) Conservation of values based on systems and their impacts on society. Physics Concept Unit 4 i) Definition of ‘work’. ii) Work energy theorem Law of conservation of energy.

Continued… iii) Need for hard work and dedicated nature for success in life and achieving goals. iv) Correlating situation corresponding to m1 = m2, m1>>m2, m1 <<m2 v) Correlation with the fact that momentum is still conserved in such a collision. iii) Need for minimum initial velocity for ‘looping the loop’. iv) One dimensional elastic collision v) Inelastic collision.

Continued… vi) Two dimensional collisions. vii) Coefficient of restitution. vi) Correlating with the need for having some prior information for a complete evaluation of a system. vii) Correlating with the extent of determination, steadfastness displayed in challenging situations.

Physics Concept Unit 5 i) Centre of mass. ii) Shift in the centre of mass. Suggested Situation/ Link i) For identifying the central or the most important point in the given problem. ii) Need for shifting our goal or aim as per the situation.

Continued… iii) Advantage of concepts of rotational motion. iv) Torque can be large for a small force iii) Do in Rome as Romans do, situation. iv) Small consistent and dedicated effort can yield quite significant results.

Continued… v) Moment of inertia can be changed even when mass does not change (through change in axis of rotation). vi) Radius of gyration/ Centre of mass. v) The same person can do different things by adjusting his/her way of working. vi) Concentration of output/effort-positive or negative.

Continued… vii) Rotational motion - Rolling motion - Slipping-role of normal reaction . . vii) Rolling stone gathers no moss. Bonding of individual through sharing of ideas and efforts.

Physics Concept Unit 6 i) Universal nature of the law of gravitation ii) Independence of ‘g’ from mass. Suggested Situation/ Link i) Universal nature and effect of basic values at different places and times. ii) Non personal nature of values.

Continued… iii) Similar nature of variation of ‘g’ with height and depth. iv) Satellite motion. iii) Show of similar resilence in different situations. Decrease of lack of determination with increase or decrease of facilities/infrastructure. iv)Effect of bonding/ love/ considerate behaviour.

Continued… v) Escape velocity its different values for different planets. vi) Moon cannot hold onto the atmosphere. v) Minimum effort to come out of negative situation, its variation with the variation of situation. vi) Lack of concentration and regularity makes it difficult to ‘hold on’ to learnt concepts and values.

Physics Concept Unit 7 i) Perfect gas / no intermolecular Interaction. ii) Ideal gas law(tends to be obeyed at high temperature and lower densities. Suggested Situation/ Link i) Perfect behavior and dedication/ no effect of ordinary distractions. ii) Aim to achieving our own set of ideals through higher degree of effort, determination and dedication.

Continued… iii) Change of phase critical temperature and pressure (liquefaction of gas requires the Temperature to be made lower than the critical temperature). iii) Mere doing of work or effort without a critical and clear analysis of the goal to be achieved is not likely to achieve any tangible result or a change of phase vis - a - vis our present situation.

Physics Concept Unit 8 i) Elasticity + plasticity. Suggested Situation/ Link i)Both needed in life we should tend to be elastic for upholding universally accepted value and plastic for accepting better ideas, innovation and requirement consistent with changing times. .

Continued… ii) Stress + strain. iii) Hook’s law; its breakdown. ii) Strain is the cause of stress and stress develops in trying to undo the effects of strain. iii) More the strain, more is the stress in life; there usually is a breakdown point for all of us.

Continued… iv) Visualization and framing of situation to similar difference in human nature and behavior. v) Visualizing how one kind of strain can lead to a proportional increase in another type of strain in some other dimension. iv) Different material have different levels of malleability, ductility and brittleness. v) Poisson’s ratio

Continued… vi) Elastic fatigue vii). Viscosity/ existence of internal friction during flow of fluids. vi) How monotony can lead to mental fatigue and retention of irrelevant ideas and results. vii) Situation depicting internal friction or difference vis- a- vis. flow or execution of some project or work.

Continued… vi) Terminal velocity its importance and uses. vii) Stream lined flow. vi) Situation where one tries to make the best use of the situation even after reaching the’ end of the Road’. vii) How nature and man made machine benefits through stream lined rather than turbulent behavior.

Continued… vi) Reynolds number. vii) Bernoulli's theorem. ( increase of pressure leads to decrease in velocity and vice versa). vi) How a combination of Factors, beyond some critical limit, can lead to a breakup of the stream lined flow of one’s life. vii) Combination of two Factors, where an increase of one leads to a decrease of other, and vice - versa.

Continued… vi) Situation where one’s can use a decease of one factor or facility to bring a increase in the other. vii) Situation where in the difference between the framed or outward and the real intention or behavior is brought out also- ‘Aad Jal Ghagri Chalkat Jae’. vi) Practical application of Bernoulli's theorem. vii) Surface tension ( difference between behavior of surface molecules and molecules in the deep).

Continued… vi) Cohesive and adhesive forces. vii) Excess pressure inside a drop is double that in bubble. vi) Bonding of family and friends and bonding with strangers. How situations can change the relative magnitude of two. vii) A person filled with universal accepted values may be twice useful than one who has these only on the surface or just for an external or pretended show.

Continued… viii) Relative small infrastructure having relative fewer facilities – may achieve higher goals than one with an excess of these. ix) Effect on our behavior, or Output, of factors like change of situation infrastructure or facilities on our nature, behavior, determination and dedication. viii) Rise in a capillary tube compared to that a wide mouthed tube. ix) Effect of temperature changes or causes like addition of detergent on surface tension( viscosity).

Continued… x) Thermal expansion: - Making use of it
- Its effect and precaution needed. xi) Specific heat capacity and latent heat capacity . x) Expansion of facilities - Infrastructure etc. -Their uses ,their effect and care needed in different situations. xi) Making use of specific skills; looking for latent skill and using them for change of state.

Continued… xii)Different methods of conduction of heat. xiii) Thermos flask. xii) Making use of, and changing the technique, as per requirement For enhancing , and improving the output. xiii) Situational setups that can insulate a System, or a setup, from disturbance or negative factors.

Physics Concept Unit 9 i) Atomic / molecular nature of matter microscopic events or happening control macroscopic behavior. Suggested Situation/ Link i) It is the small, or grass root workers, whose output goes to control the performance of a large organization or factory. .

Continued… ii) Impact of positive thoughts / efforts on the otherwise rigid society can produce sufficient pressure to change society for the better. iii) Universally accepted values – always the same – irrespective of nature, location or structure of society. ii) Impact of molecules on the wall produces pressure and’ gas laws’. iii) Avogadro’s number: Same value for 1 gram mole – irrespective of nature of gas.

Continued… iv) First law of thermodynamics- another way of stating the law of conservation of energy. v) Second law of thermodynamics- a natural built constraint and vis – a-vis ‘ direction of heat flow’. iv) Example of different situation/ behavior where same values hold. v) Situation illustrating how good values/ thoughts/ knowledge flow from a person at a higher level of these – irrespective of material ,monetary or infrastructure facilities.

Continued… vi) Mean free path. vii) Nature of different types of changes- isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isotonic and their characteristics . vi) Randomness of happening or events but on the whole, there is mean or average result or output. vii) How maintaining constancy , of one parameter can lead to a change in the nature of the interaction between two other parameters.

Physics Concept Unit 10 i) Periodic and non periodic motions. ii) S.H.M – how it’ builds Up’ all other types of Suggested Situation/ Link i) Regularity and irregularity vis - a -vis observance of values. ii) How one or other basic value can lead to a buildup of other values.

Continued… iii) Phase Relationships. iv) Waves – can transfer energy. iii) Situations illustrating phase relationships between behavior and values. iv). Values can be made to get transfered without bringing in any materialistic transfers. .

Continued… v) Difference between longitudinal and transverse wave . vi) Development of equation of S.H. wave. v) Difference between ‘direct’ or’ indirect’ ways of transfer of values. vi) Impact and correlation of present and past situation or achievements. .

Continued… vii) A very important message- like the waves our content of values should be unaffected by the presence or absence of other values ,or Situations, or circumstances. viii) Situation where a coherent interaction can lead to maxima of positive thoughts and minima of negative thoughts/ values. vii) Super position of waves- Principle of super position. viii) Interference/ need for coherence.

Continued… ix) Superposition of slight changes and adjustments can increase / improve the sweetness / impact of our joint efforts. x) Effect of relative adjustments and changes and dependence of the out put on the direction, nature and cause of relative Adjustment/changes. ix) Beats. x) Doppler's effect: Effect of relative motion / its dependence on direction, nature and cause of relative motion.

Electrostatics

Current Electricity

Magnetic effects of Current & magnetism
Magnetic field is associated only with moving charges or currents ( An idea/concept ,when put in action/motion can bring in additional results) Oersted’s experiments / Biot Savart rule ( A (mis)directed action may produce results in a different direction) Ampere’s Law ; an alternative way of stating Biot Savart rule (Suitable change/modification can lead to a simplification of the problem) Infinite wire --concept based on a relative comparison of two sizes (All our interpretations/experiences of our situations are basically relative in nature. Even a small achievement can lead to what may appear as infinite joy.) Solenoid --itself a curved entity, produces straight parallel lines of magnetic field near its axis. (There can be situations where an apparently complicated input can lead to a surprisingly good ’straight’ result) Cyclotron –a clever use— of the shielding effects of conductors , and the ability of a magnetic field to make charged particles move along circular paths—enable large accelerations to be achieved over relatively small sized apparatus. (An intelligent use of the diverse skills/abilities of two devices/persons can enable one to get surprisingly good and enlarged results/outputs.) Force between two long parallel current carrying wires: Like currents attract each other while unlike currents repel each other. (Two persons, with similar thinking/approach towards problems/tasks can cooperate to give attractive/enhanced results.) 8 . Moving coil galvanometer ---addition of suitable resistors can push up its range as an ammeter or as a voltmeter. (Suitable additions/additional devices/sharing of positive thoughts or actions, can push up the output/performance of a machine/device/person.) 9.Para, Dia and Ferromagnetic substances.-----show different types of interactions with an external magnetic field. (There may be only a slight or casual positive effect or a negative effect or a strong positive effect when different persons interact with positive thoughts/ concrete and decisive actions) 10. Electromagnets are temporary and adjustable magnets which can be easily switched ‘ON’ or ‘OFF”. Permanents magnets, on the other hand, have a constant permanent magnetism which stays ‘ON’ for a long time. ( There may be only a temporary show of (adjustable) loyalty/dedication/honesty/sincerity vis-à-vis an organization/person as contrasted with a definite and constant display of such qualities.)

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
A magnet, in relative motion, can induce a current in a coil. (Good actions / observance of values can ‘induce’ respect for,or acceptance of VALUES.) Eddy currents, generally a cause of wastage of energy, can be put to useful USE through suitable adjustments. ( One can make suitable adjustments to draw positive outcomes from apparently negative situations.) An alternating current, in spite of changes in its magnitude and direction, always keeps on producing heat in a resistor. ( A dedicated/ determined person always keeps on advancing towards her/his goal in spite of the difficulties /deviations that she/ he may encounter.) The current, in an A.C. circuit, is, in general, not in phase with the applied E.M.F. (Casual and careless efforts, in general, do not produce an output in sync with the input.) In an LC circuit, the “phase lag” produced by the inductance, can be balanced by the “phase lead “ provided by a capacitor of appropriate value. ( The negative effects ,of a disruptive action, can be balanced by an appropriate positive action.) The LC, and the LCR ,circuit can show RESONANCE at a particular frequency of the applied E.M.F. (By making the external environment ‘in tune’ with a child’s natural preferences, the child’ learning can show a ‘resonance’ like effect.) Wattless currents---- The inductor ,or the capacitor, on the average, draw zero power from the source. They ‘give back’ as much to the source as they “withdraw’ from it in successive quarter cycles. (Human beings can enrich the society, and the human race as a whole, by ‘giving back’ at least as much as they ‘withdraw ‘from it.) AC generator --- transforms different forms of energy into electrical energy. (We should aim to make ourselves into educated, cultured and humane Human beings by taking different types of INPUTS from different sources.) Transformer--- can ‘step up’ or ‘step down’ an AC voltage but cannot do so for a DC voltage. (Good company /good advice helps to ‘ step up’ our good qualities whereas bad company/ bad advice does just the reverse.) Power factor -- increases with an increase in the resistance of the circuit. (Our will power can show an increase with an increase in our determination.)

Electromagnetic Waves
1.Inspite of the differences in their frequency/wavelength, all e.m. waves propagate with the same speed in vacuum. (inspite of the differences in their caste, colour or creed , the basic VALUES for all human being s are the same.) 2. EM waves , of different frequencies/ wavelengths have quite marked differences in their properties and uses. (we need to accept, acknowledge and appreciate the differences in the culture and characteristics of human beings of different cultures and socities.)

Two new initiatives Problem Solving Assessment (PSA)
PSA is a measure that aims to create an enjoyable learning environment and stimulate curiosity and creativity. It has been designed in a way that would help to improve the generic and higher order thinking skills. It aims at assessing a student’s creative and critical thinking, decision making, and problem solving and communication skills. For this purpose, it makes use of unorthodox questions which are not subject specific. It is hoped that this initiative would greatly assist learners in toning up their skills in research and analysis, ability to apply different concepts of subjects, solve application based problems in mathematics and science, comprehend and analyze written text and effective communication. All these dimension of 21st century life skills should help learners to face subsequent challenges of life with an enhanced degree of confidence. Open Book System OBS is indeed an open text based system in which students will be supplied reference material a few months before the examination. They would be expected to make themselves familiar with this material in a complete and holistic way. In the examination, they would be asked questions based on the material supplied. The objective of introducing open text based examination is to provide opportunities to students to apply theoretical concepts to real life scenarios by encouraging active and group learning in the class. Active discussion on case studies, or other material supplied by the board, is expected to train students in effective use of memory and acquiring skills of processing information rather than on rote learning. Learning should thus become an enjoyable activity that is more effective and long lasting. Combined with teaching that focuses on developing thinking skills, open book examination can become an exciting and interesting intellectual adventure.

“HOTS” in PHYSICS (CLASS XII)

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)
The concept of HOTS introduced by CBSE in its class X and XII examinations, from the year 2008 is a fundamental concept of Education Reform, based on Bloom’s Taxonomy. This taxonomy lists the following six levels ( in increasing order) in the hierarchy of cognitive processing. Knowledge, comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation.

In the words of David .W.Dilliard , we may ‘define ‘ HOTS as follows:
Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) essentially mean that thinking that takes places in the higher levels of hierarchy of cognitive processing and can be viewed as a continuum of thinking levels starting with knowledge level thinking and moving eventually to evaluation level of thinking. ‘HOTS’ basically aims at developing and increasing cognitive development or critical thinking. It aims at teaching students reasoning and processes – rather than teaching them simple ‘recalling of facts’ -and is expected to make them better life long learners. Its aim is not on ‘drill’ and repetition activities but on ‘Problem Solving’ and ‘higher order thinking skills’. HOTS thus moves away from simple general knowledge type skills to thinking skills like Synthesizing, Analyzing, Reasoning, Comprehending, Application and Evaluation.

It is interesting to note that ‘HOTS’ questions are not necessarily ‘difficult’ questions. They simply require the ability to relate knowledge from several areas, to use methods, concepts and theories in new situations, to observe regularity and patterns and to organize the ‘parts’ of a problem into a ‘whole’. If done in a systematic ,simple and interesting manner, ‘HOTS’ help in developing better problem –solving abilities and doing critical thinking ,analysis and evaluation. It is interesting to note that research has indicated that even students, who are not good at simply memorizing facts and figures, tend to benefit from learning and developing higher order thinking skills that teach them the ways and techniques of solving problems.

The learning Research and Development Center (1991) has listed the following as higher order thinking skills: Size up and define a problem that is not neatly packaged. Determine which facts and formulae, stored in memory, might be helpful for solving a problem. Carry out complex analysis or tasks that require planning management monitoring and adjustments. Recognize where more information is needed and where and how to look for it . Step outside the ‘routine’ and deal with an unexpected breakdown or opportunity.

CBSE , from the year 2008 , has moved away from simple , ‘ knowledge ‘, ‘understanding’ and ‘application’ questions to questions that are data based or open ended or based on analysis and interpretation of graphs or drawing graphs based on suitable mathematical results or formulae or data or activity based or require sharp alternative thinking. It is hoped that this new format of question framing will induce and encourage more and more concept based teaching that will make students, ‘better learners’ and ‘problem – solvers.’

Suggestions for students
The following are some ideas that should assist students in learning. 1. Identify and follow your own style of learning 2. Remember it is necessary as well as important to understand ,and develop, good study habits. 3. Ask yourself the following questions: Am I comfortable with the basic concepts of subject learnt by me earlier? Am I comfortable with the basic concepts of mathematics needed for my subject? Am I an active learner? Do I do my studies in a focused way? Can I translate mathematical expression,equations and graphs into word equations and expressions and vice- versa? Do I try to have HANDS -ON experience of my theory concepts in my practical class,whenever and wherever possible? Do I supplement my class room learning by reading other books or by visiting relevant sites on the Internet? Do I regularly try to solve numerical problems to understand,assimilate and apply the theoretical concepts taught to me? Do I attend my classes regularly and listen to the teacher attentively? Do I try my best to have my doubts and queries clarified through discussions with my teacher or my fellow students? Do I set aside adequate and regularly scheduled study time in a distraction free environment? If your answer to any of these questions is a NO,you need to take immediate corrective measures Remember that you need to go through the whole of the prescribed syllabus, Without skipping or ignoring any topic. 5. The NCERT book defines the DEPTH of coverage of each topic given in the syllabus. 6.It is always a good idea to go through the SUMMARY given at the end of each unit and to have a relook ,if needed, at any point ,or concept, that does not appear to be clear from the summary. 7. Always maintain a positive outlook and have full faith and confidence in yourself.

Suggestions for students
The following suggestions should help students to attempt and answer their PHYSICS paper in a more relaxed,comfortable and better way: 1. Relax yourself before reading the question paper. Closing the eyes and 'blanking out' the mind for a few seconds is generally always helpful. 2. Just mentally recite or remember something that gives you a feeling of confidence and relaxation.. 3. Never feel panicky.Read the questions slowly and carefully and just put some cross marks against the questions you don't feel confident about on a first reading. The CBSE gives you 15 minutes time for reading the question paper and digesting the questions. 4. Decide about the alternative you would like to answer in the questions with choice. 5. There is no need to follow any preset sequence in answering the questions.It is always better to first answer the questions you feel more confident and comfortable about. 6. While answering (a) always keep the answer brief and 'to the point'.carefully look at what has been asked in the question and limit your answer to what has been asked. Remember: extra details,not asked for, will not fetch you any extra marks.they will only consume some of your precious time. (b) even if you are not able to/or are in a position to answer/attempt a question in full, never forget to write the answer to whatever part/section/segment of that part of question about which you are confident. (c). Do always write the units of the physical quantity you have calculated in a numerical problem. (d)draw simple, clear and properly labelled out diagrams wherever needed. (e) never forget to write out the names( symbols/units) of the physical quantities used for drawing a graph. (f) always Mark the 'arrows' on a ray diagram and the (+),(-) terminals on the battery/ammeter/voltmeter used in a circuit diagram. (g) never make your answers to different questions overlap each other. Leave clear space/ some lines between the answers to two different questions or to different subparts of the answer to the same question. (h) wherever possible,highlight/underline the keywords/formulae in your answer. (I) always draw a clear line to indicate the 'end point' of your answer to a given question. It is better to answer all the subparts of a question together. (j) a clear, neatly written out answer helps the examiner and thereby the examinee.

I AM A TEACHER (John W. Schlatter)

I was born the first moment that a question leaped from
I am a TEACHER. I was born the first moment that a question leaped from the mouth of a child. I have been many people in many places.

Throughout the course of a day, I have been called upon
To be an actor, friend, nurse and doctor, coach, finder of lost articles, money lender, taxi driver, psychologist, a parent, salesman, politician and a keeper of the faith.

that if he builds with care, his structure may stand for centuries.
An architect knows that if he builds with care, his structure may stand for centuries. A teacher knows that if he builds with love and truth, what he builds will last forever.

I speak loudest when I listen the most. My greatest gifts are in
I am a paradox. I speak loudest when I listen the most. My greatest gifts are in what I am willing to appreciatively receive from my students.

I am a warrior, daily doing battle against peer
pressure, negativity, fear, conformity, prejudice, ignorance and apathy.

But I have great allies: Intelligence, Curiosity,
Parental Support, Individuality, Creativity Faith, Love and Laughter all rush to my banner with indomitable support.

that sometimes lie buried in self-defeat.
Material wealth is not one of my goals, but I am a full time treasure seeker in my quest for new opportunities for my students to use their talents and in my constant search for those talents that sometimes lie buried in self-defeat.

And who do I have to thank for this wonderful life
I am so fortunate to experience, but you the public, the parents .

For you have done me the great honor to entrust to me your greatest
contribution to eternity, your children. And so I have a past that is rich in memories

I have a present that is challenging, adventurous and fun because
I am allowed to spend my days with the future. I am a teacher……….. and I thank God for it every day.

Bloom’s Taxonomy COGNITIVE OBJECTIVES and ASSOCIATED VERBS
KNOWLEDGE define state list name write recall recognize label underline select reproduce measure tell identify locate COMPREHENSION identify justify select indicate illustrate represent formulate explain judge contrast classify summarize match defend interpret compare infer generalize APPLICATION predict select assess explain choose find show demonstrate construct compute use perform apply prepare ANALYSIS analyze identify conclude differentiate select separate compare contrast justify resolve examine distinguish categorize SYNTHESIS combine restate summarize argue discuss organize derive select relate generalize conclude design imagine improve develop rearrange EVALUATION judge evaluate determine recognize support defend attack criticize identify avoid select choose recommend apprise compare assess decide argue consider

Thank You

Physics

What is Physics Physics is basically a science that attempts to understand nature and natural phenomenon. According to the wikipedia encyclopedia: Physics is the branch of science concerned with the discovery and characterization of universal laws which govern matter, energy, space and time. Its role, thus, is to provide us a logical picture of universe in agreement with experience. The learning and teaching of Physics, at the conceptual level, presents both an opportunity and challenge. Physics has supplied much of the driving force behind the science that, over the past four centuries, has permitted human understanding of the physical world to progress further and faster than at any time in recorded history.

Opportunity & Challenge
The opportunity before a physics teacher, is, therefore, to convey the sense of interest, wonder and fascination, associated with all these developments , to the introductory student . The challenge arises from the fact that this sense of excitement, and interest, has to be conveyed against the backdrop of the often held perception that Physics is high on the list of most – feared classes by the general student population. It is a challenge, for all of us, to convey the wonders of the world of Physics in such a way that the apprehensive, science anxious student, is not intimidated by the presentation. This can perhaps be done best by highlighting and correlating the significance and the role of the basic laws and concepts, of physics in understanding and appreciating a variety of daily life phenomenon and very many natural observations .

Role in Society Physics is an elegant and beautiful amalgamation of philosophical thinking, reality and practical utility .It is perhaps the most pervasive of those reservoirs of human knowledge that we call as modern science. Physics has played an extraordinary and prominent role in shaping much of our current society. This is easily appreciated by realizing that , more often than not , it is the basic principles of physics that have helped mankind to develop , employ and use the vast variety of devices – computers , mobile phones, artificial satellites, robots, wireless communication , T.V. , lasers , electricity generators , heat engines , ultrasound and MIR imaging and nuclear reactors , to name only a few – that have changed the culture of human society as a whole . Physics is thus very much relevant to all of us and as informed and enlightened citizens of the twenty –first century; we all need to have a basic understanding of the principles by which the physical world operates.

Atoms and Nuclei

Challenges and Evaluation in Physics

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