1. WHAT HAPPENS TO LATENT HEAT?

2. SINKS OF INSOLATION
1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.

3. SINKS OF INSOLATION
1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.
2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the planet’s surface (continents and oceans)

4. SINKS OF INSOLATION
1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the air.
2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the temperature of the planet’s surface (continents and oceans).
3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Energy used in changing the state of Water

5. WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY

6. WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)

7. WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)
2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface water currents in oceans (2/3rd of global surface. (ADVECTION)

8. WE NEED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
1. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold air exchanges, global/seasonal wind patterns (ADVECTION)
2. GROUND HEAT FLUX. Warm/cold surface water currents in oceans (2/3rd of glabal surface. (ADVECTION)
3. LATENT HEAT FLUX. Change of state of water - vapor, liquid, solid (Condensation/Evaporation; Freezing/Thawing) …. Precipitation (rain/snow)

9. TRANSFER OF LATENT HEAT
Formation of rain and snow redistributes latent heat from point where evaporation took place (Input of latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization). To the place where cloud formation and precipitation occurs (release of latent heat to the environment).

10. HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.
Cool the air!

11. HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.
Cool the air!
“Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air.”

12. HOW TO EXTRACT LATENT HEAT FROM WATER VAPOR.
Cool the air!
“Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air.”
Clausius-Clapeyron
relationship

13. HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!

14. HOT FLORIDA AND AIR CONDITIONER!

15. Decline in
Temperature

16. Decline in
Temperature (20°F)
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(18 g.km-1)

17. Decline in
Temperature (20°F)
Decline in
Moisture
As Vapor
(18 g.km-1)

18. ENGLAND! Decline in Temperature (20°F) Decline in Moisture As Vapor
(10 g.km-1)

19. ENGLAND! Decline in Temperature (20°F) Decline in Moisture As Vapor
(10 g.km-1)

20. TOO COLD TO SNOW? Decline in Temperature (20°F) Decline in Moisture
As Vapor
(1 g.km-1)

21. TOO COLD TO SNOW? Decline in Temperature (20°F) Saskatchewan
Moisture
As Vapor
(1 g.km-1)

22. PUT ON THE FURNACE!
20 below!

23. Very, very low
Moisture content

24. Warm to 70°F in
the furnace

25. Can now hold
more moisture

26. Moisture
Deficit
(19 g.
km-1)

27. Moisture
Deficit
(19 g.
km-1)

28. GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???

29. GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?

30. GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
Make it rise in the atmosphere and it will
Cool at the lapse rate! (Equation of state of
an ideal gas!)
Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km

31. WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR RISING (AND COOLING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds
and precipitation.

32. WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR RISING (AND COOLING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds
and precipitation.
GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS –
WHERE IS AIR RISING IN TROPOSPHERE?

33. 1. Above the migrating equatorial Low pressure.
Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
HIGH
45-60°N
LOW
LOW
30°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
Tropopause 0°
LOW
LOW
LOW
30°S
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
45-60°S
HIGH

34. June
December

39. 2. Above the Low pressure zones at 45-60°.
HIGH
45-60°N
LOW
LOW
30°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
2. Above the Low pressure zones at 45-60°.
Planetary Front
Tropopause 0°
LOW
LOW
LOW
30°S
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
45-60°S
HIGH

40. MID-LATITUDE~ PLANETARY FRONT. And Seasonal Migration.

41. GLOBAL FURNACES???

42. GLOBAL FURNACES???
Q. How to make air warmer?

43. GLOBAL FURNACES??? Q. How to make air warmer?
Make it descend in the atmosphere and it will cool at the lapse rate! (Equation of state of an ideal gas!)
Lapse rate = ~6.4°C/km

44. WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?
That is where we will get evaporation, clear skies
and deserts.

45. WHERE IN THE WORLD IS THE AIR DESCENDING (AND WARMING)?
That is where we will get condensation clouds
and precipitation.
GLOBAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS –
WHERE IS AIR DESCENDING IN TROPOSPHERE?

46. 1. Above the High pressure zones at 30°.
LOW
LOW
30°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
1. Above the High pressure zones at 30°.
Sub-tropical anticyclones
Tropopause 0°
LOW
LOW
LOW
30°S
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
45-60°S
HIGH

47. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE

48. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Mojave

49. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Sahara

50. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Middle
East

51. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Gobi

52. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Atacama

53. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Kalahari

54. SUB-TROPICAL HIGH PRESSURE
Great
Australian

55. Fig. 2 The zonal height structure over ocean of observed climatological annual mean RH from AIRS (2002–2007) (color scale), with model mean projected changes in cloud amount from the CMIP3 model archive (contour lines, 0.5% intervals, dashed for cloud loss).
Troposhere
The zonal height structure over ocean of observed climatological annual mean RH from AIRS (2002–2007) (color scale), with model mean projected changes in cloud amount from the CMIP3 model archive (contour lines, 0.5% intervals, dashed for cloud loss). The cloud loss in a warming climate at about 40°N/S coincides with broadening of the dry zones, as indicated by the arrows.
J T Fasullo, K E Trenberth Science 2012;338:
Published by AAAS

56. Fig. 3 (A) Median change in simulated top-of-atmosphere net shortwave flux as a function of latitude under 21st-century warming in CMIP3 SRES A1B projections.

57. 2. Above the Polar High pressure zones. Polar “deserts” Tropopause
LOW
LOW
30°N
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
2. Above the Polar High pressure zones.
Polar “deserts”
Tropopause 0°
LOW
LOW
LOW
30°S
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
45-60°S
HIGH

58. BOREAL POLAR “DESERTS”

59. Estimate Annual Precipitation Antarcticamm 2” 4” 6” 8”
10”
12”
Gainesville 48”

60. GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS II ???
Q. How to make air cooler?

61. GLOBAL AIR CONDITIONERS???
Q. How to make air cooler?
Make it rise by putting a barrier across the path that the surface global winds want to travel.
Orographic Precipitation

62. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!

63. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!
Ocean
Continent

64. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
LOW

65. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
Saturated
Air
LOW

66. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!
Pressure Gradient
Forced to rise
and cool over
mountain chain
HIGH
LOW

67. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!
Pressure Gradient
HIGH
LOW
AIR CONDITIONER!
Clouds and heavy precipitation.
May be snow

68. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!
Pressure Gradient
Descending air,
warming, able to
hold more moisture
HIGH
LOW
AIR CONDITIONER!
Clouds and heavy precipitation.
May be snow
FURNACE!
Dry, evaporation, clear skies

69. CENTRAL AIR (Heating and Cooling)!!
Pressure Gradient
W. Washington
Temperate
Rainforest
E. Washington
Near desert
Irrigation
HIGH
LOW

70. WASHINGTON STATE LOW 45-60°N 49°N 49°N HIGH 30°N Cascade Mountains
Olympia
Range
Olympia
Range
Cascade
Mountains
HIGH
30°N

71. WASHINGTON STATE
LOW
45-60°N
49°N
49°N
HIGH
30°N

72. WASHINGTON STATE
LOW
45-60°N
49°N
49°N
HIGH
30°N

73. WASHINGTON STATE WINDWARD LEEWARD RAINSHADOW LOW 45-60°N 49°N 49°N
HIGH
30°N

74. PERU
ANDES

75. PERU
LOW 0°
LOW 0°
ANDES
HIGH 30°S
HIGH 30°S

76. PERU
LOW 0°
LOW 0°
HIGH 30°S
HIGH 30°S

77. PERU
LOW 0°
LOW 0°
Southeast Trades
HIGH 30°S
HIGH 30°S

78. PERU LOW 0° LOW 0° HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S Sechura Desert “Furnace”
Leeward
Rainshdow
HIGH 30°S
HIGH 30°S

79. PERU LOW 0° LOW 0° HIGH 30°S HIGH 30°S Eastern Andes Sechura Desert
“Air Conditioner”
Windward
Amazon headwaters
Sechura Desert
“Furnace”
HIGH 30°S
HIGH 30°S

80. Annual Precipitation Annual Sunshine Topography 2.5 hrs/day

81. WHAT ABOUT FLORIDA?

82. 20 – 30° GLOBAL DESERTS! HELLO!
30°N

83. North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr

84. North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
Warm
Current
(Gulf Stream)
Cold
Current
(Canary) H

85. North Atlantic Anti-cyclone and Gyr
Warmer
Moist
Air
Cooler
Air H

86. FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic

87. FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic WARM MOIST TROPICAL AIR

88. FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic WARM MOIST TROPICAL AIR

89. FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

90. 90°F FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic
30 ppt
H2O
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
90°F
FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

91. 90°F FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic
Warmer
Air (90°F)
Rises
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
90°F
FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

92. 90°F FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic
Warmer
Air (90°F)
Rises
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
90°F
Moist Sea Breeze
Moist Sea Breeze
FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

93. 90°F FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic
Temps decline as air rises – Lapse Rate
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
90°F
Moist Sea Breeze
Moist Sea Breeze
FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

94. 90°F FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic
10 ppt
H2O
5km up
Max Moisture Content
Declines - Condensation
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
90°F
Moist Sea Breeze
Moist Sea Breeze
FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

95. 90°F FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic
Condensation releases latent heat vaporization. Warms air – Rises even more, etc. etc.
50°F
10 ppt
H2O
5km up
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
90°F
Moist Sea Breeze
Moist Sea Breeze
FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

96. 90°F FLORIDA Gulf of Mexico North Atlantic CONVECTION
30 ppt
H2O
80°F
30 ppt
H2O
90°F
Moist Sea Breeze
Moist Sea Breeze
FLORIDA
Gulf of Mexico
North Atlantic
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

97. FLORIDA AND S.E. NOT UNIQUE
Gulf
Stream
Kuro
Siwo
Mozambique
Current
E. Australian
Current
Brazil
Current

98. SAME PRINCIPLE – DIFFERENT LATITUDE!
Alaska
Current
Gulf
Stream ?

99. WHY NOT CALIFORNIA?

100. CALIFORNIA North Pacific Cold California Current
10 ppt
H2O
5km up
60°F
15 ppt H2
Sea Breeze
CALIFORNIA
North Pacific
ZONE OF EXCESS ENERGY (26-30°N) – Land warms faster than sea

101. COLD CURRENT + ANTICYCLONE = DESERT (Big time!)
California
Current
Canary
Current
Humboldt
Current
Benguela
Current
W. Australian
Current