1. GLOBAL WARMING DR. V. SUNDARARAJ, Dean (Retd.),
Fisheries College & Res. Inst.,
DIRECTOR (TECHNICAL)
Asian Analytical Laboratories, Palavakkam, Chennai – 41.
Ph: / 87; mob:

2. The Earth Sea / oceans ---------------- 70%
Land %
Ice %
(Antarctica and Greenland)

3. The Earth and its climate
Earth receives energy from the sun (radiation)
Earth reflects about 30% of the solar radiation
Absorbs 70% of the radiation ( warming the land atmosphere oceans)
Visible radiation heats up the earth nor the atmosphere.
Constantly changing over 5 billion years
Sometimes, climate has warmed, oceans have risen, much earth covered.
Earth average surface temperature : C
Warmer than it would be with out greenhouse effect.

4. Atmosphere Covers the earth
A thin layer of mixed gases, which makes up the air we breath.
Helps to avoid the earth becoming too cold or too hot.

5. Global Warming
Warming of the Globe (Earth) due to solar radiation and emission of gases including human activities.
GLOBAL

6. THE PROCESS OF GLOBAL WARMING

7. GLOBAL WARMING Not from yesterday Its for years ago
For hundreds of years;
Impact is not immediate
Yet, very serious

8. Average composition of the atmosphere up to an altitude of 25km
Sl. No.
Gas Name
Chemical Formula
Percent Volume 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Nitrogen
Oxygen
*Water vapour
Argon
*Carbon dioxide
Neon
Helium
*Methane
Hydrogen
*Nitrous oxide
*ozone N2 O2
H2O Ar
CO2 Ne He
CH4 H2
N2O O3
*Variable gases
78.08%
20.95%
0 – 4%
0.93%
0.0360%
0.0018%
0.0005% % % % %

9. ? ? ?
CAUSES ?

10. GREENHOUSES

11. Greenhouse
A structure with glass or plastic roof and frequently with glass or plastic walls for heating inside to warm plants, soil and other things kept inside.
Glass – A selective transmission medium.
Effective to trap energy within the greenhouse.

12. Greenhouse gases Components of atmosphere
Contribute to greenhouse effect
Some GHG occur naturally in atmosphere
Others result from human activities
(Burning of fossil fuels)

13. Greenhouse gases Major: Water vapour 36 - 70% (clouds not included )
Carbon dioxide %
Methane %
Ozone %
Other Greenhouse gases:
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur hexafluoride
Hydrofluorocarbons
Perfluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons

14. GREENHOUSE GASES
                                                                                     
This graph shows the distribution of GHG in Earth's atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide is clearly the majority.

15. Emissions of Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluro carbons
Sulphur dioxide
Perfluro carbons

16. Pie chart shows how CO2 is produced
CARBON DIOXIDE
Pie chart shows how CO2 is produced

17. CARBON DIOXIDE Cars also contribute to CO2 in the atmosphere.
Deforestation and Forest Fires contribute to an increase in CO2 levels

18. Cows such as these contribute a large amount of methane to the air.

19. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
Refrigerators and  Air Conditioners using CFC's were a huge problem for the ozone layer, but now HFC's are a problem for the climate.

20. CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS-Problems

21. WORLD PRODUCTION CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS

22. When do we send greenhouse gases into the Air?
Whenever we……
Watch TV
Use the AC
Turn on a light
Play video games
Listen to stereo
Wash/Dry clothes
Use hair dryer
Ride in a car
Use a dish washer
Microwave a meal

23. Main sources of GHG due to human activities
Burning of fossil fuels
Deforestation
Live stock, paddy, wetland changes (Methane)
Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
(In refrigeration systems)
Agricultural activities (fertilizers) – nitrous oxide concentration

24. Green house effect It is important Responsible for warming of earth
Warm enough for human living
If effect is more?
Problems for Humans, plants and animals

25. Diagram to help explain the how greenhouse gases create the "greenhouse effect"

26. Importance of greenhouse effect
Present temperature of the earth - 57ºF (14ºC).
If there is no green house effect – temperature would be 0ºF (-18ºC)
Can we live?
Can other organisms thrive?
Greenhouse effect is required also.

27. By the end of the 21st century = 490 – 1260 ppm
Greenhouse gases (Specifically CO2) in pre-industrial and post-industrial periods
Pre-industrial period
Post-industrial period
About 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv)
370 ppmv
By the end of the 21st century = 490 – 1260 ppm

28. Atmospheric life time and GWP of greenhouse gases
Sl.No
GHG
Atmospheric Lifetime (yrs.)
Global warming Potential (GWP) 1
CO2 2
Methane
12 + 3
62 (over 20 yrs.) 3
Nitrous oxide
120
296 over 100 yrs. 4
CFC – 12
100
10,600 5
HCFC – 22
12.1
5,700 6
Tetra fluromethane
50,000 7
Sulphur hexafluoride
3,200
22,000

29. CO2 A colorless, odorless non-flammable gas
Most important Greenhouse gas in earth’s atmosphere
Recycled through the atmosphere by photosynthesis
Human and over 30 billion tons of CO2 anually in the atmosphere by the above process
CO2 emission into the air due to
Humans exhale
Burning of fossil fuel
Deforest the planet

30. Seven Sources of CO2 due to fossil fuel combustion
Solid fuels (eg. Coal) – 35%
Liquid fuels (eg. Petrol) – 36%
Gaseous fuels (eg. Natural gas) – 20%
Flaring gas industrially and at walls - <1%
Cement production – 3%
Non fuel hydrocarbons - <1%
International bunkers of shipping and air transport – 4%

31. CO2 Release into the Atmosphere
Burning fossil fuels for driving
Burning fossil fuels for flying
Burning fossil fuels for sailing
Burning fossil fuels for Electricity
Burning fossil fuels for Heating
Burning fossil fuels for cooling
Burning fossil fuels for cooking

32. CO2 Production and Utilization
Release of CO2 by average American/yr. – 30,000 pounds
(Through personal transportation and home energy needs)
Utilization of CO2 by single tropical tree over its life time – 2,000 pounds
50 pounds /yr. over 40 years)
Trees must be planted at the rate of 15/person to offset CO2 release

33. Methane Often called swamp gas Colourless, odorless, flammable gas
Formed when plants decay, while air is very little
Often called swamp gas Abundant in swampy areas
Bacterial breaking of organic matter in wetlands
Bacteria found in livestock produce naturally
Annually 350 – 500 million tons of methane is added to the atmosphere (due to livestock - cows, sheep, goats, buffalos, camels and also terminates), coal mining, drilling for oil, rice cultivation etc.,)

34. Nitrous oxide Colourless greenhouse gas Has a sweet odor
Used as an anesthetic (Deadens pain)
Known as laughing gas
Released naturally from oceans and soil bacteria
Risen more than 15% since 1750
Annual addition to the atmosphere is 7-13 million tons (due to fertilizer application, disposal of human and animal waste, automobile exhaust, etc.,)

35. Fluorocarbons
A term for a group of synthetic organic compounds, containing fluorine and carbon
Can be easily converted from gas to liquid and liquid to gas
Because of this, fluorocarbons can be used in aerosol cans, refrigerators and air conditioners.
They do harm to the atmosphere
Banned for production in the US

36. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Do not harm or breakdown the ozone molecule
But trap heat in the atmosphere
Used in air-conditioners

37. 1996 PROCESSES CARBON DIOXIDE WAS PRODUCED
Country (region)
OIL
Natural Gas
Coal
World
44.7%
18.4%
36.9%
Canada
51.8%
30%
18.2%
United States
45%
21.3%
33.7%
European Union
56.2%
19%
24.8%
China
17.4%
1.1%
81.5%
Japan
64.6%
9.9%
25.5%
This chart shows what percentage of CO2 comes from Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal. For example, in 1996, 44.7% of the world's CO2 emissions came from the combustion of oil

38. IMPACTS.. ?
!!!

39. What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change?

40. Effects of Global Warming
Attributed
Glacier retreat
Ice shelf disruption
Sea level rise
Change in rainfall pattern
Frequent extreme weather events

41. Expected effects: Water scarcity Increased precipitation
Changes in mountain snow pack
Adverse health effects
Increasing deaths
Displacements
Economic losses

42. Additional anticipated effects:
Sea level rises of 110 to 770mm ( ft) between 1990 – 2100.
Repercussions to agriculture.
Slowing of thermocline circulation.
Reduction in ozone layer
Increased intensity and frequency of hurricanes.
Extreme weather events.
Lowering of ocean pH.
Spreading of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
18-35% samples-animal and plant species would be extinct by 2050.

43. N ×

44. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON ENVIRONMENT
Glaciers and polar ice caps melting.
Floods & droughts becoming more.
Increasing sea levels ( 4-10 inches since 1990).
We might get 2 feet sea rise by 2100.
Freshwater salinity will increase.
Coastal lands will be immersed.
Warmer water and increased humidity will encourage tropical cyclones.

45. Many problems are due to Co2 related pollutants
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
CO2, a global pollutant does not adversely impact the local environment – common belief
Many problems are due to Co2 related pollutants
Toxic organic micro pollutants:
Respiratory problems
Asthma attacks
premature death

46. Inabilty of blood to carry O2
b) Sulphur oxides:
Acid rain
Smog
c) Carbon monoxide:
Inabilty of blood to carry O2
Affects health
Neurological impairment
heart problems
Lung problems

47. d) Nitrogen oxides: Lung damage e) Arsenic: Highly toxic f) Benzene:
Respiratory disorders
(Also acid rain and smog)
e) Arsenic:
Highly toxic
Carsinogenic
f) Benzene:
Disrupts reproductive & Neurological systems
Causes anaemia

48. g) Mercury: Highly toxic h) Lead: i) Ozone: Lung damage
Affects child development
Impairs brain function
h) Lead:
More so to children
Neurological toxicant
i) Ozone:
Lung damage
Respiratory impairment

49. j) Polycyclic organic matter: Carcinogenic k) Formaldehyde: Carcinogen
Respiratory toxicant
k) Formaldehyde:
Carcinogen
Respiratory impairment
Asthma inducement
Neurological toxicant
l) 1, 3- Butadiene
Cardio vascular disease

50. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON ENVIRONMENT
FLOODING

51. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON ENVIRONMENT
Typhoon
Droughts

52. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON SOCIETY
Food production
Global warming – Good for human race
Helps in improving food production.
Climate – Determinant factor in Agriculture.
Warming – better than cooling for food production.
CO2 - essential nutrient for food production.
Food – the most important resource for our life.
Temperature rise – more land for agriculture (towards poles) - Longer growing season.

53. ADVERSE IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
Loss of life
Insects and other pests migrate towards earth’s pole.
They migrate up to 550 km (or 550 miles).
Some insects carry diseases- like malaria and dengue fever.
Thus diseases increase & spread leading to a 50 – 80 million additional malaria cases annually – 10 – 15% increase.
Heat itself has effect on health.
Heat waves - heart stroke, heart attacks
July 1995 heat wave in Chicago- killed 700 people.
Hot conditions cause smoke particles and noxious gases-linger in air-accelerate chemical reactions & generate other pollutants- result in bronchitis and asthma.

54. ADVERSE IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH -CONTD
Oceans become warm and expand – result in sea level rising.
Coastal people have to move away.
Bangladesh – cannot build a coastal wall.
Maldive islands (1190 islands) – Avg height – 1.5 mts above sea level – more than 2,00,000 people will have to abandon their homes.
Ocean warming – promote toxic algae – red tide – fish mass kill – birds kill – cholera etc..

55. IMPACT ON FISHERIES
Fisheries are directly and strongly affected by variations in the natural conditions.
Habitat conditions decide the productivity and location of fish stocks (migration).
3. Fish are more sensitive to temperature than many animals because they cannot maintain a constant body temperature.
4. Different fish species live in different temperature zones and they are accordingly adapted.

56. IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD
5. Fish need more food and more oxygen when temperature increases.
6. Rainbow trout grow significantly more slowly when temperature rises by 2o C and food is limited.
7. A warming of 3o C will double the food requirement of Arctic trout.
8. Dissolved oxygen and temperature are negatively related and hence in high temperature (global warming) oxygen will be insufficient.
9. Even 1- 2oC rise may cause mass mortality.

57. IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD
10. Warm water fishes mature more quickly – 90% of such fish species are small in size than those in cooler waters.
11. Rise in temperature leads to less fish off springs.
12. Some may not be able to reproduce at all.
13. Tropical Guppies produce smaller broods.
14. Grass carp ovulate less frequently in warmer waters.

58. IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD
15. Temperate species like Salmon and Sturgeon cannot spawn at all, if winter temperatures do not drop below a certain level.
16. Global warming has drastically brought down, the fishery of the much preferred quality fish Lactarius lactarius.
17. When the water temperature increases, fish head out to cooler water areas.
18.When fish in the Gulf of Alaska moved deep in 1993, 1,22,000 sea birds starved to death.

59. IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD
19. As water warms up, many microbes and parasites grow faster and become more virulent.
20. Fish species suffer heavily due to diseases.
21. Due to temperature increase (supported by nutrients) algal blooms (including red tides) occur and mass mortality of marine organisms occur either due to production of toxin or reduction of oxygen.

60. IMPACT ON FISHERIES - CONTD
22. Increased warming has led to the extinction of 20 species which are found nowhere in the world.
23. Global warming has resulted in coral bleaching and the loss of symbiotic bacteria that corals depend upon.
25. Events like the El Nino has put off 1500 boats, 200 processing plants and 1,00,000 people out of work in the Peruvian Anchoveta fishery.

61. MITIGATION

62. Save Agriculture
Protect farmers
Produce your foods
Avoid/ Reduce imports and transports

63. GLOBALIZATION….
Exports and Imports
Required…? To what extent?

64. NO VAASTU NO VASSTU COLOURS PAINTING HOUSES No oil paints
Latex paints…. May be O.K
NO VAASTU
NO VASSTU COLOURS

65. HAVE ECO FRIENDLY HOUSES

66. USE ENERGY EFFICIENT ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

67. NO OLD TYPE BULBS
USE CFL BULBS
ALSO ULTRA COMPACT LEDS- LIGHTS

68. USE TWO WHEELERS
ELECTRIC SCOOTERS
AND BICYCLES

69. IS NOT WALKING BETTER? TO CONTROL.. BLOOD SUGAR BLOOD PRESSURE
FAT DEPOSITION
AND OVER WEIGHT

70. FOR LONG JOURNEYS
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
REDUCE PERSONAL VEHICLES
TRAIN

71. HOW MANY CARS IN A HOUSE?

72. IS THIS CONGESTION REQUIRED?
HOW MUCH RELEASE OF CO2

73. GENERATE WIND POWER

74. SOLUTIONS FOR PRODUCING "CLEANER"ENERGY Hydro Power plant on a river

75. PRODUCE SOLAR ENERGY

76. HAVE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
SUBJECT TO SAFETY

77. Geothermal power plant

78. CREATE AWARENESS

79. LET THERE BE GREENERY - EVERYWHERE

80. PRODUCE ALGAL DIESEL

81. FROM HIGH FAT ALGAE Scenedemus – 16 – 40% Neochloris – 35 – 65%
Nitzschia – 45 – 47%
Isochrysis – 25 – 33%
Nanochloropsis – 31 – 60%
Bacteriococcus – 25 – 75%
Nanochloropsis
Nitzschia
Bacteriococcus

82. CULTURE METHODS

83. UTILIZE MARINE ALGAE

84. CULTURE SEAWEEDS

85. (Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Turbinaria canoides)
CULTIVABLE INDIAN SEAWEEDS
A«óC«ôKò£ â´Lv
(Gracilaria edulis)
ªüL®ªò™ô£ ÜC«ó£ê£
(Gelidiella acerosa)
è£ô˜Šð£
(Caulerpa)
ê˜è£ú‹ ªõŒ®
(Sargassum wighti)
èŠð£ç¬ð‚èv Ü™õªóC
(Kappaphycus alvarezii)
ì˜H«ùKò£ èù£Œìv
(Turbinaria canoides)

86. RAFT CULTURE

87. MONOLINE CULTURE

88. Jatropha

89. Jatropha curcas

92. GROW BAMBOO, SIMILAR ONES AND GET CARBON CREDIT

93. Seven steps to curb global warming
1. Global carbon pricing
2. Global satellite monitoring of GHG emissions
3. Compensating developing countries for preserving rainforest
4. Creation of a global market for responsible biofuel
5. Creation and furtherance of markets for renewable electricity
6. Global moratorium on building new coal-fired power stations
7. Creation of global incentives for developing countries

94. Solution for Global Warming
Reduce use of fossil fuel
Protect rainforests as “Carbon store houses”
Plant tropical trees and compensate rainforests being lost
Develop Plantations for biodiesel production

95. GLOBAL WARNING Global Warming Is Avoid Pollution, Protect Nature,
Promote Plantation,
and
Use Biodiesel

96. “Energy Independence is the lifeline of a nation”
BIO-DIESEL MISSION
“Energy Independence is the lifeline of a nation”

97. CONTACT FOR CONSULTANCY
PROJECTS..
Aquaculture,
environment,
water treatment
Aquariums AND
Project monitoring
Dr.V.Sundararaj –
Dr.D.Yuvaraj
Asian Analytical Laboratories Pvt Ltd,
4/2, Bharathiar St, Palavakkam, Chennai ,
Ph;

98. THANK YOU